Slide Deck – Session 6 – FRSecure CISSP Mentor Program 2017

FRSecure 2017 CISSP
Mentor Program
EVAN FRANCEN, PRESIDENT & CEO – FRSECURE
BRAD NIGH, SENIOR INFORMATION SECURITY ANALYST - FRSECURE
CLASS SESSION #6

CISSP Mentor Program Session #6
Sheesh, Thursday seemed like an off night.
We’re back at it tonight though! Rested
and ready to hit this thing!
Get ready…

Domain 3: Security Engineering - Review
• Virtualization and Distributed Computing
• System Vulnerabilities, Threats and
Countermeasures
• Cornerstone Cryptographic Concepts
• History of Cryptography
• Types of Cryptography
• Cryptographic Attacks

IPSec
• Suite of protocols that provide a cryptographic layer to both IPv4 and
IPv6
• One of the methods used to provide Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
• Includes two primary protocols: Authentication Header (AH) and
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP).
• AH and ESP provide different, and sometimes overlapping functionality
• Supporting IPsec protocols include Internet Security Association and
Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) and Internet Key Exchange (IKE)

IPSec
AH and ESP
• Authentication Header provides authentication and integrity for each packet of
network data
• AH provides no confidentiality; it acts as a digital signature for the data
• AH also protects against replay attacks
• Encapsulating Security Payload primarily provides confidentiality by encrypting
packet data
Security Association and ISAKMP
• An IPsec Security Association (SA) is a simplex (one-way) connection which
may be used to negotiate ESP or AH parameters
• If two systems communicate via ESP, they use two SAs (one for each direction).
If the systems leverage AH in addition to ESP, they use two more SAs, for a
total of four
• Each simplex SA connection is identified by a unique 32-bit number called the
Security Parameter Index (SPI)
• The SA process is managed by the Internet Security Association and Key
Management Protocol (ISAKMP)

IPSec
Tunnel and Transport Mode
• IPsec can be used in tunnel mode or transport mode
• Tunnel mode is used by security gateways (which can provide point-to-
point IPsec tunnels)
• ESP Tunnel mode encrypts the entire packet, including the original
packet headers
• ESP Transport mode only encrypts the data (and not the original
headers); this is commonly used when the sending and receiving system
can “speak” IPsec natively
IKE
• IPsec can use a variety of encryption algorithms, such as MD5 or SHA-1
for integrity, and triple DES or AES for confidentiality
• The algorithm selection process is negotiated by the Internet Key
Exchange
• Two sides of an IPsec tunnel will typically use IKE to negotiate to the
highest and fastest level of security, selecting AES over single DES for
confidentiality if both sides support AES, for example

SSL and TLS
• SSL authenticates and provides confidentiality to Web traffic
• Transport Layer Security (TLS) is the successor to SSL
• SSL and TLS are commonly used as part of HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
• When you connect to a Web site such as https://www.isc2.org/, the data is encrypted.
This is true even if you have not preshared a key: the data is encrypted out of the gate.
This is done via asymmetric encryption: your browser downloads the digital certificate of
www.isc2.org, which includes the site’s public key, signed by the Certificate Authority’s
private key. If your browser trusts the CA (such as Verisign), then this signature
authenticates the site: you know its isc2.org and not a rogue site. Your browser then uses
that public key to securely exchange a symmetric session key. The private key is stored on
the isc2.org Web server, which allows it to decrypt anything encrypted with the public
key. The symmetric key is then used to encrypt the rest of the session.
• SSL was developed for the Netscape Web browser in the 1990s. SSL 2.0 was the first
released version; SSL 3.0 fixed a number of security issues with version 2.

PGP
• Pretty Good Privacy – Asymmetric Encryption
• Released by Phil Zimmerman in 1991
• Uses a Web of trust model to authenticate digital certificates, instead
of relying on a central certificate authority (CA) - If you trust that my
digital certificate authenticates my identity, the Web of trust means
you trust all the digital certificates that I trust.

S/MIME
• MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
• S/MIME (Secure/MIME) leverages PKI to encrypt and authenticate
MIME-encoded email
• Encryption may be done by the client or client’s email server (called an
S/MIME gateway)

Escrowed Encryption
• Takes a private key and divides it into two or more parts
• The parts are held in escrow by different trusted third-party organizations, which will
only release their portion of the key with proper authorization, such as a court order
• Balance between an individual’s privacy, and the needs of law enforcement
Clipper Chip
• The name of the technology used in the Escrowed Encryption Standard (EES)
• Announced in 1993 by the United States government to deploy escrowed encryption
in telecommunications devices
• Created a media firestorm, and was abandoned by 1996
• Used the Skipjack algorithm, a symmetric cipher that uses an 80-bit key, an algorithm
that was originally classified as secret
• Skipjack was later declassified in 1998

Steganography
• Steganography is the science of hidden
communication
• Hides the fact that communication is taking place
• The first use of steganography was documented by
the ancient Greek historian Herodotus in the
Histories of Herodotus. Herodotus described
shaving a slave’s head, tattooing instructions on it,
waiting for the hair to grow back, and sending the
slave across enemy lines.
• Modern steganography hides information inside
data files, such as images
• Messages that are hidden via steganography are
often encrypted first, providing both confidentiality
of the data and secrecy of the communication

Digital Watermarks
• Digital Watermarks encode data into a file
• The watermark may be hidden, using steganography
• Good story from the book…
An example of real-world digital watermark use is the watermarking of DVDs by the Academy of
Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Members of the academy (who decide the recipients of Oscar
awards) receive DVD “screeners” of nominated films. The films are often still being shown in movie
theaters and not yet available on DVD (publicly). When the DVD system was first implemented, illegal
copies of the screeners would appear on peer-to-peer filesharing networks. These copies were
“ripped” (digitally copied) from the screeners. In response, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and
Sciences began watermarking each screener. Each DVD is customized for the recipient: every frame of
every DVD contains a hidden watermark, tying the DVD to the recipient. Should the DVD appear on a
P2P network, the academy can track the copy down the source DVD (and member who received it). In
2007, Salvador Nunez Jr. was arrested for posting the movie Flushed Away online, copied from an
academy screener. Investigators used the watermark to track the copy to a screener received by his
sister, who was a member of the academy.

We’re done with Encryption!
Now onto Physical Security…
Remember our definition of information security:
The application of administrative, physical, and technical
controls to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability
of information.

Physical Security – Unique Terms and Definitions
• Mantrap - A preventive physical control with two doors. Each door
requires a separate form of authentication to open
• Bollard—A post designed to stop a car, typically deployed in front of
building entrances
• Smart card—A physical access control device containing an integrated
circuit
• Tailgating—Following an authorized person into a building without
providing credentials

Physical Security – Introduction
• Physical assets: people, buildings, systems, and data
• CISSP® exam considers human safety as the most critical concern of
this domain - trumps all other concerns
• Physical security protects against threats such as unauthorized access
and disasters, both man-made and natural

Physical Security
Perimeter Defenses
• Help prevent, detect, and correct unauthorized physical access
• Should employ defense-in-depth
• Fences, doors, walls, locks, etc.
Fences
• May range from deterrents (such as 3-foot/1 meter-tall fencing) to
preventive devices (8-foot/2.4 meter)
• Should be designed to steer ingress and egress to controlled points,
such as exterior doors and gates

Physical Security
Gates
• Range in strength from ornamental (a class I gate designed to deter access) to a class
IV gate designed to prevent a car from crashing through (such as gates at airports and
prisons)
• ASTM International's “ASTM F2200” Standard Specification for Automated Vehicular
Gate Construction at http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2200.htm
• Types of Vehicle Gates:
• Class I Residential (home use)
• Class II Commercial/General Access (parking garage)
• Class III Industrial/Limited Access (loading dock for 18-wheeler trucks)
• Class IV Restricted Access (airport or prison)
• Gates should be placed at controlled points at the perimeter - Secure sites use fences
and topography to steer traffic to these points.

Physical Security
Bollards
• A traffic bollard is a strong post designed to stop a car
• Term derives from the short/strong posts (called mooring bollards) used to tie
ships to piers when docked
• Often installed in front of convenience stores, to prevent a confused driver
who mixes up the accelerator and brake from driving into the store.
• Used in secure facilities to prevent cars from entering (whether intentionally
or not)
• Can use large concrete planters for the same effect
• Usually placed in front of physically weak areas of a building, such as
entryways

Physical Security
Lights
• Can act as both a detective and deterrent control
• Criminals will usually favor a poorly lighted target over a more visible one
• Should be bright enough to illuminate the desired field of vision (the area
being protected)
• Fresnel (pronounced fray-NELL) lights - Same type originally used in
lighthouses, use Fresnel lenses to aim light in a specific direction
• Light measurement:
• Lumen, the amount of light one candle creates
• Footcandles; one footcandle is one lumen per square foot
• Lux, based on the metric system, more commonly used now: one lux is one lumen per
square meter.

Physical Security
CCTV
• Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
• Detective device used to aid in detecting the presence of intruders in
restricted areas
• Can also be used as a deterrent device/control
• CCTVs using the normal light spectrum require sufficient visibility to
illuminate the field of view

Physical Security
CCTV
• Infrared devices can “see in the dark” by displaying heat
• Older “tube cameras” are analog devices
• Modern cameras use CCD (Charged Couple Discharge), which is digital
• Cameras have mechanical irises that act as human irises, controlling the
amount of light that enters the lens by changing the size of the aperture
• Key issues include depth of field (the area that is in focus) and field of view
(the entire area viewed by the camera)
• More light allows a larger depth of field because a smaller aperture places
more of the image in focus
• A wide aperture (used in lower light conditions) lowers the depth of field

Physical Security
CCTV
• Features such as pan and tilt (moving horizontally and vertically)
• Displays may display:
• Fixed camera view
• Autoscan (show a given camera for a few seconds before moving to the next)
• Multiplexing (where multiple camera feeds are fed into one display)
• Magnetic tape such as VHS is used to back up images from tube cameras
• CCD cameras use DVR (Digital Video Recorder) or NVR (Network Video
Recorder) for backups
• NVR has the advantage of allowing centralized storage of all video data

Physical Security - Locks
• Preventive physical security control
• Used on doors and windows to prevent unauthorized physical access
• May be mechanical, such as key locks or combination locks
• May be electronic - often used with smart cards or magnetic stripe cards
Key locks
• Require a physical key to unlock
• Keys may be shared or sometimes copied, which lowers the accountability of key
locks
• A common type is the pin tumbler lock, which has two sets of pins: driver pins and
key pins.
• The correct key makes the pins line up with the shear line, allowing the lock tumbler
(plug) to turn

Key locks
• Using an incorrect key results in misaligned pins, jamming
the lock plug
• Ward or Warded locks must turn a key through channels
(called wards); a “skeleton key” is designed to open
varieties of warded locks
• A spring-bolt lock is a locking mechanism which “springs” in
and out of the door jamb
• The door may be closed with the spring bolt exposed
• A deadbolt is rigid; the door cannot be closed when the
deadbolt is unlocked
• Both spring-bolt and deadbolts extend into the strike plate
in the door jamb

Lock Picking
• The art of opening a lock without a key
• A set of lock picks can be used to lift the pins in a pin
tumbler lock, allowing the attacker to open the lock
without a key
• A technique called lock bumping uses a shaved-down
key which will physically fit into the lock. The attacker
inserts the shaved key and “bumps” the exposed
portion (sometimes with the handle of a screwdriver).
This causes the pins to jump, and the attacker quickly
turns the key and opens the lock.
• All key locks can be picked or bumped: the only
question is how long it will take

Master and Core Keys
• Opens any lock for a given security zone in a building
• Access to the master key should be tightly controlled
• Core keys are used to remove the lock core in
interchangeable core locks (where the lock core may
be easily removed and replaced with another core)
• Once the lock core is removed, the door may often be
opened with a screwdriver
• Functional equivalent to the master key, core keys should
be kept equally secure

Combination Locks
• Have dials that must be turned to specific numbers, in a specific order (alternating clockwise and
counterclockwise turns) to unlock
• A weak form of physical access control for production environments such as data centers
• Button or keypad locks also use numeric combinations
• Limited accountability due to shared combinations
• Button or keypad locks are also vulnerable because prolonged use can cause wear on the most used buttons
or keys
• Combinations may be discovered via a brute-force attack, where every possible combination is attempted
• Locks may also be compromised via shoulder surfing
• Simple locks such as pushbutton locks with limited combinations do not qualify as preventive devices; they are
deterrent ONLY
• Can be used for low-security applications such as locking an employee restroom, but should not be used to
protect sensitive data or assets

Physical Security
Smart Cards and Magnetic Stripe Cards
• A physical access control device which is often
used for electronic locks, credit card purchases,
or dual-factor authentication systems
• “Smart” means the card contains a computer
circuit
• Smart card is also known as “Integrated Circuit
Card” (ICC).
• May be “contact” or “contactless”

Physical Security
• Contact cards must be inserted into a smart card reader
• Contactless cards are read wirelessly
• One type of contactless card technology is Radio-Frequency
Identification (RFID)
• Contain RFID tags (also called transponders) which are read by
RFID transceivers
• Magnetic stripe card contains a magnetic stripe which stores
information
• Passive devices that contain no circuits
• Sometimes called swipe cards: they are used by swiping through a card
reader
• Many international credit cards are smart cards, while magnetic
stripe cards are more commonly used as credit cards in the United
States

Physical Security
• The “Common Access Card” (CAC) is an example of a
worldwide smart card deployment by the U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD)
• Used for physical access control, to provide dual-factor
authentication to critical systems, to digitally sign
documents, and others
• CAC cards store data including cryptographic certificates
as part of the DoD's Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
• Both smart and magnetic stripe may be used in
combination with electronic locks to provide physical
access control
• Better accountability when compared with mechanical
locks: audit data can be collected electronically

Physical Security
Tailgating/piggybacking
• Occurs when an unauthorized person follows an
authorized person into a building after the
authorized person unlocks and opens the door
• Policy should forbid employees from allowing
tailgating and security awareness efforts
• Attackers attempting to tailgate often combine
social engineering techniques, such as carrying
large boxes, increasing the chances an authorized
user will “help out” by holding the door open

Physical Security
Mantraps and Turnstiles
• Mantraps are a preventive physical control with two doors
• The first door must close and lock before the second door may be opened
• Each door typically requires a separate form of authentication to open
• The intruder is trapped between the doors after entering the mantrap
• Turnstiles are designed to prevent tailgating by enforcing a “one person per
authentication” rule
• Secure data centers may use floor-to-ceiling turnstiles with interlocking blades to
prevent an attacker from going over or under the turnstile
• Both mantraps and turnstiles must be designed to allow safe egress in case of
emergency
• No system should require authentication for egress during emergencies

Physical Security
Contraband Checks
• Seek to identify objects that are prohibited to enter a secure perimeter (such
as an airplane)
• Secure buildings such as government or military buildings may employ
contraband checks
• Often used to detect metals, weapons, or explosives
• May also be used to detect controlled substances such as illegal drugs,
portable cameras or storage media

Physical Security
Motion Detectors and Other Perimeter Alarms
• Ultrasonic and microwave motion detectors work like “Doppler radar” used to
predict the weather
• A wave of energy is sent out, and the “echo” is returned when it bounces off an object
• A motion detector that is 20 ft away from a wall will consistently receive an echo in the
time it takes for the wave to hit the wall and bounce back to the receiver, for example.
The echo will be returned more quickly when a new object (such as a person walking in
range of the sensor) reflects the wave
• Active sensors - means they actively send energy

Physical Security
• A photoelectric motion sensor sends a beam of light
across a monitored space to a photoelectric sensor
• The sensor alerts when the light beam is broken
• Also an active sensor
• A passive sensor is a “read-only” device; example is
a passive infrared (PIR) sensor that detects infrared
energy created by body heat.

Physical Security
• Perimeter alarms include magnetic door and window
alarms
• Include matched pairs of sensors on the wall, as well as
window/door
• An electrical circuit flows through the sensor pairs as long as
the door or window is closed; the circuit breaks when either is
opened
• Often armed for secured areas as well as in general areas
during off hours such as nights or weekends
• Once armed, a central alarm system will alert when any door
or window is opened

Physical Security
Doors and Windows
• Attackers will often target the “weakest link in the chain”
• Examples of “weakest link” design include a concrete wall with a hollow-core
door, or a gypsum wall with a steel door.
• Door hinges should face inward, or be otherwise protected
• Doors with internal motion sensors should never include mail slots

Physical Security
Doors and Windows
• Externally-facing emergency doors should be marked for emergency use only and
equipped with panic bars. The use of a panic bar should trigger an alarm.
• Glass windows are structurally weak and can be dangerous when shattered. Bullet-
proof or explosive-resistant glass can be used for secured areas. Wire mesh or
security film can lower the danger of shattered glass and provide additional strength.
Use of simple glass windows in a secure perimeter requires a compensating control
such as window burglar alarms.
• Alternatives to glass windows include polycarbonate such as Lexan and acrylic such
as Plexiglass. Lexan is used in race cars and airplanes for is strength and shatter
resistance.

Physical Security
Walls, floors, and ceilings
• Walls around any internal secure perimeter such as a data center should be “slab to slab”
• Raised floors and drop ceilings can obscure where the walls truly start and stop
• Any wall protecting a secure perimeter (whether internal or external) should be strong
enough to resist cutting
• Simple gypsum “sheetrock” walls can be cut open with a sharp tool such as a carpet knife,
and should not be used for secure perimeters
• Walls should have an appropriate fire rating (the amount of time required to fail due to a fire)
• The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) 75: Standard for the Protection of Information Technology Equipment states “The
computer room shall be separated from other occupancies within the building by fire-resistant rated walls, floor, and ceiling
constructed of noncombustible or limited combustible materials. The fire resistant rating shall be commensurate with the
exposure, but not less than one hour.”

Physical Security
Guards
• A dynamic control
• May aid in inspection of access credentials, monitor CCTVs, monitor environmental
controls, respond to incidents, act as a deterrent (all things being equal, criminals are
more likely to target an unguarded building over a guarded building), and more
• Professional guards have attended advanced training and/or schooling; amateur
guards (sometimes derogatively called “Mall Cops”) have not
• Term “pseudo guard” means an unarmed security guard
• Guard's orders should be complete and clear
• Guards are often attacked via social engineering, so this threat should be directly
addressed via security awareness and training.

Physical Security
Dogs
• Often used in controlled areas, such as between the exterior building wall and
a perimeter fence
• Primarily serve as both deterrent and detective controls
• A site without dogs is more likely to be physically attacked than a site with
dogs (deterrent), and dogs alert security guards through barking (detective)
• The primary drawback to using dogs as a perimeter control is legal liability

Physical Security
Site selection, design, and configuration
• Describes the process of building a secure facility such as a data center, from
the site selection process through the final design
• The exam could pose a scenario where you are asked about any part of the
site selection process, beginning with the land the data center will be built on
• Site selection is the “greenfield” process of choosing a site to construct a
building or data center. A “greenfield” is an undeveloped lot of land.

Physical Security
Topography
• The physical shape of the land: hills, valleys, trees, etc.
• Highly secure sites such as military installations will leverage (and sometimes alter)
the topography of the site as a defensive measure
• Can be used to steer ingress and egress to controlled points
Utility Reliability
• Electrical outages are among the most common of all failures and disasters
• Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs) will provide protection against electrical
failure for a short period (usually hours or less)
• Generators provide longer protection, but will require refueling in order to operate
for extended periods.

Physical Security
Crime
• Local crime rates also factor into site selection
• The primary issue is employee safety: all employees have the right to a safe
working environment
• Additional issues include theft of company assets

Physical Security
Site Design and Configuration Issues
Site design cannot compensate for poor site selection decisions
Site Marking
• Data centers are not externally marked
• Attention-avoiding details such as muted building design
The Netflix DVD service avoids site marking of its service centers, which look like nondescript
warehouses in regular office parks. There are no Netflix signs or corporate logos to be seen.
Assuming a low profile avoids drawing unwanted attention to the warehouses, which adds
defense-in-depth protection to the valuable contents inside. As an additional bonus, this
encourages subscribers to return DVDs via postal mail (as opposed to attempting to return
DVDs by dropping them off in person).

Physical Security
Shared Tenancy and Adjacent Buildings
• Other tenants in a building can pose security issues: they are already behind the physical
security perimeter
• Their physical security controls will impact yours: a tenant's poor visitor security practices can
endanger your security
• Adjacent buildings pose a similar risk
• Attackers can enter a less secure adjacent building and use that as a base to attack an
adjacent building, often breaking in through a shared wall
• Many bank heists have been pulled off this way; including the theft of over $20 million dollars
from British Bank of the Middle East in 1976 (the attackers blasted a hole through the shared
wall of an adjacent church) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-
459185/Soldiers-Fortune.html
• Another security risk associated with shared tenancy (or neighbors who are physically close)
is wireless security

Physical Security
Shared Demarc
• demarc (the demarcation point, where the ISP's (Internet Service Provider)
responsibility ends and the customer's begins)
• Most buildings have one demarc area, where all external circuits enter the
building
• Should employ strong physical access control, including identifying,
authenticating, and authorizing all access
• For very secure sites, construction of multiple segregated demarcs is
recommended.

Physical Security
System Defenses
• One of the last lines of defense in a defense-in-depth strategy
• Assume an attacker has physical access to a device or media containing sensitive information
Asset Tracking
• You cannot protect your data unless you know where (and what) it is
• Data such as serial numbers and model numbers are useful in cases of loss due to theft or disaster.
Port Controls
• Computers may contain multiple “ports” which may allow copying data to or from a system
• USB drives can be small (some are smaller than a piece of chewing gum) and inexpensive and may hold dozens
of gigabytes or more
• Small enough to evade perimeter contraband checks
• Ports can be physically disabled
• Ports may also be electronically locked via system policy

Physical Security
Drive and Tape Encryption
• Drive and tape encryption protect data at rest
• One of the few controls which will protect data after physical security has been
breached
• Recommended for all mobile devices and media containing sensitive information
which may physically leave a site or security zone
• Whole-disk encryption of mobile device hard drives is recommended
• Disk encryption/decryption may occur in software or hardware
• Many breach notification laws concerning Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
contain exclusions for lost data that is encrypted

Physical Security
Media Storage and Transportation
• All sensitive backup data should be stored offsite, whether transmitted offsite via
networks, or physically moved as backup media
• Sites using backup media should follow strict procedures for rotating media offsite
• Always use bonded and insured company for offsite media storage
• The company should employ secure vehicles and store media at a secure site
• Ensure that the storage site is unlikely to be impacted by the same disaster that may
strike the primary site, such as a flood, earthquake, or fire
• Never use informal practices, which as storing backup media at employee's houses

Physical Security
Media Cleaning and Destruction
• All forms of media should be securely cleaned or destroyed before disposal to
prevent object reuse
• Objects may be physical (such as paper files in manila folders) or electronic (data on a
hard drive)
• Attacks range from nontechnical attacks such as dumpster diving (searching for
information by rummaging through unsecured trash) to technical attacks such as
recovering information from unallocated blocks on a disk drive
• All cleaning and destruction actions should follow a formal policy, and all such activity
should be documented, including the serial numbers of any hard disks, type of data
they contained, date of cleaning or destruction, and personnel performing these
actions

Physical Security
Environmental Controls
• Designed to provide a safe environment for personnel and equipment
• Power, HVAC, and fire safety are considered environmental controls
Electricity
• Reliable electricity is critical for any data center
• One of the top priorities when selecting, building, and designing a site

Physical Security
Types of Electrical Faults
• All types of electrical faults can impact availability and integrity
• The following are common types of electrical faults:
• Blackout: prolonged loss of power
• Brownout: prolonged low voltage
• Fault: short loss of power
• Surge: prolonged high voltage
• Spike: temporary high voltage
• Sag: temporary low voltage

Physical Security
Surge Protectors, UPSs, and Generators
Provide protection against electrical failures
Surge Protectors
• Protect equipment from damage due to electrical surges
• Contain a circuit or fuse which is tripped during a power spike or surge, shorting the power or regulating it down to acceptable levels
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
• Provide temporary backup power in the event of a power outage
• May also “clean” the power, protecting against surges, spikes, and other forms of electrical faults
• Backup power is provided via batteries or fuel cells
• Provide power for a limited period of time, and can be used as a bridge to generator power; generators typically take a short period of time to start up and begin providing power
Generators
• Designed to provide power for longer periods of times than UPSs
• Will run as long as fuel is available
• Sufficient fuel should be stored onsite for the period the generator is expected to provide power
• Refueling strategies should consider a disaster's effect on fuel supply and delivery
• Generators should not be placed in areas which may flood or otherwise be impacted by weather events
• Should be tested and serviced regularly.
• http://www.cumminspower.com/www/literature/technicalpapers/PT-7006-Standby-Katrina-en.pdf

Physical Security
EMI
• All electricity generates magnetism, so any electrical conductor emits
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
• Network cables that are poorly shielded or run too closely together may suffer
crosstalk, where magnetism from one cable “crosses” over to another nearby
cable
• Crosstalk can be mitigated via proper network cable management
• Never route power cables close to network cables

Physical Security
HVAC
• Keep the air at a reasonable temperature and humidity
• Operate in a closed loop, recirculating treated air (helps reduce dust and other airborne
contaminants)
Positive Pressure and Drains
• All HVAC units should employ positive pressure and drainage
• Means air and water should be expelled from the building
• Untreated air should never be “inhaled” into the building, and water should drain away from the
building
• A common malfunction of HVAC units is condensation of water pooling into the building, often
going under raised floors where it may not be detected
• Positive drains are designed to avoid this problem
• Location of all gas and water lines, as well as all drains, should be formally documented.

Physical Security

Physical Security
Heat and Humidity
• Humidity levels of 40-55% are recommended
• A commonly recommended “set point” temperature range for a data center is 68-77 °F (20-25
°C)
• With sufficient data center airflow, higher temperatures can be used
• Can result in energy savings; however, the data center may heat to dangerous levels more quickly in the
event of HVAC failure
Note - Many sources cite 68-72 °F (20-22 °C) as the optimum data center temperature range; in
2004, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
recommended up to 77 °F/25 °C.
• (Green) As a result, the 2008 ASHRAE recommendations allow a much wider range:
temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) to 27 °C (80.6 °F) and humidity from 25% to 60%, depending on
the dew point. Higher set points require adequate airflow. Details may be found at
http://tc99.ashraetcs.org

Physical Security
Static and Corrosion
• Sudden static discharge can cause damage from system reboots to chip or disk
damage
• Static is mitigated by maintaining proper humidity, proper grounding all circuits in a
proper manner, and using antistatic sprays, wrist straps, and work surfaces
• Personnel working with sensitive computer equipment such as boards, modules, or
memory chips should ground themselves before performing any work.
• High humidity levels can allow the water in the air to condense onto (and into)
equipment, which may lead to corrosion.
• Both static and corrosion are mitigated by maintaining proper humidity levels.

Physical Security
Airborne Contaminants
• Dust is a common problem: airborne dust particles can be drawn into
computer enclosures, where they become trapped
• Built-up dust can cause overheating and static buildup
• CPU fans can be impeded by dust buildup, which can lead to CPU failure due
to overheating
• Other contaminants can cause corrosion or damaging chemical reactions.

Physical Security
Heat, Flame, and Smoke Detectors
• Three methods for detecting fire
• Typically alert locally, and may also be centrally monitored by a fire alarm system
• An audible alarm and flashing lights should be used, so that both deaf and blind
personnel will be aware of the alarm
Heat Detectors
• Alert when temperature exceeds an established safe baseline
• May trigger when a specific temperature is exceeded or when temperature changes
at a specific rate (such as “10 °F in less than 5 minutes”)

Physical Security
Smoke Detectors
• Work through two primary methods: ionization and photoelectric
• Ionization-based smoke detectors contain a small radioactive source which creates a small electric charge
• Photoelectric sensors work in a similar fashion, except that they contain an LED (Light Emitting Diode) and a
photoelectric sensor that generates a small charge while receiving light
• Both types of alarm alert when smoke interrupts the radioactivity or light, lowering or blocking the electric
charge
• Dust should always be avoided in data centers. Small airborne dust particles can trigger smoke detectors just
as smoke does, leading to false alarms.
Flame Detectors
• Detect infrared or ultraviolet light emitted in fire
• One drawback to this type of detection is that the detector usually requires line-of-site to detect the flame;
smoke detectors do not have this limitation

Physical Security
Safety Training and Awareness
• Training provides a skill set such as learning to operate an emergency power system
• Awareness changes user behavior (“Don't let anyone follow you into the building
after you swipe your access card”)
Evacuation Routes
• Evacuation routes should be prominently posted
• All personnel should be advised of the quickest evacuation route from their areas
• Guests should be advised of evacuation routes as well
• All sites should use a meeting point, where all personnel will meet in the event of
emergency

Physical Security
Evacuation Roles and Procedures
• The two primary evacuation roles are safety warden and meeting point leader
• The safety warden ensures that all personnel safely evacuate the building in the
event of an emergency or drill
• The meeting point leader assures that all personnel are accounted for at the
emergency meeting point
• Special care should be given to any personnel with handicaps, which could affect
egress during an emergency
• Elevators should never be used during a fire
• All sites should have mitigating controls to allow safe egress for all personnel

Physical Security
ABCD Fires and Suppression
• Fire suppression systems are
used to extinguish fires
• Different types of fires require
different suppressive agents
• Class K fires are kitchen fires,
such as burning oil or grease.
Wet chemicals are used to
extinguish class K fires.

Physical Security
Types of Fire Suppression Agents
• Always consult local fire code before implementing a fire suppression system
• All fire suppression agents work via four methods (sometimes in
combination):
• reducing the temperature of the fire,
• reducing the supply of oxygen,
• reducing the supply of fuel,
• interfering with the chemical reaction within fire

Physical Security
Water
• Suppresses fire by lowering the temperature below the kindling point (also
called the ignition point)
• Safest of all suppressive agents, and recommended for extinguishing common
combustible fires such as burning paper or wood
• It is important to cut electrical power when extinguishing a fire with water to
reduce the risk of electrocution

Physical Security
Soda Acid
• Old giant brass fire extinguishers
• Suppress fire by lowering temperature, soda acid also has additional
suppressive properties beyond plain water: it creates foam which can float on
the surface of some liquid fires, starving the oxygen supply

Physical Security
Dry Powder
• Dry powder (such as sodium chloride) works by lowering temperature and
smothering the fire, starving it of oxygen.
• Dry powder is primarily used to extinguish metal fires (flammable metals
include sodium, magnesium, and many others)

Physical Security
Wet Chemical
• Primarily used to extinguish kitchen fires (type K fires in the U.S.; type F in
Europe)
• May also be used on common combustible fires (type A)
• The chemical is usually potassium acetate mixed with water. This covers a
grease or oil fire in a soapy film which lowers the temperature.

Physical Security
CO2
• Fires may be smothered by removing the oxygen: this is how CO2 fire suppression
works.
• A risk associated with CO2 is it is odorless and colorless, and our bodies will breathe
it as air. By the time we begin suffocating due to lack of oxygen, it is often too late.
• CO2 is dangerous suppressive agent, which is only recommended in unstaffed areas
such as electrical substations
• Any personnel entering a CO2-protected area should be trained for CO2 safety;
additional safety controls (such as oxygen tanks) are usually recommended

Physical Security
Halon and Halon Substitutes
• Extinguishes fire via a chemical reaction that consumes energy and lowers the temperature of the fire
• Halon is being phased out, and a number of replacements with similar properties are now used
Montreal Accord
• Halon has ozone-depleting properties
• The 1989 Montreal Protocol (formally called the “Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone
Layer”) banned production and consumption of new halon in developed countries by January 1, 1994.
• Existing halon systems may be used. While new halon is not being produced, recycled halon may be used
• There are exceptions for certain critical uses, such as airplanes and submarines. See http://ozone.unep.org for
more information on the Montreal Protocol.

Physical Security
Halon Replacements
Recommended replacements for halon include the following systems:
• Argon
• FE-13
• FM-200
• Inergen
FE-13 is the newest of these agents, and comparatively safe. It may be breathed in
concentrations of up to 30%. Other halon replacements are typically only safe up to
10-15% concentration.

Physical Security
Count-down Timers
• CO2, halon, and halon substitutes such as FM-200 are considered gas-based systems.
• All gas systems should use a countdown timer (both visible and audible) before gas is
released
• Allow personnel evacuation before release
• A secondary effect is to allow personnel to stop the release in case of false alarm.
Note - Water is usually the recommended fire suppression agent. Water (in the
absence of electricity) is the safest suppression agent for people.

Physical Security
Sprinkler Systems
• All sprinkler systems should be combined with a fire alarm that alerts people to
evacuate
• Safe evacuation is the primary goal of fire safety.
Wet Pipe
• Wet pipes have water right up to the sprinkler heads: the pipes are “wet.”
• The sprinkler head contains a metal (common in older sprinklers) or small glass bulb
designed to melt or break at a specific temperature
• The sprinkler head opens and water flows
• Each head will open independently as the trigger temperature is exceeded.

Physical Security
Wet Pipe
• Bulbs come in different colors, which indicate the ceiling temperature which will trigger the
bulb to burst and open the sprinkler head
• The colors used are
• orange (135 °F/57 °C),
• red (155 °F/68 °C),
• yellow (175 °F/79 °C),
• green (200 °F/93 °C),
• blue (286 °F/141 °C)
NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems describes the color conventions
used for these sprinkler heads. See:
http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=13

Physical Security
Dry Pipe
• Also have closed sprinkler heads: the difference is the pipes are filled with compressed air
• Water is held back by a valve that remains closed as long as sufficient air pressure remains in
the pipes
• As the dry pipe sprinkler heads open, the air pressure drops in each pipe, allowing the valve
to open and send water to that head
• Dry pipes are often used in areas where water may freeze, such as parking garages.
Deluge
• Similar to dry pipes, except the sprinkler heads are open and larger than dry pipe heads
• The pipes are empty at normal air pressure; the water is held back by a deluge valve
• The valve is opened when a fire alarm (which may monitor smoke or flame sensors) triggers.

Physical Security
Pre-Action
• Combination of wet, dry, or deluge systems, and require two separate triggers to
release water
• Single interlock systems release water into the pipes when a fire alarm triggers
• The water releases once the head opens
• Double interlock systems use compressed air (same as dry pipes): the water will not
fill the pipes until both the fire alarm triggers and the sprinkler head opens
• Preaction systems are used in areas such as museums, where accidental discharge
would be expensive.
• Double-interlock systems are used in cold areas such as freezers to avoid frozen pipes

Physical Security
Portable Fire Extinguishers
• Should be marked with the type of fire they are designed to extinguish
• Should be small enough to be operated by any personnel who may need to
use one
• Use the “PASS” method to extinguish a fire with a portable fire extinguisher:
• Pull the pin
• Aim low
• Squeeze the pin
• Sweep the fire

Questions?
We made it through Class #6!
HOLY MOLY! That was a long Domain with a lot of information!
Please complete the reading and review the quiz.
Homework for Thursday (4/13)
◦ Begin reading Chapter Domain 4: Communication and Network Security
(Designing and Protecting Network Security) – We will get through this
domain in two classes
◦ It’s going to get technical
◦ Come with questions!
Have a great evening, talk to you Thursday!

Questions?
Hopefully about security.
Thank you!
Evan Francen
◦ FRSecure
◦ efrancen@frsecure.com
◦ 952-467-6384

Slide Deck – Session 6 – FRSecure CISSP Mentor Program 2017

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Slide Deck – Session 6 – FRSecure CISSP Mentor Program 2017