Review lecture 7 chapter 7
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This document discusses psychosocial development in infancy. It covers emotional development from 6 weeks to 18 months, including emotions like happiness, fear, anger and pride. Temperament is described as inborn differences in emotions and self-regulation. Infant attachment patterns include secure, avoidant, resistant and disorganized attachments. Theories of development discussed include psychoanalysis, behaviorism and cognitive approaches. Early relationships help form working models that guide later assumptions.
Review lecture 7 chapter 7
- 1. PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 2. PART II: INFANCY TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development 2 1. Introduction 2. Fact or Fiction? 3. Emotional Development 4. The Development of Social Bonds 5. Theories about Infant Socioemotional Development 6. Closing Thoughts
- 3. Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact 1. Infant fear, as expressed in stranger wariness, signals abnormal behavior. 2. In part because of inborn temperamental characteristics, some children are more difficult to raise and harder to live with. 3. Attachment patterns established in infancy almost never change. 4. High-quality day care, even during the infant’s first year, does not lead to negative developmental outcomes. Socioemotional Development 3 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 4. Specific Emotions 6 weeks - social smile 3 months- laughter; curiosity 4 months - full, responsive smiles Infant Emotions Happy or Content Fearful Angry or Sad Pride or Shame 4-8 months - anger Angry - healthy response to frustration Sadness - indicates withdrawal 9-14 months - with strangers (stranger wariness; separation anxiety) 12 months - fear of unexpected sights and sounds 18 months—self-awareness; pride; shame; embarrassment How do infants express emotions? 4 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 5. Specific Emotions 5 Video: Emotional Development in Infancy: Stranger Fear PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 6. Specific Emotions 6 Video: Emotional Development in Infancy: Separation Anxiety PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 7. Specific Emotions 7 Video: The Emergence of Empathy: The Research of Carolyn Zahn-Waxler PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 8. Self-Awareness 9 months baby 20 months baby How do younger and older infants react to the “rouge test”? self-awareness: Realization that one is a distinct individual. 8 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 9. Self-Awareness 9 Video: Development of Self-Awareness in Infancy and Toddlerhood PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 10. Temperament Inhibited (fearful) at 4 months and... Positive (exuberant) at 4 months and... Do Babies’ Temperaments Change? temperament: Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. Fearful at 9,14,24 and 48 months Positive (every later time) Variable (sometimes fearful, sometimes not) Fearful (every later time) Positive at 9,14,24 and 48 months Variable (sometimes fearful, sometimes not) 42% 44% 12% 5% 15% 80% 10 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 11. Temperament 11 Video: Temperament in Infancy and Toddlerhood PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 12. Synchrony synchrony: A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant. How do infants learn of others’ emotions? 12 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 13. PATTERNS OF INFANT ATTACHMENT Type Name of Pattern In Play Room Mother Leaves Mother Returns Toddlers in Category (%) A Insecure-avoidant Child plays happily Child continues playing Child ignores her 10-20 B Secure Child plays happily Child pauses, is not as happy Child welcomes her, returns to play 50-70 C Insecure- resistant/ambivalent Child clings, is preoccupied with mother Child is unhappy, may stop playing Child is angry; may cry, hit mother, cling 10-20 D Disorganized Child is cautious Child may stare or yell; looks scared, confused Child acts oddly—may scream, hit self, throw things 5-10 Attachment attachment: According to Ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms with a caregiver. What are patterns of infant attachment? 13 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 14. Attachment 14 Video: Interview with Gilda Morelli PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 15. Social Referencing social referencing: Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions. 15 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 16. What are the two main psychoanalytical views of stages in infancy? Psychoanalytical Theory Developmental crises involve trust versus mistrust, followed by autonomy versus shame and doubt! Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Sexual interest and pleasure expressed first in the oral stage, then the anal stage! 16 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 17. Behaviorism social learning: Learning by observing others—both what they do and how other people react to their behavior. How do children learn aggression? Experimental Group Control Group Watched model act aggressively toward doll Did not watch the model Experienced frustration Experienced frustration Was placed in room with doll Was placed in room with doll Displayed highly aggressive behavior imitating model’s actions Displayed less aggression, mainly limited to punching doll with fists 17 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 18. Behaviorism 18 Video: Observational Learning of Aggression: Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 19. Photo credits, left to right: Fancy Collection/SupersStock; Corbis/SuperStock; Fancy Collection / SuperStock; Stockbyte/Getty Images Cognitive Theory working model: In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. How do early relationships help form a person’s later assumptions? 19 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 20. Humanism & Evolutionary Theory Humanism: Both infants and their parents have needs that influence caregiving practices. Evolutionary Theory: Infant emotions ensure their survival; humans can raise multiple children through allocare. 20 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 21. Infant Day Care center day care: Child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children. How much do different countries use center-based care for infants? Most use of center- based infant care In-between use of center-based infant care Less use of center- based infant care France Central America Latin America India Ethiopia Israel China Sweden North America 21 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 22. If you were to give advice to a friend with a newborn, what would you tell him about the keys to creating a strong social bond with his infant? Closing Thoughts 22 Corbis/SuperStock PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development
- 23. PART II: Infancy TOPIC 7: Psychosocial Development