Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) system
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Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) is an approach for optimizing nutrient supply and demand in farming by utilizing precise, field-specific management practices to improve yield and fertilizer efficiency while addressing soil variability. Key techniques include GPS-guided soil sampling, variable-rate fertilizer applications, and remote sensing, all of which contribute to better understanding and managing crop needs. The ultimate goals of SSNM are to enhance profitability, improve crop quality, and address environmental concerns related to nutrient management.
Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) system
- 1. Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) system Lecture No. 3
- 2. 2 Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) is the dynamic, field- specific management of nutrients in a particular cropping season to optimize the supply and demand of nutrients according to their differences in cycling through soil-plant systems Addressing nutrient deficiencies which exist within field and making adjustment in nutrient application to match these locations or soil differences Site specific nutrient management
- 3. • Provide a locally-adapted nutrient best management practice personalized to the field- and season-specific needs for a crop • Increase in yield • High efficiency of fertilizer use • Improve profitability • Improve marketable crop quality • Improve environmental SSNM AIMS SOIL HEALTH INDICATORS CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT ORGANIC MATTER Biological environment PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3
- 4. Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) Feeding Crop Needs! 1. Establish a Yield target the crop’s total needs 3. Fill deficit between total needs and indigenous supply
- 5. • Site-specific management can be thought of as a series of layers of information about field, Each time a measurement is made (soil tests, scouting reports, yield data etc.), another layer of information is added. • Over time, multiple layers of information are added and become part of the database that can guide future crop management decisions. • By geo-referencing each data point to its precise geographic location, these data layers can be "stacked" for analysis to determine the relationship between layers for any point in the field. For example, the relationship between nitrogen rate applied and yield obtained might be determined, and then its variability mapped as an additional "calculated" layer of information. Site-Specific Nutrient Management
- 6. A. Grid sampling, guided by GPS, provides more accurate soil test data. B. Variable rate fertilizer application can improve efficiency. C. Variable rate seeding, variety changes and starter fertilizer can adjust for soil properties and productivity. D. Crop scouting with new digital technologies improves field records. E. On-the-go yield monitors can quickly track variability in the field.
- 7. Why is Precision Nutrient Management Important? • Nutrient variability within a field can be very high (graphs to follow), affecting optimum fertilizer rates. • Yield potential and protein can also vary greatly even within one field, affecting fertilizer requirements. • Increasing fertilizer use efficiency will become more important with increasing fertilizer costs and environmental concerns
- 8. Objectives of Site-Specific Farming Systems 1) Identify and Quantify Variability within Fields 2) Understand the Impact of Variability 3) Manage Variability to Increase Profits
- 9. 1) Identify and Quantify Variability within Fields Variability in fields is measured by soil sampling, field scouting, physical measurements, soil survey, and yield monitoring. Documenting this information in the GIS database for a field provides the basis for site-specific management decisions. Variability within fields comes from a variety of natural and man-made factors. Natural variability is largely due to physical properties of the soil including topography, texture and structure. Man-made influences on soil variability include: Crop rotation, livestock pasture, fences, tile drainage, fertilizer and manure application; Cropping systems and tillage operations affect soil tilth and Compaction (a result of a combination of natural and man-made factors).
- 10. 2) Understand the Impact of Variability Yield variability integrates physical, biological, and Environmental factors • the management practices in the production system. • By carefully analyzing yield data, along with site-specific data from other layers of information, the components of yield variability may eventually be determined and used to guide improved management. • GIS analysis evaluates interactions, or combinations of practices, that together result in increased yield by fine-tuning the production system.
- 11. 3) Manage Variability to Increase Profits • Precision farming can help reduce inputs or improve input use efficiency, by eliminating over-application and overlaps, and putting the right rates of the right fertilizer in different areas of the field. • Increasing yields spreads fixed costs, reducing the total cost per load and increasing net profits. • Site-specific management utilizes GPS tools and GIS data to manage variability within-field to optimize profits by increasing yield potential.
- 12. Site-Specific Equipment and Technology Equipment Special equipment is not required for site-specific management. Identifying areas requiring specific management can be done with conventional soil testing and scouting techniques. Different fertilizer rates can be applied to different areas by staking or flagging them, and then spreading the different areas separately. Estimates of within-field distances to identify these areas can be documented by measuring, counting rows, pacing or other relative means. Technology Tools GPS, GIS-based records and data analysis, sensors and variable-rate controllers are transforming nutrient management to best meet crop needs and efficiently utilize available resources. Site-specific sampling, variable-rate fertilizer application and yield monitors are among the most common tools guiding today’s modern nutrient management systems.
- 13. TECHNOLOGY TOOLS Global Positioning System (GPS) Geographic Information System (GIS) Remote Sensing (RS) Variable Rate Technology (VRT) Farmer Laser Land Leveler Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) Green seeker Chlorophyll Meter or soil plant analysis development meter
- 14. Global Positioning System (GPS) Most of the tools for precision horticulture involve use of data collection or controller systems that utilize the global positioning system (GPS). Each set of data collected is associated with its specific geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevation). This allows the understanding of precise relationships among the different layers of data, the resulting yield data, and other measurements. These layers can then be analyzed to make recommendations for future decisions. GPS systems are used on planting equipment for collecting geo-referenced planting data, starter fertilizer application, and other inputs. With proper controllers, variable-rate application of inputs can be added to the management plan. Each of these steps can be added over time, increasing the value of the initial investment. As more advanced military-technology becomes available for public use and new technologies develop to support GPS, this tool will continue to become more valuable to farmers in implementing site-specific management.
- 15. Geographic Information System (GIS) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) consist of data and software designed for spatial analysis of GPS referenced data. Various databases in an horticultural GIS system might include soil survey data, soil test information, pest infestations, yield data, remote sensing imagery and other types of observations and records that can be collected and referenced with their geographic position (by GPS). These data sets can then be converted to maps to illustrate their spatial variability within the field and become additional layers in the field database. The capability of GIS is more than mapping. The real power of GIS software lies in calculations and analysis of the geo referenced data sets to correlate their effects on yields and interactions with other production factors. By using models integrating the different spatially-variable data sets, responses to inputs can be predicted, or interactions affecting yield can be identified. Accumulated over time, the GIS data sets become increasingly useful as record-keeping and prediction tools.
- 17. Remote Sensing Remote sensing is becoming a useful tool for precision farming, using scanners on aircraft or satellites to monitor changes in wavelengths of light from fields and growing crops. Satellite imagery is also useful in more precise mapping of field boundaries and location of tile drainage lines, for example, and is often most effective when used in conjunction with field scouting ("ground truth observations") to help identify the reasons for variability. The data collected can be mapped and analyzed with the help of GIS tools, to provide additional data layers for GIS analysis and management decisions. Remote sensing helps to define the extent of problems identified in field scouting by recognizing similar patterns. It is used to document such issues as pest problems, weather factors, nutrient management issues, and more. While it has taken several years to develop remote sensing technology to the point of providing dependable, cost effective products and services in a timely fashion, there are now such services available to add to the toolbox to aid farmers and their advisors in making crop management decisions.
- 18. • Land Leveling through Laser Leveler is one such proven technology that is highly useful in conservation of irrigation water. Laser leveling results in a much more level field. Laser land leveling is leveling the field within certain degree of desired slope using a guided laser beam throughout the field. Unevenness of the soil surface has a significant impact on the germination, stand and yield of crops. Farmers also recognize this and therefore devote considerable time resources in leveling their fields properly.
- 20. Saves 10-15% water due to uniform distribution About 4% rise in area under cultivation due to removal of bunds and channels Increases resource (N and water) use efficiency Reduces cost of production Enhances productivity Laser- leveled field prepared for transplanting
- 21. Raised beds in laser levelled field facilitate uniform application of water across field
- 22. • Leaf colour charts (LCC) offer considerable opportunities for farmers to estimate plant nitrogen (N) demand in real time for efficient fertilizer use and high yields. • Asian farmers generally apply fertilizer N in a series of split applications, but the number of splits, amount of N applied per split, and the time of applications vary substantially. • The apparent flexibility of crop in adjusting the time and amount of fertilizer application offers potential to synchronize N application with the real-time demand of the crop. LEAF COLOUR CHART
- 23. Approaches to use of the leaf colour chart • - Real-time N management • Fixed time – adjustable dose
- 24. Quick measurement • Hold the sensor over the crop canopy and pull the trigger • The sensor should be held at 24-48” above the crop canopy • Observe the reading on the display Using the Green Seeker
- 25. RT200 Variable Rate Applicator with Green Seeker High tech
- 26. • The chlorophyll present in the plant is closely related to the nutritional condition of the plant. Higher SPAD value indicates a healthier plant. • A decrease in the SPAD value indicates a decrease in the chlorophyll content and nitrogen concentration it is show the lack of nitrogen available in the soil. This problem can be solved by adding fertilizer to the soil. • When SPAD value fell to between 29 and 32, indicating that additional fertilizer was necessary. CHLOROPHYLL METER