Segmentation geekssay.com
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Segmentation divides memory into logical segments. Each process has code and data segments, and the OS has its own segments. Segmentation uses virtual addresses and disk to make memory appear larger. Segments are variable in size, which can lead to external fragmentation. Most systems implement both segmentation and paging, where segments exist in virtual address space and paging translates virtual addresses to physical addresses.
Segmentation geekssay.com
- 1. Segmentation CS 537 – Introduction to Operating Systems
- 2. Segmentation • Segmentation is a technique for breaking memory up into logical pieces • Each “piece” is a grouping of related information – data segments for each process – code segments for each process – data segments for the OS – etc. • Like paging, use virtual addresses and use disk to make memory look bigger than it really is • Segmentation can be implemented with or without paging
- 3. Segmentation P1 data P2 code print function P2 data P1 code OS Code OS data OS stack logical address space
- 4. Addressing Segments • Let’s first assume no paging in the system • User generates logical addresses • These addresses consist of a segment number and an offset into the segment • Use segment number to index into a table • Table contains the physical address of the start of the segment – often called the base address • Add the offset to the base and generate the physical address – before doing this, check the offset against a limit – the limit is the size of the segment
- 5. Addressing Segments limit base S o logical address segment table yes Physical Address o < limit + no error
- 6. Segmentation Hardware • Sounds very similar to paging • Big difference – segments can be variable in size • As with paging, to be effective hardware must be used to translate logical address • Most systems provide segment registers • If a reference isn’t found in one of the segment registers – trap to operating system – OS does lookup in segment table and loads new segment descriptor into the register – return control to the user and resume • Again, similar to paging
- 7. Protection and Sharing • Like page tables, each process usually gets its own segment table • Unlike page tables, there usually exists a global segment table for everyone – this, however, is usually used by OS • Access rights for segment are usually included in table entry • Multiple processes can share a segment
- 8. Protection and Sharing limit base 200 0 1000 200 1200 1 3500 9000 2000 LDT limit base 2300 0 500 2500 2500 1 9000 20000 3000 GDT 9000 limit base 0 1000 200 1 300 2000 12500 LDT
- 9. Segmentation Issues • Entire segment is either in memory or on disk • Variable sized segments leads to external fragmentation in memory • Must find a space big enough to place segment into • May need to swap out some segments to bring a new segment in
- 10. Segmentation with Paging • Most architectures support segmentation and paging • Basic idea, – segments exist in virtual address space – base address in segment descriptor table is a virtual address – use paging mechanism to translate this virtual address into a physical address • Now an entire segment does not have to be in memory at one time – only the part of the segment that we need will be in memory
- 11. Linear Address • The base address gotten from the segment descriptor table is concatenated with the offset • This new address is often referred to as a linear address • This is the address that is translated by the paging hardware
- 12. virtual address from user descriptor offset limit base + segment table linear address directory page offset page frame PT directory page table directory base