Selection of Best Alternative in Manufacturing and Service Sector Using Multi Grade Decision Approach - A Review

David C. Wyld et al. (Eds) : CSITY, SIGPRO, AIFZ, NWCOM, DTMN, GRAPHHOC - 2016
pp. 57–74, 2016. © CS & IT-CSCP 2016 DOI : 10.5121/csit.2016.60406
SELECTION OF BEST ALTERNATIVE IN
MANUFACTURING AND SERVICE SECTOR
USING MULTI GRADE DECISION
APPROACH - A REVIEW
Karuppanna Prasad N.1
and Sekar K.2
1
Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Pricol India Ltd, Coimbatore, India
prasad.karupana@gmail.com
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Calicut, India
sekar@nitc.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization,
modern lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed
competitors. The organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in
science and technology and development of modern strategies. In such an instance,
organizations were in a need of using an effective decision making tool that chooses out optimal
alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly simplified. This paper explores a usage of
new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for selecting the best alternatives by
examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold manner by comparing
MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for selecting
optimal alternative, followed by highlighting the scope and gap of using MOORA approach.
Examination on various case study reveals an existence of huge scope in using MOORA for
numerous manufacturing and service applications.
KEYWORDS
MADM, MCDM, MOORA, optimization, manufacturing sector, service sector
1. INTRODUCTION
In modern trend, manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to
globalization, modern lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and
globally placed competitors [30] [34]. Modern organizations were in a need to improve their
overall performance in market and build up a competitive advantage [32]. To improve the overall
performance, organization had to deliver enhanced quality products for pacifying the customers
[17]. The delivery of embarked quality products was commonly differentiated into three index
values such as customer expected level, satisfaction level and achieved level of quality [12]. The
improvement in satisfaction level of quality was declined, since many conventional
manufacturing units faces high stress from dual perspectives namely enhancement in science and

58 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
technology that consequence towards developing of modern strategies and versatile customer
requirements [36] [24]. There exist numerous theories, models and approaches that reveal the
change in a paradigm shift from craft manufacturing towards mass manufacturing, lean
manufacturing and agile manufacturing [36] [35] that reduces the stress from conventional
manufacturing units. The change up in a paradigm shift internally had made managers in
conventional units to reconsider their decision making ability for selecting the best production
system [24]. The concept selection through decision making was an imperative approach that
nurtures creative and innovative ideas by thriving towards choosing of optimal alternative [33],
based on values, beliefs and perceptions [7] [11]. Decision makers in manufacturing and service
sector select an optimal alternative with a set of conflicting objectives through dynamic mind set
[15]. All the aforementioned statements reveals, manufacturing and service organization faces a
stressful task on decision making due to dynamic decision makers ability for choosing the best
alternative.
In present days, organizations were in a need of using an effective decision making tool that gives
out optimized results from discrete inputs within a shorter period of time with effective decision
making ability. The ameliorating emphasize on decision making purely depends on decision
makers mantling of onerous circumstances in versatile competitive environment [23] to choose
the optimal alternative with conflicting criteria’s. Optimal selection of alternatives based on set of
conflicting criteria’s involves optimization a tool that deals with a kind of problem which either
maximizes or minimizes the single or multi objectives was a numerical functions of real or
integer variables [3]. The optimization in general was broadly classified into single objective
optimization (SOO) and multi objective optimization (MOO) problem. The main goal of SOO
was to find the best value of objective function for making up an optimal solution by satisfying
set of feasible solution [3]. The SOO selects the best alternative by using approaches such as
calculus based techniques, enumerative and random techniques involving genetic algorithm (GA)
and simulation annealing (SA) [3]. The numerical methods or calculus based methods uses
necessary and sufficient conditions for satisfying solution in optimization problem. Numerical
methods were further classified into direct and indirect search methods for selecting optimal
solution. Enumerative techniques involve each and every point of finite and infinite search space
to attain an optimal solution [3]. In many real life problem, we face a circumstance were
improvement in one objective leads to impact on another objective basically known as MOO that
perform parallel optimizing of two or more conflicting objectives that leads to automation, semi
automation in industrial applications [3] [17]. The MOO were applicable in numerous
applications such as product and process design, network analysis, finance, aircraft design [3]
[17]. The usage of MOO in above said fields along with maintenance optimization was to choose
the best responses through nature of information that can be either qualitative or quantitative [1].
The qualitative measurements of input information to quantitative assessment of output falls upon
using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method like analytical hierarchy process (AHP),
game theory and fuzzy sets that are used for identifying the imperative criteria’s and alternatives
[26] [7].There exists approaches like elimination and choice translation reality (ELECTRE),
preference ranking organization method for enrichment and evaluation (PROMTHEE) that uses
quantitative assessment of data by comparing little criteria. The method like decision making trial
and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) evaluates and creates the casual relationship within the
criteria’s [29]. There are also approaches like verbal decision analysis (VDA) that deals with
qualitative data assessment to provide qualitative results [7]. In literature’s their avail usage of
other approaches for solving MOO problem they are such as aggregating, population based pareto
and non pareto approach, vector evaluated genetic algorithm (VEGA), multi objective GA
(MOGA), non-dominated GA (MSGA) and niched pareto GA (PGA) [3].

Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 59
During the second part of twenty century, MCDM method proves to be an emerging area in
operational research for identifying the optimal options that impacts multiple of conflicting
criteria’s [31]. The MCDM method was broadly classified into multi attribute decision making
(MADM) and multi objective decision making (MODM) approach [31]. The MADM approach
was the ranking of best alternative with most attractive attributes [8]. Unlike MADM approaches,
MODM method designs the best alternative with multiple objectives that depends on continuous
decision variables subject to certain constraints [9]. The endemically used MADM approaches for
identifying the optimal solutions with discrete alternatives were namely taguchi method,
desirability function, response surface methodology (RSM), inner/outer orthogonal array (I/O
OA), technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS), VIseKriterijumska
Optimizacijai kompromisno Resenje in Serbian (VIKOR), complex proportional
assessment(COPRAS), grey relational analysis(GRA),multi objective optimization on the basis of
ratio analysis (MOORA) that converts MOO problem into SOO [17]. This paper exposes a use of
quantitative assessment method namely MOORA that proves to be a foreseen MADM approach
over other approaches with high stability, robustness and less computational time for selecting
optimal alternative by satisfying set of conflicting criteria. The study on MOORA is explored in
two fold manner, initially the MOORA have been compared with aforesaid MCDM and MADM
approaches to identify its usability and advantage for selecting optimal alternative. On other side,
paper highlights scope and gap of using MOORA approach through intensify examining of case
studies in manufacturing and service sector that propel the empirical benefits of MOORA.
The hierarchical nomenclature of the study starts with methodology in part-2,literature review on
usage of MOORA in manufacturing and servicing sector in part-3,gap assessment in part-4 and
conclusion in part-5.
2. METHODOLOGY
An endemic theory and pragmatic evaluation on optimization, SOO and MOO approaches were
said to be available in different web of knowledge portals and conference proceedings. There
avail accessibility of articles related on applicability of optimization, SOO and MOO in
manufacturing and service sector on leading elite citation databases namely Taylor and Francis
(www.tandfonline.com), Science direct (www.sciencedirect.com), Springer link
(www.springerlink.com), control and cybernetics (http://control.ibspan.waw.pl:3000/mainpage),
journal of military and information sciences (www.jmisci.com), engineering economics
(www.inzeko.ktu.lt/index.php/EE).In the initial stages of surveying articles, the searching starts
with journals titled on optimization, SOO and MOO in manufacturing and service sector from
year 2000 to present in aforementioned web of knowledge portals. There exist myriad of articles
to limit the search by making a shift from optimization, SOO and MOO towards empirical usage
of MOORA that reduces the list to 38.In final list of 38 articles the 23 articles uses the MOORA
concept by differentiating 11 cases on manufacturing sector and remaining 12 on service sector
as shown in Figure 1.

Figure-1. Papers on MOORA in manufacturing and service sector
Finalized list of articles are thoroughly overviewed to identify the intensify realization on using
MOORA for achieving good manufacturing growth, profit with high stability, robustness and less
computational time for selecting optimal alternative with set of conflicting criteria in discrete
cases.
3. MULTI OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION ON THE BASIS OF RATIO
ANALYSIS (MOORA)
In real time, making up of optimal decision to satisfy the customer proven to be a focal part in
manufacturing sector [11]. MOORA a MADM approach was used to attain the best solution
among given discrete alternatives with conflicting objectives [17]. In early stages multiplicative
form of generating dimensionless numbers were elaborated by Scharling (1985) and Brauers
(1997, 1999, 2002 and 2004) with later stages there evolve a usage of ratio analysis approach
with respective to dimensionless measure known as MOORA [8]. MOORA a cardinal approach
isolates extreme and non-convex points by providing insight to mid-way solution as per
economical law of decreasing marginal utility [10]. MOORA was first introduced by Brauers and
Zavadaskas in the year 2006[8] [10] [19]. MOORA was proven to be a robustic approach over
minkowski, Euclidean distance metric, tchebycheff min max metric [10]. In MOORA,
performing of Multi response optimization or MOO was done by satisfying constraints and
feasible solution. The MOORA was viewed as a ratio and reference point system [2].
MOORA as an approach satisfies the seven conditions to be looked foreseen over other MADM
or MODM techniques [8] [11]. MOORA proves to be a best MADM approach for attaining
optimal decisions within less computational time and no usage of extra parameters like v in
VIKOR and ξ in GRA method [11] [2]. The MOORA have merits over other MADM approaches
as compared and revealed in Table 1. The comparisons illustrate, MOORA chooses best
alternative with high simpleness, less computational time and with basic mathematical
calculations [2]. The second phase of this review article will elaborately corroborate on empirical
benefits of using MOORA with other MADM methods through various case studies in
manufacturing and service sector as discussed briefly.

3.1.Literature Review on MOORA
Manufacturing sectors are those involving numerous activities from production of a pin to
assembling of part types for making up a complex structure. Manufacturing covers mass
production, job shop and batch production that are a real wealth for any country in terms of
employment and constitute as the back bone for service sector [37].Service sector are those that
pacify the daily commercial need of the human being by catering them with high loyalty. The
numerous cases for choosing the best alternative from conflicting objectives by using MOORA in
manufacturing and service sectors are discussed through intensify realization.
Table-1. Comparison of MOORA with MADM approaches
3.1.1.MOORA in manufacturing sector
[22] Espouses the study on using AHP and MOORA for choosing the best of wire electronic
discharge machining (WEDM) process. The study was conducted by using taguchi OA for
identifying the best value for multi objective responses material removal rate, kerb width and
surface roughness, on other side AHP a best MCDM approach had been used for conducting the
weight and consistency for the three aforesaid responses along with usage of multi criteria
decision making approach known as MOORA for choosing the best WEDM. The
experimentation using OA choses one among best input parameters such as pulse on time, pulse
off time, wire feed rate, wire tension, servo voltage and flushing pressure. Evaluation through
AHP reveals the subjective weight for the three criteria as w1 =0.5469, w2=0.3445, w3=0.1085
with consistency ratio (CR<0.1). Similarly the usage of MOORA with Taguchi OW reveals the
optimal trial as 19 out of 27 trial to give the best of material removal rate, kerb width and surface
roughness in WEDM process.
[25] Portrays as study on choosing the best non-traditional machining process for the laboratory
in national institute of technology-agartala. The cross functional team had been formed that
comprises of individuals from NIT for chosing the best non-traditional machine. The team had
used two new multi criteria or attribute decision making approach such as MOORA and multi
MADM
method
Computational
Time
Simplicity
Mathematical
calculations
required
MOORA very less very simple Minimum
AHP very high very critical Maximum
ANP Moderate
Moderately
critical
Moderate
GRA very high very critical Maximum
VIKOR Less Simple Moderate
GTA very high very critical Maximum
ELECTRE High
Moderately
critical
Moderate
DEA very high very critical Maximum
TOPSIS Moderate
Moderately
critical
Moderate
PROMTHEE High
Moderately
critical
Moderate

objective optimization on the basis of simple ratio analysis(MOOSRA) for chosing the best
among seven alternatives such as ultrasonic machining(USM), abrasive jet machining (AJM),
electrochemical machining (ECM), EDM, WEDM, Electrical Beam Machining (EBM) and laser
beam machining (LBM). The analysis, brainstorming session reveal the imperative criteria as
tolerance, surface finish, power requirement, material removal rate, cost, tooling and fixture, tool
consumption, safety, work material and shape feature. The team perform the analysis in two fold
manner initially to calculate the weight of criteria using AHP followed by choosing the best
among seven non-traditional machining process using MOORA and MOOSRA. Normalization,
consistency and performance score reveal the ranking of EDM with first rank followed by ECM
and EBM with USM at penultimate position concluded by ECM.
[27] Portrays that critical empowerment faced by purchasing managers was the performance
evaluation and monitoring of suppliers that can provide high success for an organization. The
choosing of best among four suppliers was covered in this study that makes up supplier selection
a multi criteria problem that include both tangible and non-tangible factors. The four suppliers
cater a chemical and bio technology concern in India. In Initial phase, data had been mined from
chemical and biotechnological industries through a questionnaire and then performing evaluation
through 1-5 likert scaling. The results obtained from likert scaling reveals four imperative
criteria’s in chemical and biotechnological concern namely total cost, quality service, on-time
delivery and pollution causing factors. In next phase, fuzzy along with MOORA approach had
been applied to choose the best among four suppliers who satisfies aforesaid criteria’s by
generating decision matrix. Evaluation through MOORA and fuzzy illustrate supplier 1 as best
over other three of them to cater chemical and biotechnology concern. In future, fuzzy MOORA
a simplified approach for engineersmanagers will find a very easy way in suitable applications.
[17] Espouses on pragmatic usage of MOORA for converting MOO to SOO. The problem had
been looked after effectively by taking up a case in washing machine manufacturing concern in
turkey. By prolong instigation on shop floor in washing machine manufacturing concern reveals
the controllable factors in washing machine as depth of washing machine body side panel (A),
washing machine’s body panel thickness (B), insulation type of washing machine motor (C) and
belt thickness of washing machine motor (D) that impacts dual responses namely noise level of
the washing machine in dB with lower the better (LB) quality characteristics and spin revolution
of entered resonate with higher the better (HB) quality characteristics by varying all at two levels.
The experimental study had been conducted using taguchi level-8 orthogonal array (OA) with ten
replications for each treatment combination in washing machine and selection of optimal
alternative was done using MOORA. Result Analysis through MOORA based taguchi design
reveals input optimal condition as washing machine body panel to be new, washing machine
body thickness as 0.9, insulation type of washing machine motor as type-A and belt thickness at
nominal range. The results derived through taguchi MOORA are compared with taguchi GRA,
taguchi TOPSIS and taguchi VIKOR that shows out MOORA as a best optimization tool for
modelling in industrial application. In the verge of future, MOORA can be used in similar
applications with dependence.
[15] Investigated a study on applying MOORA for solving MOO problem in six various welding
processes such as submerged arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, CO2
laser welding and friction stir welding. The study corroborate an insight on comparing results of
GA, taguchi method(TM), GRA, support vector regression (SVR),generalized reduced gradient
method (GRG) and neural network (NN) with MOORA in six various welding process. In
submerged arc welding, the TM with GRA was hybridized for monitoring heat affecting zone,

bed width, penetration and reinforcement using process input such as slog mix, basicity index
and current. The results reveal MOORA gives alike ranking as TM with GRA. Similarly, an
experimental study on monitoring front height, front width, back height and back width in gas
tungsten arc welding was taken up using TM for getting best weld bead geometry. The optimal
condition obtained using TM provide comparable results with MOORA. Study on monitoring
ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was done using SVR in gas metal arc welding that provides a
reasonable comparable ranking with MOORA. Monitoring of best optimal welding parameters in
CO2 laser welding was done using GA and performing generations by NN provides the worthy
comparison on ranking with MOORA. Dual studies were done in friction stir welding for
monitoring UTS using GRA, whose results were better with MOORA evaluation. The
comparison of other MODM approach with MOORA reveals MOORA as a highly flexible,
applicable and potential approach in solving complex decision making problems. In future,
MOORA method can be used for solving various selection problems in real time manufacturing
environment.
[2] Illustrate that making up of decision for flexible manufacturing system (FMS) proves to be an
intrication of satisfying numerous criteria’s with conflicting attributes. This paper studies out
usage of MOORA for performing decision making through sceptical amalgamation of various
stratum in production system. The problem on choosing appropriate product design for power
electronic device was taken as a case to choose best of ten alternatives by satisfying three
different attributes namely manufacturing cost, junction temperature and thermal cycles. The
optimal decision on choosing best of ten was done using MOORA. The evaluation through
MOORA reveals design 5 and 1 as best that gets correlated with alternative selection already
performed using AHP. In similar way, problem on choosing four alternative plant layouts was
studied up by considering five performance attributes. The study also makes up a comparison
between MOORA and weighed Euclidean distance based approach (WEDBA) that reveals layout
design 2 as best and 1 as worst using both approaches. In similar way, choosing of best FMS was
studied up by comparing MOORA result with AHP that reveals FMS2 as best with FMS 4
occupies least in performance ranking in both cases. The ranking of best method for performing
welding process to join mild steel(0.2% of C) of 6mm thickness was done by considering three
welding process namely shield metal arc welding(SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW)
and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with six attributes. Optimization analysis through MOORA
reveals SMAW as best among three processes with GMAW occupying last position. The study
on using MOORA to choose best among twenty suppliers was done by performing evaluation
through DEA in agricultural and construction equipment by satisfying five criteria’s. The
evaluation illustrate supplier 10 as best among others. In future, MOORA a simple ratio analysis
approach with less mathematical calculations have a wide scope of developing using software
like C++ language.
[18] Conducted a study on selection of material that plays a focal part in design and functioning
of products. The study reveals that selection of material can be done in least complicated manner
with high applicability, simplicity and accuracy using MOORA, reference point theory and full
multiplicative from of MOORA (MULTIMOORA) by looking out four various case studies. In
initial case, the choosing of appropriate material for designing a flywheel was done using four
criteria’s with ten different materials that was already analyzed through TOPSIS. Analyization
reveals material 9 as imperative and 10 as menial. Results obtained through TOPSIS were
compared with MOORA, MULTIMOORA and reference point approach that gives out same
ranking. In second case, material selection was done for building up a cryogenic storage tank by
choosing seven different materials along with seven performance criteria’s for storing nitrogen.

The evaluation made-up through MOORA, reference point and MULTIMOORA reveals material
3 as best and material 2 as worst ranked for building up a cryogenic tank. Third case study
chooses a material for a product that was to be operated at high temperature in oxygen rich
environment using six various materials and four criteria’s. Analysis through MOORA was
compared with MULTIMOORA and reference point approach reveals material 5 as best with
material 1 in last position. The final case study uses up a simplified fuzzy logic to choose the best
material for sailing boat mast. The study chooses fifteen different materials with five
performance criteria’s. Data analysis through fuzzy logic reveals same results as MOORA,
MULTIMOORA and reference point by ranking material 15 as best suited material for sailing
boat mast. In later days, MOORA, MULTIMOORA and reference point approaches can be
applied with other decision making scenario with more criteria’s and alternatives.
[28] Espouses that MCDM method provides an opportunity for choosing frequently acceptable
alternatives based on conditions that are stated using criteria. There exist numerous MCDM
methods such as compromise programming, AHP, TOPSIS, ELECTRE, PROMTHEE,
COPRAS, VIKOR and additive ratio assessment (ARAS). This article explores an extension of
MOORA method to be used along with triangular fuzzy numbers by integrating with ratio system
and reference point system in fuzzy environment. The case was taken up in a mining company
that scheduled to start up exploitation of new mine in serbia. The problem faced by mining
company was the transportation distance to new mine from existing location for performing
grinding that was expensive. To avoid from these problem experts like’s to consider three
alternatives of grinding circuit design such as A1,A2 and A3 that should pacify five criteria’s
namely grinding efficiency, economic efficiency, technological reliability, capital investment
costs and environmental impact. Choosing of best grinding circuit design was done in two fold
manner initially by using fuzzy ratio system with MOORA by determining overall fuzzy
performance index, de-fuzzyfication and selection of desirable alternatives that reveals grinding
circuit design A3 as dominating over A1 and A2.On other side, fuzzy reference point system with
MOORA was done for choosing the best design by calculating the distance between fuzzy ratings
and reference point that reveals grinding circuit design A3 as dominating in Serbian mining
company. In future, MOORA method can be used as a basis for research and authors depending
on the problem solved by choosing relevant one.
[14] Diligently erudite that decision making process prove to be highly arduous especially in
assessing the appropriateness of a project from engineering standpoint. The case covers selecting
best of five profitable investment projects that can levy high growth and prosperity for an
organization. Selection of projects involves complications that was overcome through newly
proposed MOORA method along with standard deviation (SDV) . MOORA a MCDM method
was used for choosing the best alternative with conflicting criteria’s whose difference in
significance among objectives can be evaluated using SDV. The four important criteria’s chosen
for study were net present value (NPV),rate of return(ROR),payback Period(PB) and project risk
(PR) in manufacturing organization that can provide profitable investments. Evaluation made-up
through MOORA and SDV identifies project 3 as best that provides highest NPV, ROR with
lowest PB and PR followed by project 2 and quelled by project 5.In future, MOORA can be
combined with other MCDM methods.
[11] Illustrate an accustom challenges of global competitiveness in manufacturing organization
makes them to spurt over effective decision making ability for identifying and choosing the best
alternative. This study acclimatise a new MODM approach namely MOORA for evaluating and
choosing six decision making problems in advance manufacturing system (AMS). The initial

selection was made on industrial robot by comparing six various criteria’s. The comparison
reveals robot 2 (cybo tech V15) as best and robot 5(PUMA 500/600) occupying the worst
ranking. In same implication, the setting up of FMS was done by comparing seven different
alternatives such as FMS1 to FMS7 and judging using MOORA reveals alternative FMS7 as best
with alternative FMS8 occupying last position. In similar way, MOORA had been used for
selecting best machine tool, non traditional machining (NTM) process, rapid prototyping (RP)
process, computerized numerical control (CNC) and automated inspection system to obtain the
best AMS. In future, MOORA has a huge scope of applying with wide range of problems in real
time manufacturing environment.
[16] Espouses milling operation was a pure metal cutting process done using a rotary cutter. The
productivity and competitiveness of economical usage in machining operations plays a salient
role by selecting best cutting parameters in process planning of metal parts. The six different
decision making problems in milling process was chosen as a case by using a potential, flexible
and applicable MOORA method. The first case uses MOORA evaluation in side milling process
to identify the optimal process parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, axial depth of cut,
radial depth of cut for controlling material removal rate (MRR). The evaluation was already done
using grey-fuzzy and graph theory matrix analysis (GTMA) that makes up a comparable ranking
with MOORA method. Similarly, MOORA was used along with grey-taguchi, TM to evaluate
the best process parameters for controlling average surface roughness, average tool life in end
milling, side milling, end milling, face milling and milling process. The comparability study on
six various decision making problems tangibly illustrate MOORA as highly stable, simple and
easy to implement decision making approach with less mathematical calculations. Thus provides
the applicability, potentiality and flexibility of using MOORA in milling process.
3.1.2. MOORA in service sector
[13] Concentrate on assessing the performance of Indian technical education system. In modern
era, the technical education system faces an onerous task due to liberalization and globalization
of Indian economy. The study had been conducted to assess the performance of seven Indian
institute of technology (IIT) such as Kharagpur, Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, Delhi, Guwahati and
Roorkee. Evaluation parameters to assess the performance of aforesaid IIT had been chosen as
faculty strength, student intake, number of Ph.D. awarded, number of patents applied, campus
area in acres and tuition fees per semester. Evaluation was done using a nuance multi criteria
analysis based performance evaluation known as subjective and objective weight integrated
approach (SOWIA) and MOORA, the SOWIA approach had been used for calculating integrated,
objective and subjective weights of each criteria for assessing the IIT with MOORA used for
ranking the optimal OOT with effective criterion ranking. Usage of SOWIA and MOORA
reveals IIT- Kharagpur as best among other six IIT in India. The robustness of obtained output
had been assessed using sensitivity analysis and comparison was made with AHP-COPRAS
using non parametric spearman test of relationship (rs) and Kendall’s Tau Test (Z) reveals the
result as alike obtained from SOWIA-MOORA approach.
[21] Espouses a study in special education and rehabilitation centre that were introduced for
individuals to create a cosy living environment for nurturing their skills by achieving self
reliance. The case was taken up by tapping three different special education and rehabilitation
centre namely nida, parilti and ilgim in turkey. The best of choosing mentioned three
rehabilitation centres was done by satisfying six various criteria’s such as education, ergonomics,
compliance of corporation building, cost, publication with prestige and assessment of personal

prestige. Initially, the weights of criteria were evaluated using triangular fuzzy numbers with
AHP followed by choosing a best rehabilitation centre out of three was evaluated using MOORA
and MULTIMOORA. Calculation results through MOORA and MULTIMOORA reveals nida as
best special education and rehabilitation centre followed by ilgim and parilti. In future, same case
can be analysed using grey numbers with subsequent comparison over other MCDM method.
[38] Erudite, alternative design solutions for building can be successful by applying MCDM
methods with number of quantitative and qualitative criteria’s. The main objective of current
research work was to test the reliability of previously proposed methods such as weighed
aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS), orthogonal experimental design (OED), ARAS
and multi objective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO).The case covers the
selection of best design for facades in public or commercial buildings. The four building facades
were chosen namely cellular concrete masonry covered by Rockwell plates and decorative plaster
surface, sandwich facade panels, gas silicate masonry with Rockwell, minerit façade plates and
aluminium gazing facades. Evaluation was done initially through WASPAS by varying λ value
from 0 to 1 for monitoring the robustness of chosen optimal facade in building design that reveals
sandwich facade panels as best in the range of varying λ from 0 to 0.4 and aluminium gazing
facade being good with varying λ from 0.5 to 1.Comparable manipulation through MOORA’s
ratio, reference point and MULTIMOORA approach reveals “sandwich” panel as best for public
façade.
[31] Espouses decision making was the searching of optimal alternatives from available feasible
solutions. In real time, findings of optimal alternative effects the versatile conflicting criteria’s
for judging the decisions which are commonly known as MCDM approach. This paper explores
an extension of MOORA, reference point and ratio analysis approach by integrating with interval
grey number. Initially, MOORA had been used along with interval grey numbers followed by
simultaneous usage of crisp and interval grey numbers and finally with interval grey numbers and
whitening coefficient. MOORA also had been compared with simple additive weightage (SAW),
TOPSIS, VIKOR and COPRAS. In first case, the optimal alternatives were evaluated using
COPRAS compared with MOORA and interval grey numbers that show up both the rankings are
alike. The second case takes up a comparison of MOORA with crisp and interval grey numbers
along with SAW Grey analysis (SAW-G) by performing normalization, optimization that reveals
par in ranking. In third case, MOORA was applied with interval grey numbers to eliminate the
uncertainty by comparing with COPRAS Grey analysis (COPRAS-G) that gives out comparable
ranking in decision makers pessimistic, optimistic and moderate mind set. The conclusion made
up overall is, usage of MOORA with extensive measures provide simple and effective solution
for real world problems.
[5] Portrays, a country is a group of regions that contributes towards GDP by producing a value
added products. The Vilnius gediminas technical university takes up a study on mapping out
multiple criteria’s for sustainable development in cities and countries of Lithuania .The study on
regional sustainable development in Lithuania cities were done by selecting ten Lithuania cities
such as vilinus,klaipeda,Kaunas,telsiai,utena,alytus,panevezys,siauliai,marijampole and taurage.
Regional development through GDP contribution on each region’s was identified by selecting
sixteen various attributes that rove to be focal. Study uses MOORA over other MADM and
MODM approaches, since MOORA was a well-being, cardinal approach that puts up customer
sovereignty as an emphasize goal. MOORA chooses best of Ten Lithuania Cities through
effective contribution for well-being economy that can provide good material wealth, health,
education, all kind of security and concerning the environment. The evaluation through

normalization, optimization and importance leaves Vilnius, Klaipeda and Kaunas as good
wellbeing districts with telsiai, taurage and Siauliai occupies poorer position. The paper also
shows out an effective project that can be tapped in industrialization and construction, commerce
and tourism, labour drain to improve the GDP in Lithuanian country. In future, commercialization
and industrialization on Lithuanian cities with decline labour drain over abroad would isolate
vulnerability in well-being of inhabitants.
[19] Illustrate that pragmatic usage of building design was to acclimatize towards ameliorated and
embody living environment conditions with a cosy surrounding by controlling energy losses in
building. Heat energy losses in building can be controlled to a large extent by properly selecting
external wall and window. This study investigate the selection of six various wall and window for
building design such as A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and A6 on four directions by satisfying seven
various criteria such as heat loss through building wall, building windows, bearer thermal bridges,
above rated air infiltration, external heat inflows in the building, total heat consumption with
external walls and window price ratio. The criteria’s representing heat losses were non-beneficial
with heat flow and price ratio being beneficial. Mathematical manipulation through MOORA,
MULTIMOORA and reference point theory reveals A2 reduces heat energy losses in building
followed by A6 or A3 with A1, A4 and A5 was isolated by decision makers. The MOORA and
MULTIMOORA theoretical model proven to be effective in real life situation can be successfully
applied in solving utility problem in other sectors.
[4] Portrays in a broader sense that transition economies are making up of transition from plan to
market. In 1990, countries of Soviet Union and central with Eastern Europe eradicate central
planning, liberalized taxation, banking, customers and independent central banking. This study
espouse on project management that are commonly used in a market economy. Project
management predicts project for analyization that will make up a new economic activity by
renovating existing economic activity. Project management involves combination of both micro
and macro-economic objectives by selecting a case with multiple objectives in Wuhan, Hubei
provenance, china. The empirical problem with Wuhan was to set up an inland seaport, since
Wuhan was proximally located 1000 km inland. Choosing a best of three projects for setting up
an inland port in Wuhan was a MOO problem that was verified using MOORA ratio system,
reference point system, multiplicative form and MULTIMOORA. The chosen micro and macro-
economic criteria’s for project selection in this case were such as NPV, internal rate of return
(IRR),PB, government income, Employment, value added (VA), risk, balance payment and
investment. Technical evaluation through MOORA, multiplicative form and MULTIMOORA
reveals project A as good for earning government income with project C increasing employment
and project B occupies penultimate position.
[6] Reveal definition of robustness in econometrics was an error term in a linear equation that
was broadened from a cardinal to qualitative one. The error term in linear equation was initiated
by origin for robustness in econometrics. On other side, robustness was connected with residual
terms, slack, dummy variables and outliers. The significance of robustness were explained in
three fold ways first by considering robustness in cardinal scales, second by indicating the
robustness as either vogue or arbitrary and finally by completeness in statistical universe with
events and opinions. These interpretations are experimented by taking up a case in facility sector
in Lithuania. Facility sectors are those performing servicing operations like acquisition, leasing,
renting, managing, supervision, maintenance and repairing of existing buildings in private
dwellings of Vilnius, capital of Lithuania. The study was done by selecting 15 largest
maintenance contractors for performing facility operation in private dwellings of Vilnius by

having intensified discussion with a panel of 30 random dwelling owners in Vilnius. The panel
suggests twenty criteria’s for maintaining and choosing contractors in which eleven were
expressed with rejection by choosing other nine criteria for study. Evaluation through MOORA
and reference point approach ranks contractor 6 as first for size and experience with second for
effectiveness followed by contractor 10 in second position for effectiveness and size succeeded
by contractor 1 and contractor 4.A newer research based on newer data, larger samples and large
number of quantifiable objective will increase the robustness of outcome.
[8] Illustrate that construction projects were reliable venture with peculiar features such as long
period, tedious process and changing environment.The study narrowly focus on choosing best
contractor, who plays a focal part in customer sovereignty of construction in building’s. The
choosing of best contractor was a multi criteria problem that should satisfy eligible criteria in
dwellings of Vilnius, capital of Lithuania. This study chooses up the best contractor by using a
new MODM approach namely MOORA in two fold manner initially through ratio and then using
reference point analysis by making up a decision matrix for selecting best among fifteen
contractors who satisfy aforementioned eligible criteria’s. Manipulation through MOORA ratio
analysis and reference point theory reveals contractor six as first for size, experience and second
on effectiveness followed by contractor ten ranked first for effectiveness and second for size.
Ranking on contractors reveals that neither of chosen contractors was cost effective. In later days,
a newer research can be done with newer data, large samples and large number of quantified
objectives using MOORA.
[7] Erudite that decision making proves to be an imperative part of human brain were values,
belief and perceptions urge it to be successful. The case study maps out choosing of best road
design in expanding a highway of Thuringia, Germany from 4 to 6 lanes using a MODM
approach namely MOORA. The MOORA a MODM technique was used for making up the
comparison between six various types of road design such as concrete surfacing with changing
axis and gradient, asphalt concrete surfacing by changing axis and retaining gradient, concrete
surfacing with changing axis and retaining gradient, asphalt concrete surfacing by changing axis
and gradient, concrete surfacing with retaining axis and gradient and asphalt concrete surface
with axis and retaining radiant. The five performance criteria's chosen for road selection were
such as longevity, cost price, environment protection, economic validity and construction
duration. Numerical manipulation, optimization and imperativeness through MOORA identifies
the auspicious condition for laying road can be done by changing the axis and retaining the
gradient of highway with concrete surfacing in Thuringia, Germany. The proposed model leaves
a path to apply the MOORA a sceptical ratio analysis approach for solving similar utility
problems in construction sector.
[20] Espouse that demand for purchasing newly build houses or apartments are growing high day
in day out. During purchasing of houses, customers do pay high attention towards price,
maintenance cost, living space, location Etc., by ignoring inner climate in houses. A cosy inner
climate will eradicate propagating of bacteria’s within the room along with controlling of vapour
condensing and moulding. This article takes up a study to analyse the inner climate in five storied
house in naujoji, Vilnia. The assessment of inner climate in ten living rooms of a five storied
house was done by looking out six important criteria’s such as air turnover ratio, air humidity, air
temperature, illumination intensity, air flow rate and dew point. The data on each afore said
criteria’s for ten living rooms were obtained using metrel equipment MJ6201EU with calibrated
certificate. Calculations were performed using MOORA, initially by making up decision matrix
followed by normalizing, determining complex rationality and ranking that leaves out living room

7 as best with good air turnover ratio, air humidity, air temperature, illumination intensity with
less air flow rate and dew point in five storied building. In future, the data obtained using
MOORA method may be used in determining the market value of flats or apartments.
[10] Identifies a transition economy as previous accumulated economies of central and eastern
Europe or Asia that were transpired into controlled market economies. This paper narrowly tailors
on privatization in transition economy were the government or state enterprises are turned over
into private owners. The salient goal of the study was to optimize privatization process in
transition economy to increase the effectiveness of internal return rate (IRR), productivity and
declining of payback period from management side. On other side, a study contribute on
increasing macro economical attributes namely maximum of investments, employment and
influence of current balance payment for assessing the privatization in transition economy. The
article initially covers the comparison of MOORA with other reference point approaches like
rank correlation, minkowski metric (1986), tchebycheff metric (1821-1894), Euclidean distance
metric with additive weightage, TOPSIS. The comparison reveals MOORA gives priority to the
mid way solutions by ranking it first within the convex zone over other approaches. The
mentioned context urges to use MOORA with well being economy of transition in Lithuania,
which gives customer sovereignty as highest preference attributes over productivity. The study
was conducted by selecting three various projects such as project A,B and C to reveal the
difference in ranking between MOORA and reference point approach that selects project A and B
as first. The conclusion was made-up with contradicted results from two approaches by having
Project A and C first rank for four objectives with no first rank for project B. The herewith
comparison on three projects culminate that project A and C would dominate B at four
dominating positions to give preference for obtaining better mid way solutions as per economic
law of decreasing marginal utility. In later days, a newer research can be done with newer data,
large samples and large number of quantified objectives.
4. GAP ASSESSMENT
The study conducted by various scholars in manufacturing and service sector illustrate,
organization faces accustom challenges due to ineffective decision making that deteriorates
priority and worthiness of decision makers. To overcome such a situation, organizations needs an
aid of effective decision making tool that involves creative development and identification of
options, clarity in judgement, firmness of decision and effective implementation that all can be
done using MOORA. MOORA a pure cardinal approach was used effectively for solving real-
time complex decision making problem in eleven cases of manufacturing and twelve cases of
service sector as shown in Table 2 and Table 3.MOORA with such an empirical benefit have a
wide scope of applicability in other manufacturing and service sector such as product and process
design, network analysis, aircraft design, automobile design, thermal power plant, nuclear power
plant, chemical industry, cement industry, hospitals, banks, schools, finance Etc. The usage of
MOORA will allow decision makers to choose the best alternative within less computational
time, high stability and reduce cost.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this article, analysis on MOORA a MADM approach was done through various case studies in
manufacturing and service sector that corroborate a usage of MOORA in two fold manner

• MOORA was compared with other endemically used MADM approaches that reveal,
MOORA chooses best alternative with high simpleness, less computational time and
basic mathematical calculations along with no usage of extra parameters like v in VIKOR
and ξ in GRA method.
• In the second phase, intensified realization through sparse cases available in using
MOORA was studied out to illustrate the imperative benefits and scope of applicability
for solving real time empirical problems.
In future span, providing extension for MOORA,MOOSRA and MULTIMOORA (Multiplicative
form of MOORA) using interval grey numbers and fuzzy have an wide scope in manufacturing
and service sectors to eradicate vagueness, imprecision in decision maker subjectivity for
choosing the best alternative with conflicting criteria.
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Table-2. MOORA applications in manufacturing sector.

Table-3. MOORA applications in service sector.

AUTHORS
N.Karuppanna Prasad did his M.E from Anna University of Tiruchirapalli and B.E
from Anna university of Chennai. He is presently working as a senior engineer in
centralized manufacturing engineering department of pricol india Ltd. He Works as an
industrial engineer for 4.5 years in the field of Industrial Engineering. His research areas
were optimization, quality control, supply chain management.
K.Sekar is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Department in National
Institute of Technology (NIT) – Calicut, Kerala, India. He had done his PhD at
Mechanical Engineering Department in NIT, Calicut, M.E in Manufacturing
Engineering Department at Government College of Technology (GCT), Coimbatore
and B.Tech from Production Engineering Department at Madras Institute of
Technology (MIT), Anna University-Chennai. He had 2 years of industrial experience
and 13 years of teaching experience. His research areas were Manufacturing, Materials,
Optimization, Metal Casting, welding and Industrial Automation.

Selection of Best Alternative in Manufacturing and Service Sector Using Multi Grade Decision Approach - A Review

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