Slide Deck CISSP Class Session 7

FRSecure 2016 CISSP
Mentor Program
EVAN FRANCEN, PRESIDENT & CO-FOUNDER - FRSECURE
CLASS SESSION #7

CISSP Mentor Program Session #7
Domain 3: Security Engineering - Review
• Perimeter Defenses
• Site Selection, Design, and Configuration
• System Defenses
• Environmental Controls

Domain 3: Security Engineering – Quiz Review

Domain 3: Security Engineering – Quiz Review
1. Low humidity in a data center can cause what problem?
a. Corrosion
b. Airborne contaminants
c. Heat
d. Static electricity
D

2. What should not be used to extinguish a class C (United
States) fire?
a. Soda Acid
b. CO2
c. Inergen
d. FE-13
A

3. What is the primary drawback in using dogs as a perimeter
control?
a. Training
b. Cost
c. Liability
d. Appearance
C

4. What type of network cable should be used to eliminate the
chance of crosstalk?
a. Shielded twisted pair
b. Unshielded twisted pair
c. Coaxial
d. Fiber optic
D

5. Which of the following is an administrative control?
a. Locks
b. Asset Tracking
c. Biometrics
d. Fire Alarms
B

6. Which halon replacement is considered the safest, breathable
in concentrations up to 30%?
a. Inergen
b. FE-13
c. FM-200
d. Argon
B

7. What is the most important goal of fire suppression systems?
a. Preservation of critical data
b. Safety of personnel
c. Building integrity
d. Quickly extinguishing a fire
B

8. EMI issues such as crosstalk primarily impact which aspect of
security?
a. Confidentiality
b. Integrity
c. Availability
d. Authentication
A

9. What is the recommended agent for extinguishing a kitchen
grease fire?
a. Dry Powder
b. Soda Acid
c. Wet Powder
d. Wet Chemical
D

10. What is the most important step to perform while selecting a
fire suppression system?
a. Industry research
b. Visit sites with controls you are considering
c. Have an expert consult local fire codes
d. Call your insurance company
C

11. A CRT device is different from a CCD device in what way?
a. A CRT is an analog display; a CCD is a digital camera
b. A CRT is a digital display; a CCD is an analog camera
c. A CRT is an analog camera; a CCD is a digital camera
d. A CRT is a digital camera, a CCD is an analog camera
C

12. Which is not a valid method for detecting smoke or flame?
a. Temperature
b. Ionization
c. Photoelectric
d. Ultraviolet
A

13. What type of sprinkler system would be best for an art gallery?
a. Wet pipe
b. Dry pipe
c. Deluge
d. Preaction
D

14. You need to discard magnetic hard drives containing
Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Which method for
removing PII from the magnetic hard drives is considered
best?
a. Overwrite every sector on each drive with zeroes
b. Delete sensitive files
c. Degauss and destroy
d. Reformat the drives
C

15. How do dry pipe systems work?
a. The sprinkler heads are open; water releases when the deluge
valve is opened by a fire alarm
b. They release water into the pipes when a fire alarm triggers. The
water releases once the sprinkler head opens.
c. The pipes contain water which is released when the sprinkler
head opens
d. The water is held back by a valve which remains closed as long
as sufficient air pressure remains in the pipes. The valve opens once
the sprinkler head opens and air pressure drops in the pipes.
D

Domain 4: Security Engineering – Current
Events
http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2015/11/17/azerbai
jans-internet-goes-dark-after-data-center-fire/
http://www.berkeleyside.com/2015/09/19/small-datacenter-fire-
knocks-out-cals-computers-wifi/
http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/02/28/data-
center-theft-kos-vodafone-network/

Domain 4: Communication and Network Security
• Network Architecture and Design
• Secure Network Devices and Protocols
• Secure Communications

Domain 4: Communication and Network Security – Unique
Terms and Definitions
• The OSI model—a network model with seven layers:
• Physical
• Data link
• Network
• Transport
• Session
• Presentation
• Application

Domain 4: Communication and Network Security – Unique
Terms and Definitions
• The TCP/IP model—a simpler network model with four layers:
• Network access
• Internet
• Transport
• Application

Domain 4: Communication and Network Security – Unique Terms
and Definitions
• Packet-switched network—a form of networking where bandwidth is shared
and data is carried in units called packets
• Switch—a layer 2 device that carries traffic on one LAN, based on MAC
addresses
• Router—a layer 3 device that routes traffic from one LAN to another, based
on IP addresses
• Packet Filter and Stateful Firewalls—devices that filter traffic based on OSI
layers 3 (IP addresses) and 4 (ports)
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)—a method used by Ethernet networks
to allow shared usage of a baseband (one-channel) network and avoid
collisions (multiple interfering signals)

Network architecture and design
Focus on deploying defense-in-depth, and weighing the cost and
complexity of a network control versus the benefit provided.
Network Defense-in-Depth
• Any one control may fail, so multiple controls are recommended
• No single concept or technology provides sufficient defense against all
possible attacks: concepts and technologies should be used in concert.

Network Defense-in-Depth

Fundamental Network Concepts
Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Communication
• Simplex communication is one-way, like a car radio tuned to a music
station.
• Half-duplex communication sends or receives at one time only (not
simultaneously), like a walkie-talkie.
• Full-duplex communications sends and receive simultaneously, like two
people having a face-to-face conversation.

Baseband and Broadband
• Baseband networks have one channel, and can only send one signal at
a time
• Ethernet networks are baseband
• “100baseT” UTP cable means 100 megabit, baseband, and twisted pair
• Broadband networks have multiple channels and can send multiple
signals at a time, like cable TV

Domain 4: Communication and Network
Security
Analog & Digital
• Analog communications are a continuous
wave of information
• Digital communications transfer data in bits:
ones and zeroes

LANs, WANs, MANs, GANs, and PANs
• PANs are Personal Area Networks
• Typically a range of 100 meters or much less
• Low-power wireless technologies such as Bluetooth use PANs.
• LAN is a Local Area Network
• A comparatively small network
• Typically confined to a building or an area within one
• MAN is a Metropolitan Area Network
• Typically confined to a city, a zip code, a campus, or office park
• WAN is a Wide Area Network
• Typically covering cities, states, or countries
• GAN is a Global Area Network; a global collection of WANs.

Internet, Intranet, and Extranet
• The Internet is a global collection of peered networks
• Running TCP/IP
• Provides best effort service
• An Intranet is a privately owned network running TCP/IP, such as a
company network
• An Extranet is a connection between private Intranets, such as
connections to business partner Intranets

Circuit-Switched Networks
• A dedicated circuit or channel (portion of a circuit) is dedicated
between two nodes
• Can provide dedicated bandwidth to point-to-point connections
• Original voice networks were circuit-switched
• One drawback of circuit-switched networks: once a channel or circuit is
connected, it is dedicated to that purpose, even while no data is being
transferred

Packet-Switched Networks
• Instead of using dedicated circuits, data is broken into packets, each sent individually
• If multiple routes are available between two points on a network, packet switching
can choose the best route, and fall back to secondary routes in case of failure
• Packets may take any path (and different paths) across a network, and are then
reassembled by the receiving node
• Missing packets can be retransmitted, and out of-order packets can be re-sequenced.
• Unlike circuit-switched networks, packet-switched networks make unused bandwidth
available for other connections

Quality of Service
• Packet switched networks may use Quality of Service (QoS) to give
specific traffic precedence over other traffic
• Often applied to Voice over IP (VoIP) traffic (voice via packet-switched
data networks) to avoid interruption of phone calls

Layered Design
• Models such as OSI and TCP/IP
• Each layer performs a specific function
• The complexity of each layer’s functionality is contained within its layer
• Changes in one layer do not directly affect another: changing your
physical network connection from wired to wireless (at Layer 1) has no
effect on your Web browser (at Layer 7)

Models and Stacks
• A network model is a description of how a network protocol suite
operates
• A network stack is a network protocol suite programmed in software or
hardware
• Protocol - set of rules that end points in a telecommunication
connection use when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions
between the communicating entities.

The OSI Model
• OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model is a layered network
model
• The model is abstract: we do not directly run the OSI model in our systems
• Used as a reference point, so “Layer 1” (physical) is universally understood
• Has seven layers
• Developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Formally called “X.200: Information technology—Open Systems
Interconnection—Basic Reference Model.” - downloaded for free at:
http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.200-199407-I/en

The OSI Model - Layer 1: Physical
• Describes units of data such as bits represented by energy (such as
light, electricity, or radio waves) and the medium used to carry them
(such as copper or fiber optic cables)
• Cabling standards such as Thinnet, Thicknet, and Unshielded Twisted
Pair (UTP) exist at layer 1, among many others
• Layer 1 devices include hubs and repeaters

The OSI Model - Layer 2: Data link
• Handles access to the physical layer as well as local area network
communication
• An Ethernet card and its MAC (Media Access Control) address are at
Layer 2, as are switches and bridges.
• Divided into two sub-layers:
• Media Access Control (MAC) - transfers data to and from the physical layer -
touches Layer 1
• Logical Link Control (LLC) -handles LAN communications - touches Layer 3

The OSI Model - Layer 3: Network
• Describes routing: moving data from a system on one LAN to a system
on another
• IP addresses and routers
• Protocols include IPv4 and IPv6, among others.

The OSI Model - Layer 4: Transport
• Handles packet sequencing, flow control, and error detection
• TCP and UDP are Layer 4 protocols
• Resending or re-sequencing packets

The OSI Model - Layer 5: Session
• Manages sessions, providing maintenance on connections
• Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs)
• A good way to remember the session layer’s function is “connections
between applications”
• Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex communication.

The OSI Model - Layer 6: Presentation
• Presents data to the application (and user) in a comprehensible way
• Concepts include data conversion, characters sets such as ASCII, and
image formats such as GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), JPEG (Joint
Photographic Experts Group), and TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)

The OSI Model - Layer 7: Application
• Where you interface with your computer application
• Web browser, word processor, and instant messaging clients exist at
Layer 7
• Protocols Telnet and FTP

The OSI Model
Many mnemonics exist to help remember the OSI model:
• “Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away” (Physical Data-Link
Network Transport Session Presentation Application)
• “Please Do Not Tell Sales People Anything.”
• “All People Seem to Need Data Processing”

Slide Deck CISSP Class Session 7

The TCP/IP Model
• TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
• Popular network model created by the United States Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency in the 1970s (see:
http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml for more information)
• A suite of protocols including UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol), among many others
• Some sources use Link Layer in place of Network Access Layer, and
Network layer in place of Internet Layer

The TCP/IP Model - Network Access Layer
• Combines layers 1 (Physical) and 2 (Data Link) of the OSI model
• Describes Layer 1 issues such as energy, bits, and the medium used to carry
them (copper, fiber, wireless, etc.)
• Also describes Layer 2 issues such as converting bits into protocol units such
as Ethernet frames, MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, and Network
Interface Cards (NICs)
• Networks include:
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• LAN - Local Area Network
• Internet

The TCP/IP Model - Internet Layer
• Aligns with the Layer 3 (Network) layer of the OSI model
• IP addresses and routing
• IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, and routing protocols (among others)
• IP (Internet Protocol) governs the Internet layer. (All packets go through
IP!)
• Best path determination and packet switching occur at this layer

The TCP/IP Model - Host-to-host Transport Layer
• Sometimes called either “Host-to-Host” or, more commonly,
“Transport” alone
• Connects the Internet Layer to the Application Layer
• Where applications are addressed on a network, via ports
• TCP and UDP are the two Transport Layer protocols

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol:
• Connection-oriented protocol.
• supports dialogues between source and destination.
• packages application information into segments.
• provides reliable full-duplex transmission.
• supports flow control that exchanges packets.
• windowing, acknowledgements.
• retransmission - resends anything not received.

UDP - User Datagram Protocol:
• Connectionless protocol that exchanges datagrams.
• does not provide flow control.
• does not support windowing, acknowledgments or guaranteed
delivery.
• error processing and retransmission must be handled by other
protocols.
• unreliable.

The TCP/IP Model - Application Layer
• Combines Layers 5 though 7 (Session, Presentation, and Application) of
the OSI mode
• Most of these protocols use a client-server architecture, where a client
(such as ssh) connects to a listening server (called a daemon on UNIX
systems) such as sshd
• Clients and servers use either TCP or UDP (and sometimes both) as a
Transport Layer protocol
• Protocols include SSH, Telnet and FTP, among many others

The TCP/IP Model - Application Layer
• aka the Process Layer:
• Emphasis is on maximum flexibility for software developers.
• Handles all high level protocols:
• FTP, HTTP, SMTP [ TCP examples ]
• TFTP, SNMP, DHCP, DNS, BOOTP [ UDP examples ]
• Data representation, encoding and dialog control.
• Ensures data is properly packaged for the next layer.

Encapsulation
• Takes information from a higher layer and adds a header to it, treating the
higher layer information as data
• “One layer’s header is another layer’s data.”
• As the data moves down the stack in the TCP/IP model, application layer data
is encapsulated in a layer 4 TCP segment. That TCP segment is encapsulated in
a Layer 3 IP packet. That IP packet is encapsulated in a Layer 2 Ethernet
frame. The frame is then converted into bits at Layer 1 and sent across the
local network.
• Data, segments, packets, frames, and bits are examples of Protocol Data Units
(PDUs)
• Reverse of encapsulation is called de-multiplexing (sometimes called de-
encapsulation)

Network Access, Internet and Transport Layer Protocols and
Concepts
• TCP/IP is a protocol suite: including (but not limited to):
• IPv4 and IPv6 at Layer 3
• TCP and UDP at Layer 4
• and a multitude of protocols at layers 5-7, including Telnet, FTP, SSH, and many
others
• Some protocols, such as IP, fit neatly into one layer (Internet). Others, such as
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), help connect one layer to another (Network
Access to Internet in ARP’s case)

MAC Addresses
• Unique hardware address of an Ethernet network interface card (NIC)
• Typically “burned in” at the factory
• MAC addresses may be changed in software
• Burned-in MAC addresses should be unique
• Historically, MAC addresses were 48 bits long:
• Two halves: the first 24 bits form the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)
• Last 24 bits form a serial number (formally called an extension identifier)
• Organizations that manufacture NICs, such as Cisco, Juniper, HP, IBM, and many
others, purchase 24-bit OUIs from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE), Incorporated Registration Authority. A List of registered OUIs is available at
http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/oui.txt

MAC Addresses

EUI-64 MAC addresses
• IEEE created the EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) standard for 64-
bit MAC addresses
• OUI is still 24 bits, but the serial number is 40 bits
• Allows far more MAC addresses, compared with 48-bit addresses

IPv4
• Internet Protocol version 4, commonly called “IP”
• Fundamental protocol of the Internet
• Designed in the 1970s to support packet-switched networking
• Used for the ARPAnet, which later became the Internet
• IP is a simple protocol, designed to carry data across networks

IPv4
• Requires a “helper protocol” called ICMP
• IP is connectionless and unreliable: it provides “best effort” delivery of
packets
• If connections or reliability are required, they must be provided by a higher
level protocol carried by IP, such as TCP
• Uses 32-bit source and destination addresses, usually shown in “dotted quad”
format, such as “192.168.2.4”
• 32-bit address field allows 2(32), or nearly 4.3 billion addresses
• Lack of IPv4 addresses is a fundamental problem: one of the factors leading
to the creation of IPv6, which uses 128-bit addresses

IPv4 - Key IPv4 Header Fields
• An IP header is 20 bytes long (with no options)
• Key fields are:
• Version: IP version (4 for IPv4)
• IHL: Length of the IP header
• Type of Service: sets the precedence of the packet
• Identification, Flags, Offset: used for IP fragmentation
• Time To Live: to end routing loops
• Protocol: embedded protocol (TCP, UDP, etc.)
• Source and Destination IP addresses
• (Optional) Options and padding

IPv4 - IP Fragmentation
• If a packet exceeds the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of a network
• May be fragmented by a router along the path
• MTU is the maximum PDU size on a network
• Fragmentation breaks a large packet into multiple smaller packets
• Typical MTU size for an IP packet is 1500 bytes
• IP Identification field (IPID) is used to re-associate fragmented packets (they will have the same IPID)
• Flags are used to determine if fragmentation is allowed, and whether more fragments are coming
• Fragment offset gives the data offset the current fragment carries: “Copy this data beginning at
offset 1480”
• Path MTU discovery uses fragmentation to discover the largest size packet allowed across a network
path
• If a large packet is sent with the DF (do not fragment) flag sent and a router with a smaller MTU than
the packet size will drop it, sending a “Fragmentation needed and DF set” ICMP message

IPv6
• Successor to IPv4
• Larger address space (128 bit addresses compared to IPv4’s 32 bits)
• Simpler routing
• Simpler address assignment
• Lack of IPv4 addresses was the primary factor that led to the creation
of IPv6
Note - IPv6 address space is 2128; there are over 340 undecillion
(called 340 sextillion) total addresses, which is a 39-digit
number in decimal: 340,282,366,
920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456.

IPv6
• The IPv6 header is larger and simpler than IPv4
• Fields include:
• Version: IP version (6 for IPv6)
• Traffic Class and Flow Label: used for QoS (Quality of Service)
• Payload Length: length of IPv6 data (not including the IPv6 header)
• Next header: next embedded protocol header
• Hop Limit: to end routing loops

IPv6 Addresses and Autoconfiguration
• IPv6 hosts can statelessly autoconfigure a unique address, omitting the need
for static addressing or DHCP
• Stateless autoconfiguration takes the host’s MAC address and uses it to
configure the IPv6 address
• IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, and use colons instead of periods to
delineate section
• One series of zeroes may be condensed into two colons (“::”).
• Stateless autoconfiguration removes the requirement for DHCP (Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol)
• DHCP may be used with IPv6: this called “stateful autoconfiguration”

• The “ifconfig” (left) shows two IPv6 addresses:
• fc01::20c:29ff:feef:1136/64 (Scope:Global)
• fe80::20c:29ff:feef:1136/64 (Scope:Link)
• The first address (fc01::…) is a “global” (routable) address, used for
communication beyond the local network
• IPv6 hosts rely on IPv6 routing advertisements to assign the global address
• The second address (fe80::…) is a link-local address, used for local network
communication only
• Systems assign link-local addresses independently, without the need for an
IPv6 router advertisement
• /64 is the network size in CIDR format; means the network prefix is 64 bits
long: the full global prefix is fc01:0000:0000:0000

• The host uses the following process to statelessly configure
its global address:
• Take the MAC address: 00:0c:29:ef:11:36
• Embed the “ffee” constant in the middle two bytes:
00:0c:29:ff:fe:ef:11:36
• Set the “Universal Bit”: 02:0c:29:ff:fe:ef:11:36
• Prepend the network prefix & convert to “:” format:
fc01:0000:0000:0000:020c:29ff:feef:1136
• Convert one string of repeating zeroes to “::”:
fc01::20c:29ff:feef:1136
Note that systems may be “dual stack” and use both IPv4 and
IPv6 simultaneously

IPv6 Security Challenges
• An IPv6-enabled system will automatically configure a link-local address (beginning
with fe80:…) without the need for any other ipv6-enabled infrastructure. The host
can communicate with other link-local addresses on the same LAN. This is true even
if the administrators are unaware that IPv6 is now flowing on their network.
• ISPs are also enabling IPv6 service, sometimes without the customer’s knowledge.
Modern network tools, such as networked intrusion detection systems, can “see”
IPv6, but are often not configured to do so.
• Many network professionals have limited experience or understanding of IPv6. From
an attacker’s perspective, this can offer a golden opportunity to launch attacks or
exfiltrate data via IPv6.
• All network services that are not required should be disabled: this is a fundamental
part of system hardening. If IPv6 is not required, it should be disabled

Classful Networks (back to IPv4)
• Original IPv4 networks (before 1993) were “classful”
• Classified in classes A through E
• Class A through C were used for normal network use. Class D was
multicast, and Class E was reserved

Classless Inter-Domain Routing
• CIDR allows for many network sizes beyond the arbitrary stateful network sizes.
• The Class A network 10.0.0.0 contains IP address that begins with 10: i.e. 10.3.96.223. In other
words, 10.X.X.X is a Class A address. The first 8 bits of the dotted-quad IPv4 address is the network
(10); the remaining 24 bits are the host address: 3.96.223 in the last pervious example
• CIDR notation for a Class A network is /8 for this reason: 10.0.0.0/8. The “/8” is the netmask, which
means the network portion is 8 bits long, leaving 24 bits for the host
• The class C network of 192.0.2.0 contains any IP address that begins with 192.0.2: 192.0.2.177,
192.0.2.253, etc. That class C network is 192.0.2.0/24 in CIDR format: the first 24 bits (192.0.2)
describe the network; the remaining 8 bits (177 or 253 in the previous example) describe the host
• Once networks are described in CIDR notation, additional routable network sizes are possible
• If you only need 128 IP addresses, chop a Class C (/24) in half, resulting in two /25 networks
• If you only need 64 IP addresses, chop a /24 network into quarters, resulting in four /26 networks
with 64 IP addressed each

RFC 1918 Addressing
• RFC 1918 addresses are private IPv4 addresses
• Used for internal traffic that does not route via the Internet
• Allows conservation of IPv4 addresses
• Three blocks of IPv4 addresses are set aside for RFC 1918:
• 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
• 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
• 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
• Any public Internet connection using un-translated RFC1918 addresses as a destination will fail
• Internet traffic sent with an un-translated RFC 1918 source address will never return
• RFC stands for “Request for Comments,” a way to discuss and publish standards on the Internet
• More information about RFC 1918 is available at: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1918.txt
Note - Memorizing RFC numbers is not generally required for
the exam; RFC 1918 addresses are an exception to that rule.

Network Address Translation
• Used to translate IP addresses
• Frequently used to translate RFC1918 addresses as they pass from intranets to the
Internet
• Three types of NAT are:
• Static NAT
• Makes a one-to-one translation between addresses, such as 192.168.1.47→192.0.2.252
• Pool NAT (also known as dynamic NAT)
• Reserves a number of public IP addresses in a pool
• Addresses can be assigned from the pool, and then returned.
• Port Address Translation (PAT, also known as NAT overloading)
• Typically makes a many-to-one translation from multiple private addresses to one public IP address
• Common solution for homes and small offices: multiple internal devices such as laptops, desktops and
mobile devices share one public IP address

ARP and RARP
ARP is the Address Resolution Protocol
• Used to translate between Layer 2 MAC addresses and Layer 3 IP addresses
• Resolves IPs to MAC addresses by asking “Who has IP address 192.168.2.140,
tell me,” for example. An example of an ARP reply is “192.168.2.140 is at
00:0c:29:69:19:66.”
• 10.23.51.960019 arp who-has 192.168.2.140 tell 192.168.2.4
• 10.23.51.960019 arp reply 192.168.2.140 is-at 00:0c:29:69:19:66
• Any local system could answer the ARP request, including an attacker. Secure
networks should consider hard-coding ARP entries for this reason.

ARP and RARP
• RARP is used by diskless workstations to request an IP address
• A node asks “Who has MAC address at 00:40:96:29:06:51, tell 00:40:96:29:06:51
• 05:30:01.495795 ARP, Reverse Request who-is 00:40:96:29:06:51 tell
00:40:96:29:06:51
• A RARP server answers with the node’s IP address.

Limited and Directed Broadcast Addresses
• Broadcast traffic is sent to all stations on a LAN
• There are two types of IPv4 broadcast addresses:
• Limited broadcast
• Limited broadcast address is 255.255.255.255
• “limited” because it is never forwarded across a router
• Directed broadcast
• Also called net-directed
• Broadcast address of the 192.0.2.0/24 network is 192.0.2.255 (the host portion of the
address is all “1”s in binary, or 255)
• Called “directed” broadcast, because traffic to these addresses may be sent from
remote networks (it may be “directed”).

Layer 2 Broadcast
• Reaches all nodes in a “broadcast domain”
• A switch is an example of a broadcast domain
• The Ethernet broadcast address is MAC address “FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF”
• Traffic on an Ethernet switch is received by all connected nodes

Promiscuous Network Access
• Accesses all unicast traffic on a network segment
• Systems such as Networked Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) require
promiscuous network access in order to monitor all traffic on a network
• Network nodes normally only “see” unicast traffic sent directly to them
• Accessing unicast traffic sent to other nodes requires two things:
• A network interface card (NIC) configured in promiscuous mode
• The ability to access other unicast traffic on a network segment.
• Devices such as switches provide traffic isolation, so that each host will only receive
unicast traffic sent to it (in addition to broadcast and multicast traffic)
• A hub, switch SPAN port, or TAP is typically used to provide promiscuous network
access.

TCP
• Reliable Layer 4 protocol
• Uses a three-way handshake to create reliable
connections across a network
• Can reorder segments that arrive out of order, and
retransmit missing segments

Key TCP Header Fields
• A TCP header is 20 bytes long (with no options)
• Important fields include:
• Source and Destination port
• Sequence and Acknowledgement Numbers: Keep full-duplex communication in
sync
• TCP Flags
• Window Size: Amount of data that may be sent before receiving acknowledgement

TCP Ports
• TCP connects from a source port to a destination port, such as from source
port 51178 to destination port 22
• The TCP port field is 16 bits, allowing port numbers from 0 to 65535
• There are two types of ports:
• Reserved - 1023 or lower
• Ephemeral - 1024-65535
• Common services such as HTTP use well-known ports
• The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains a list of well-
known ports at http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
• Most Linux and UNIX systems have a smaller list of well-known ports in
/etc/services

Socket Pairs
• A socket is a combination of an IP address and a TCP or UDP port on one node
• A socket may “listen” (wait for a connection)
• A socket pair is then “established” during a connection
• A socket pair describes a unique connection between two nodes:
• Source port
• Source IP
• Destination port
• Destination IP
• Netstat output:

TCP Flags
• The original six TCP flags are:
• URG: Packet contains urgent data
• ACK: Acknowledge received data
• PSH: Push data to application layer
• RST: Reset (tear down) a connection
• SYN: Synchronize a connection
• FIN: Finish a connection (gracefully)
• Two new TCP flags were added in 2001:
• CWR (Congestion Window Reduced)
• ECE (Explicit Congestion Notification Echo)

The TCP handshake
• TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a reliable connection
• The connection is full duplex, and both sides synchronize (SYN) and acknowledge
(ACK) each other
• Exchange of these four flags is performed in three steps: SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK
• The client chooses an initial sequence number, set in the first SYN packet
• The server also chooses its own initial sequence number, set in the SYN/ACK packet
• Each side acknowledges each other’s sequence number by incrementing it: this is the
acknowledgement number
• Once a connection is established, ACKs typically follow for each segment
• The connection will eventually end with a RST (reset or tear down the connection) or
FIN (gracefully end the connection)

Questions?
We made it through Class #7!
If you’re not technical, this was a bunch of gibberish. If you are technical,
this was pretty basic.
No matter… HANG IN THERE!
Homework for Thursday (5/18)
◦ Read Domain 4: Communication and Network Security (Designing and
Protecting Network Security) – We will get through the rest of this domain on
Thursday. Come with questions!
Have a great evening, talk to you Thursday – From Waconia, MN!

Slide Deck CISSP Class Session 7

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Slide Deck CISSP Class Session 7