Skeletal system pp
- 1. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Unit 1: Physical Education
- 3. DIVISION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeleton is divided into two main parts: Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
- 4. AXIAL SKELETON Consists of: •Skull: –8 Cranial bones –13 facial bones –Fuses together during childhood and adolescence •Vertebral column –2 curves (cervical and lumbar) to deal with pressure from being upright –7 cervical vertebrae (unfused), 12 thoracic vertebrae (unfused), 5 lumbar vertebrae (unfused), 5 fused sacral vertebrae and the coccyx is 4 or 5 fused vertebrae •Rib Cage –12 ribs –Connect with vertebral column and
- 5. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Consists of: •Upper limbs: –60 bones (54 of which are in the hands and wrist). –Small in size allow flexible hand movements. •Lower limbs: –60 bones (54 of which are in the feet and ankles). –Large, strong and heavy with less flexibility. •Shoulder: –Includes the scapula, clavicle, sternum and humerus –Flexible and allows rotational movements •Pelvis: –3 bones: Ilium, Ishium and Pubis –Weight bearing and child bearing (women)
- 6. 1. Support – gives the body shape and provides structure for muscle to work against. 2. Protection of Organs – the brain in the skull, the heart, lungs, liver etc., in the ribcage. 3. Movement – the skeleton provides the structure for muscles to pull against and shorten, creating FUNCTIONS OF BONES
- 7. FUNCTIONS OF BONES 4. Storage of Mineral Salts – a large percentage of bone is made from Calcium and Phosphorus, which can be both stored and released from bone tissue. 5. Production of Red Blood Cells – Red Blood Cells are produced in the bone marrow
- 8. TYPES OF BONES A. Short Bones B. Long Bones C. Sesamoid Bones D. Flat Bones E. Irregular Bones
- 9. SHORT BONES Short Bones – bones of the hands and feet, i.e. the carpal (hand) and tarsal (foot) bones. They have no shaft and are as long as they are wide.
- 10. LONG BONES Long Bones – have a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (growth plate – the bones of the limbs in particular) e.g. the bones of the limbs – humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula. Ribs, Phalanges, Metacarpals and Metatarsals. The femur is the largest bone in the body.
- 11. SESAMOID BONES Bones that are wrapped in tendon or connective tissue The patella (knee-cap)
- 12. FLAT BONES Flat bones are bones that are indeed flat in shape and provide either protection for organs or muscle attachment sites. e.g. scapula, skull bones, sternum
- 13. IRREGULAR BONES Irregular bones – “one of a kind” bones The spinal column is comprised of 30 irregular bones – no two are exactly the same shape. 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral (fused) Coccyx
- 14. BONE HEALTH •Epiphyseal Plates (Growth Plates) are at the centre of long bones. –Can affect bones growth if injured •Osteoporosis- condition where bones become porous and brittle –Weight-bearing activity assist with healthy bone growth and length –Resistance activities can strengthen bones but if overtrained or injured (stress fractures) can lead to
- 16. JOINTS Is where 2 or more bones meet. Held together by ligaments. Cartilage is found at the end of bones Structure determines how it functions. -Tightly fitting joints restrict movement and are stronger. -The looser the fit the greater the movement, although the joint is weaker.
- 17. TYPES OF JOINTS Synovial (moveable). Hip & knee, cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Cartilaginous (partially immoveable). Ribs and sternum & lumbar vertebrae. Fibrous (immovable). Skull, pelvis, radioulnar & tibiofibular.
- 18. TYPES OF JOINT Types of Joint Amount of movement Examples Fixed or fibrous None Skull, pelvis, radioulnar and tibiofibular joint Cartilaginous Slightly Ribs attaching to sternum, lumbar vertebrae Synovial Freely Hip and knee joints, cervical and thoracic vertebrae
- 19. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Joints are lubricated by "synovial" fluid. Connections called "synovial" joints are sturdy enough to hold the skeleton together and at the same time permit a range of motions. The ends of these joints are coated with cartilages which
- 20. TYPES OF JOINTS Ball and socket Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Saddle Joint Gliding Joint Condyloid Joint