Simple control scheme buck-boost DC-DC converter for stand alone PV application system

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019, pp. 1090~1101
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.pp1090-1101  1090
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJPEDS
Simple control scheme buck-boost DC-DC converter for stand
alone PV application system
M. Z. Zulkifli, M. Azri, A. Alias, N. Talib, J. M. Lazi
Center for Robotics and Industrial Automation (CeRIA), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 19, 2018
Revised Dec 6, 2018
Accepted Mar 3, 2019
In this paper a buck-boost dc-dc converter for pv application is proposed,
which is mainly composed of a buck–boost converter, PV panel, load and a
battery. Existing dc-dc converter can convert the power from the PV panel,
but unfortunately the PV panel can only provide power when there is a high
intensity of light. In order to provide power supply to the load without any
interruption, buck-boost DC-DC converter is introduced. The power
intermittency issue of PV panel can be overcome with the aid of a secondary
supply which is in this case, the batter. The integration system between the
primary and the secondary supply is controlled by a simple proposed control
scheme. Battery act as a power in the low voltage side while PV panel is
taking over in the high voltage side. Buck-boost converter is operated either
is buck or boost mode according to the performance of the PV panel. This
paper is presented the simple control scheme to decide the mode suitable for
the buck and boost mode. Various conditions are simulated to verify the
working operation of the buck-boost converter and to representing solar
panel in real life. Simulation and experimental are carried out to verify the
system.
Keywords:
Buck-boost
Charging management
Control methods
Converter
PV system
Copyright © 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Mohamad Zaki Bin Zulkifli,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Jalan Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka.
Email: m011810006@student.utem.edu.my
1. INTRODUCTION
Power converters is one of the most important parts in photovoltaic system. The reason that they
play an important role as they can convert the different type of electricity and make the electricity convenient
to the end user. Since the solar cells produces DC type of electricity, there is room for various types of power
converter [1]. Because of constantly growing energy demand, grid-connected photovoltaic systems are
becoming more and more popular, and many countries have permitted, encouraged, and even funded
distributed-power-generation systems. Currently, solar panels are not very efficient with only about 12-20%
efficiency in their stability to convert sunlight to electrical power. The efficiency can drop further due to
other factors such as solar panel temperature and load conditions. Every solar panel will have a unique
temperature coefficient. Temperature coefficient is important since the temperature of the solar panels has
direct influence on the output power produced [2]. Most panels have temperature coefficient of between -0.2
% / 0
C to -0.5 % / 0
C when tested under standard laboratory conditions. The closer the temperature
coefficient to zero, the better the panel will perform.
The calculation for the temperature derating is defined by the tested temperature for the panel and its
temperature coefficient. The value that will affect the temperature derating is the ambient temperature and the
installation type of the panel itself. From the calculation, if the ambient temperature equals to 28℃ and the
installation type is rack, the panel will lose 13.2% of its output [3]. Studies on the effect of temperature and

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694 
Simple control scheme buck-boost DC-DC converter for stand alone PV … (M. Z. Zulkifli)
1091
insolation on the performance of the PV panel were developed using PSPICE/MATLAB model and have
been presented [4-6].
In order to maximize the power derived from the solar panel, it is important to operate the panel at
its optimal power point. Therefore, the power electronics converter interface between a solar panel and a load
battery is introduced. The several pulse width modulator (PWM) DC-DC converter is used to extract the
maximum power form PV solar panel [7-9]. The conventional of photovoltaic power system may use on-off
directly control system. The system has a simple build and structures. However, they also have a significant
drawback such as, there is no control applied on the charging state of the battery. The on-off state between
the battery and the PV panel cannot provide supply to the load simultaneously and performance power
transfer to the load is decreased gradually. From the weakness of the conventional system, the aim of this
paper is to present the simple controller in Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter for solving the limiting generation
power of PV. For example, ENF 5W 18V Solar PV Module has a value of 18.1V at maximum power when
there is a high intensity of sunlight [10]. In this case, if the load needed only 12V of input, a buck converter
in needed. Meanwhile, if the intensity of the sunlight is low, a boost converter is needed to achieve the
voltage required by the load.
2. CONVENTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER
Figure 1 shows the several commonly used DC-DC converter circuits such as Buck , Boost and
Buck-Boost converters [11-13]. These include switching power MOSFET, diode, inductor and
capacitor [14-15].
Figure 1. Several basic DC-DC Converter topologies [11]
The voltage level conversion is depending on the circuit topologies by using a volt-second voltage.
The dc voltage transfer of boost converter, buck converter and buck-boost converter are expressed in Table 1.
The aim of paper is to control the 12 V output load for standalone system. In order to control the desired
voltage, the parameters of the simulation and hardware are illustrated in Table 2.
Table 1. Converter’s equation
Type of converter Output voltage equation
Buck Converter
Boost Converter
Buck-Boost Converter
Table 2. Parameters used
Parameters Value
Load voltage, Vload
12 V
Battery voltage, Vbat
6 V
Load, 𝑅 100𝛺
PV panel voltage, 𝑉 0 𝑡𝑜 18𝑉

 ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2019 : 1090 – 1101
1092
2.1. Buck Converter
The output from the solar panel is buck or reduce by using a buck converter. The output voltage
from the solar panel is fed to the MOSFET. When MOSFET is on, the current will flow from load through
the inductor. Inductor starts building up oscillations by developing magnetic field across it and causes the
voltage to be reduced. When MOSFET is off, electromotive force (EMF) is suddenly reversed in the inductor
that opposes further drop in current. The configuration used for the simulation of buck is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Buck converter configuration
In this simulation, the PV panel value is set to be at 18V with the converter switching frequency of
10 kHz. The duty ratio for the simulation is 66.67%. The output of the input voltage is halved because of the
66.67% duty cycle. Figure 3 shows the output voltage waveform.
Figure 3 Buck output waveform
From Figure 3, the value of the output voltage from the PV panel is 18V. This simulation shows that
the input voltage had been reduced to 11.61V from its original value by using buck converter. Buck converter
capability to reduce voltage is good for integrating it with a PV system. More stable and suitable voltage
level can be obtained but it cannot provide a voltage desired if the performance of the PV panel is poor
during cloudy weather. The calculated efficiency of buck converter is 96%.

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2.2. Boost Converter
The arrangement of the component for boost converter is different as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Boost converter configuration
Boost converter is used to step up the voltage. The output voltage from the converter is controlled
by varying the duty cycle. Current flow via inductor and MOSFET. The energy stored in the magnetic field
across the inductor and there is no current flowing through diode. The load is supplied by the capacitor.
When MOSFET is turned off, inductor current opposes by immediately reversing EMF. The inductor voltage
adds with the source voltage and thus boosting the voltage.
In this simulation, the source is set as a 6V battery with the converter switching frequency of 10kHz.
The duty ratio of the simulation is 31.5%. The output voltage obtained from the simulation is doubled the
input voltage value. Figure 5 shows the waveform of the output voltage.
Figure 5. Boost output waveform
From Figure 5, the value of the output voltage is 7.793V. This simulation shows that the input
voltage has been increased by the converter. Boost converter can boost the voltage from PV panel even on
cloudy weather. The capability to step up the voltage is very much needed in renewable energy such as solar
which the intermittency issue is a big deal. The drawback of a boost converter is that it only can step up but
cannot step down the voltage level. Boost converter efficiency that was calculated is 43.53%.

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2.3. Buck-Boost Converter
The configuration for Buck-Boost converter is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Buck-Boost converter configuration
In this converter, the voltage can be either increased or decreased. It is all depending on the duty
cycle. Inductor is directly store energy by developing magnetic field when MOSEFT is on. Because of the
diode is reversed biased, there is no current flow to the load. Capacitor works during this time. When
MOSFET is turned off, inductor is disconnected form the source. It opposes current to drop instantly by
reversing the EMF. The step-up duty ratio is above 50% meanwhile, the step-down duty ratio is below 50%.
In this simulation, the PV panel is set from 6V to 18V with the converter switching frequency of 10
kHz. Two simulation is done with the different of duty cycle ratio.
Figure 7. Output voltage waveform when duty cycle is 68%.
Figure 7 shows the output voltage obtained when the duty cycle is 68%. The value of the output voltage is
boosted up from 6V to 11.91V.

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Figure 8. Output voltage waveform when duty cycle is 41.5%
Figure 8 shows the output voltage obtained when the duty cycle is 41.5%. The value is bucked from 18V to
11.98V. From both simulations, it shows that Buck-Boost converter is capable to either decrease or increase
the input voltage.
Buck-Boost converter is different than buck converter or boost converter. It capable to step up or
step down the voltage level. It is very much suitable for renewable energy application. The efficiency for this
converter when in buck operation is 27.93% while in boost operation, the efficiency is 9.13%. The three
converter that were simulated before can provide a regulated voltage level needed for PV system. However,
each of them has their own drawback that will suffice the efficiency of a PV system application. Table 3
shows the summarization of the simulation.
Table 3. Summarization of the converters.
Type of converter Capability of regulating voltage Availability for secondary supply Efficiency
Buck Converter Step-down only N/A 96%
Boost Converter Step-up only N/A 26.75%
Buck-Boost Converter Step-up and step-down N/A Buck = 27.93%
Boost = 9.13%
From Table 3, each of the converter that were simulated is not suitable for placing a secondary supply in the
system. The secondary supply such as the battery is important to provide a higher efficiency system. For
example, battery is capable to provide a very much needed supply for the load in case where the PV panel are
not capable to provide one.
The efficiency is satisfying even though to the limited capability of the conventional converter.
Eventhough the efficiency for the buck converter is high which is 96%, it still only for stepping down the
voltage and cannot steup-up it since its only a buck converter. The conventional solution is to manually
change the buck converter to boost converter. The temperature derating issue adds up the efficiency lacks in
using the conventional converter. Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter is capable to overcome these issues. The
converter can provide power flow when using the PV system. In the viewpoint of efficiency, the only
problem that will be left is the temperature derating if other issue can be solve by using the converter.
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Figure 9 shows on how the mode of the Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter will operates in this system.
As shown in the figure, the converter is the centerpiece between all the three main block which are the PV
panel, the battery and the load. PV panel is place on the high voltage side while the battery is placed on the
low voltage side. Power flow is shown with the operating mode of the converter which are the buck mode
and the boost mode. Buck mode is where the power flow from the PV panel to the load and the battery. Boost
mode is where the power flow from the battery to the load.

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Figure 9. Buck-Boost Converter operation diagram
3.1. Converter circuit topology
Figure 10 shows the Buck-Boost Converter circuit topology. The high voltage side is connected to
the PV panel while the low voltage is connected to the battery. This circuit is a ‘”boost-type” since the
battery is placed on the low voltage side [16]. Both will be modelled as a source with equivalent series
impedance. This circuit consist of two IGBTs as a switch, an inductor and a capacitor
Figure 10. The proposed Buck-Boost Converter
The converter operates in two modes and it is defined according to the voltage sense at the load. The
two modes are buck mode and boost mode. For the buck mode, IGBT is the main switch and IGBT1 is the
auxiliary switch with Diode1 acting as the freewheel diode. For the boost mode, IGBT1 is the main switch
and IGBT is the auxiliary switch with Diode act as the freewheel diode.
In the system, there are two power sources: PV panel and the battery. Therefore, the converter needs
to manage two sources to ensure the whole system operates with high efficiency and high reliability. The
managing mode of the converter is defined by directly comparing the voltage value sensed at the load with
the reference voltage. The voltage chosen for the load is 𝑉 12𝑉 so, the reference voltage is 𝑉
12𝑉. A voltage sensing device is placed in parallel to the load to obtain the real-time reading of the load
voltage. If 𝑉 𝑉 , the converter will operate in boost mode and the battery need to be discharge to the
load. The battery power will flow through the converter and boosted to the desired voltage level of the load
which is 12𝑉. This shows the condition where the PV panel is not capable to supple the load. If 𝑉 𝑉 ,
the converter will operate in buck mode. The PV panel voltage is bucked to 12𝑉 for supplying the load
voltage. This condition shows that the PV panel is capable to supply the load and the battery is not needed in
this mode. The residual power that flows through the buck will also go into the battery and charging
operation is online. Table 4 summarize the mode and condition of the converter.

1097
Table 4. Operation modes of the Buck-Boost Converter
Conditions Converter Mode
𝑉 𝑉 Boost Mode
𝑉 𝑉 Buck Mode
3.2. PWM for the IGBTs
The IGBT are used in this converter and they need a gate signal to perform the switching operation.
The switching operation is for either buck or boost. The load voltage that was measured is compared to the
reference voltage and hence, will produce error voltage. The error voltage is then fed to the PI controller as
shown in Figure 12.
Figure 11. Error network and PWM generator for the converter
Figure 12. PI controller
PI controller is used in this operation to translate the error voltage into a value range from 0 to 1. This is
because the error voltage is needed to be compared with the sawtooth waveform in order to produce the
PWM signal for the IGBTs.
3.3. Mode selection control
The converter works in two mode that is defined by comparing the voltage measured at the load
with the reference voltage. In order to implement the power flow, the reference voltage and measured voltage
must be compared and it will decide the mode of the converter. The deciding operation is shown in
Figure 13. The voltage at the load is measured. Since the load is supposed to be at 12𝑉, so the reference
voltage is also set to 12𝑉. When operating, the reference voltage is compared with the measured voltage. In
simulation, a comparator block is used and the result of the comparison is either 1 or 0. The compared result
will go to two switch blocks. Both of this switch block will decide the mode of the converter.

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Figure 13. Mode decider of the controller.
4. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
The simulation of the system is simulated by using Matlab Simulink software [17]. Figure 14 shows
the full schematic of the simulation.
Figure 14. Buck-Boost Converter system simulation using Matlab Simulink.
The PV panel is represented using a controlled current source block available in the Simulink
library. It represents the current of the PV panel in terms of current ampere. The controlled current source is
placed on the high voltage side. The value of the PV current is varied using two value to represent the
unbalance state of PV panel in real life. In this case, the values are 0.08𝐴 and 0.16𝐴. These two values show
the capability of the PV panel to supply the load.
The battery is placed on the low voltage side. The rating of the battery used for this simulation is
6𝑉. The percentage of the battery is also varied in form of two conditions. The conditions of the battery are
90%(good condition) and 30%(poor condition).
Buck-Boost Converter is placed between the two-power source and the power flow will transfer in direction.
By placing the load in between the PV panel and the converter will create a fraction in current. The divided
current will go to the load and the converter. By dividing the current, a voltage that desired at the load can be
maintained while the residual current can charge the battery. The parameter used for this simulation are
summarized in the Table 5.

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The main objective of simulating the system is to test the capability of the converter to make the power flow.
Besides that, the reliability of the controller to decide the mode of the converter also need to be validated.
The simulations are done with various condition of the PV panel and the capacity of the battery. This is to
show the real state of these sources in daily usage. The conditions are listed in Table 6.
Table 5. Parameter used for the simulation
Parameters Value
Load voltage, 𝑉 12𝑉
Battery voltage, 𝑉 6𝑉
Load, 𝑅 100𝛺
PV panel voltage, 𝑉 0 𝑡𝑜 18𝑉
Simulation time, 𝑇 10𝑠
Table 6. Conditions for the simulation
State of the PV panel 𝑉 Capacity of the battery %
𝑉 𝑉 90%
𝑉 𝑉 90%
𝑉 𝑉 30%
𝑉 𝑉 30%
Figure 15. Inductor current
Figure 16. PWMs waveform.
Figure 15 shows the waveform of the current flowing through the converter. For the first 5 second,
the PV panel voltage is higher than the reference voltage which means that it capable to provide supply
power to the load so, the current is positive. The current is flown from the PV panel to the load and the
battery. From Figure 16, the PWM for buck is much more frequent than the PWM for the boost. After 5
second, the PV panel voltage is less than the reference voltage, the battery now is the main supply. The
current become negative because the direction of the current flow is reversed form the battery to the load. In
Figure 16, the boost PWM are more frequent after 5 second.
Within these conditions, the load voltage is maintained at desired value which is at 12𝑉. The battery
is in charging state within the first 5 second and discharging for the rest of the simulation. The same results

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are also obtained for the second simulation where the battery capacity is at 30%. It shows that even though
the battery is low, it still capable of charging and discharging accordingly. Table 7 summarize the
simulation results.
Comparison can be made with the result of the conventional converter obtain in Table 3 in the
previous topic. The proposed converter is capable to operate and gave out 12𝑉 no matter the state of the
input. This dynamic performance is not provided from the conventional converter. Besides that, the proposed
converter also provides a charging solution to the battery.
Table 7. Summarized results.
Condition of the PV Panel 𝑉 and Capacity of the Battery % Voltage at the load, 𝑉 Mode of the
Converter
∆%Battery
Capacity
𝑉 𝑉
Battery at 90%
12𝑉 Buck mode Increase
𝑉 𝑉
Battery at 90%
12𝑉 Boost mode Decrease
𝑉 𝑉
Battery at 30%
12𝑉 Buck mode Increase
𝑉 𝑉
Battery at 30%
12𝑉 Boost mode Decrease
5. CONCLUSIONS
Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter is a next step in converting renewable energy sage in daily life to
user requirement. Conventional converter can do such operation but it only can transfer power in one
direction. Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter can provide a power flow thus, can increase the power usage
efficiency. In this report, the objectives to design the converter is achieved by confirming the results obtained
in the simulation and hardware.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka for supporting this work
under research grant PJP/2018/FKE(6B)/S01607.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
M. Z. Zulkifli was born in Penang, Malaysia in 1994. He received Diploma in Electrical
Engineering in 2015 and Bachelor’s in Electrical engineering in 2018 from the same institution
which is Universisti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. He is currently pursuing his studies for Master
of Electrical Engineering. His are of interest is in power electronics.
M. Azri was born in Malacca, Malaysia, in 1977. She received her B.Eng (Hons) Electrical degree
from University Technology Mara, Shah Alam, Malaysia and the M.Sc. (Electrical Power
Engineering) degree from the University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia in 2001 and 2004
respectively. She is received her Ph.D. degree at the UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced
Center (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2014. She is a senior
lecturer and currently a Head Department of Power Electronics and Drives, Fakulti Kejuruteraan
Elektrik. She is a member of IET. Her research interests include power electronics and
renewable energy.
A. Alias was born in Terengganu, Malaysia, in 1978. She received her B. Eng in Electrical
(Control and Instrumentation) (Hons) and M. Eng (Electrical) from the Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, in 2000 and 2003, respectively, and her PhD from University of Malaya in 2015. She
is a senior lecturer at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
(UTeM). Her main research interests are in modeling, control systems analysis and power
electronics application engineering systems
Md. H. N. Talib was born in Malaysia, in 1976. He received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering
from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor, Malaysia, in 1999, M.S. in
Electrical Engineering from the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, in 2005 and PhD
from the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia in 2016. He is currently a
senior lecturer at UTeM. His main research interests include power electronics, fuzzy logic
control and motor drives.
Jurifa binti Mat Lazi received her bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia in 2001. She then obtained his Master of Science degree in Electrical Power
Engineering from University Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, in 2003. She received his Ph.D
degree from University Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka in 2016. She has served as an
academic staff at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) since 2001 and she is currently a
senior lecturer and Head of Industrial Training Coordinator in the Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, UTeM. Her research interests include Machine Drives especially in Sensorless and
PMSM drives, Power Electronics and Power System.

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