Review lecture 6 chapter 6
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In the first two years, infants undergo remarkable cognitive development in thinking, memory, and language abilities. They progress from relying primarily on reflexes and senses in the first months, to demonstrating object permanence and intentionality by around 8 months. Between 9-18 months, memory strengthens, language comprehension and production blossoms from babbling to first words to combining words. By 24 months, toddlers have mastered many of the basic building blocks of thinking, memory, and language.
Review lecture 6 chapter 6
- 2. 2 1. Introduction 2. Fact or Fiction? 3. Sensorimotor Intelligence 4. Information Processing 5. Language: What Develops in the First Two Years? 6. Closing Thoughts
- 3. Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact 1. If a 5-month-old drops a rattle out of a crib, the baby probably will not look down to search for it. 2. A baby is given keys to grasp, and if the baby is teething, it will be motivated to see if these keys afford an opportunity to chew. 3. Children the world over follow the same sequence in early language development. 4. When they first begin combining words, infants tend to put them in the correct order, as in “more juice.” 3
- 4. What happens during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? sensorimotor intelligence: Piaget’s term for the way infants think—by using their senses and motor skills. Primary circular reactions Secondary circular reactions Tertiary circular reactions Stage 1 (birth – 1 month) Stage 3 (4 - 8 months) Stage 5 (12 – 18 months) Stage 2 (1 – 4 months) Stage 4 (8 – 12 months) What happens in each stage of Sensorimotor Development? Stage 6 (18 – 24 months) 4 Photocredits:Topleft:ArielSkelley/BlendImages/Corbis;Topmiddle:Hemera/Thinkstock;Topright:GalloImages/Alamy; Bottomleft:Giuseppe_R/Shutterstock;Bottommiddle:iStockpoto/Thinkstock;Bottomright:Hemera/Thinkstock
- 5. 5 Video: Sensorimotor Intelligence in Infancy and Toddlerhood
- 6. Primary Circular Reactions primary circular reactions: When the infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli, and tries to understand them. How do infants adapt as they learn to suck a thumb? 6
- 7. Secondary Circular Reactions secondary circular reactions: Infants respond to other people, to toys, and any other object they can touch or move. object permanence: The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard. Where are you? Where is it? 7
- 8. 8 Secondary Circular Reactions Video: Cognitive Development in Infancy: The A-not-B Error: Clip A
- 9. 9 Secondary Circular Reactions Video: Cognitive Development in Infancy: The A-not-B Error: Clip B
- 10. 10 Stages Five and Six What is Doll Play? tertiary circular reactions: Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world.
- 11. 1111 Piaget and Research Methods Can babies think before they talk? EEG (electroencephalogram): Technique that measures electrical activity in the top layers of the brain, where the cortex is.
- 12. Piaget and Research Methods 12 Video: Event-Related Potential (ERP) Research
- 13. 13 Affordances When can you catch a ball? affordance: An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment. dynamic perception: Perception that is primed to focus on movement and change.
- 14. reminder session: A perception experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment. 1 week later when ribbon is attached 2 weeks later when ribbon is attached More than 2 weeks later when ribbon is attached After reminder session and ribbon is attached Memory 14 A baby learns that when it kicks, a mobile moves… then, as time passes, what happens? Most babies kick to move the mobile Not all babies remember to kick Most if not all babies do not remember to kick A day after the reminder session, babies remember to kick
- 15. Memory 15 Video: Contingency Learning in Young Infants
- 16. Environment Spoken language heard Genes Brain Mechanisms for understanding and producing language Behavior Mastery of native language design provides input to 16 How do we learn our native language?
- 17. What Develops in the First Two Years? 17 Video: Development of Language in Infancy: Research of Janet Weker on Infant Speech Perception
- 18. child-directed speech: The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. babbling: The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba. 18 The Universal Sequence: From Birth through 24 Months Photo credits: Top left: Photobac/Shutterstock, Inc.; Top right: manley099/E+/Getty Images; Bottom left: Cecilia Varas; Bottom right: XiXinXing/Getty Images 2 months oldNewborn 3 months old 6 months old
- 19. 19 The Universal Sequence: From Birth through 24 Months Video: Language Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
- 20. The Universal Sequence: From 9 Months through 24 Months 20 holophrase: A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. (For example: “Dada!”) naming explosion: A sudden increase in an infant’s vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, which begins at about 18 months of age. Photo credits: Top left: NI QIN/E+/Getty Images; Top right: Cecilia Varas; Bottom left: valeria mameli/Moment Open/Getty Images; Bottom right: Cecilia Varas 9 months old 12 months old 18 months old 24 months old
- 21. Four Theories About Language Learning Theories of Language Learning Infants need to be taught Based on behaviorism (for example: baby says “ma-ma-ma”; mother reinforces by smiling, repeating the sound, praising/rewarding the baby) Parents are expert teachers Frequent repetition of words is instructive Well-taught infants become well-spoken children Infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings Early communication focuses on emotional messages of speech and not the words Infants teach themselves Language Acquisition Device (LAD): A hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation. Hybrid theory Some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age. How language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances. Theories of Language Learning 21 Social-pragmatic
- 22. 22 Theories of Language Learning Video: Chomsky’s View of Language Development
- 23. In a few sentences, how would you summarize the leap in cognitive development that infants make in their first two years? (Include thinking, memory, and language in your response). 23 Closing Thoughts Hemera/Thinkstock