Software engg. pressman_ch-21

The 4 P’s
 People — the most important element
of a successful project
 Product — the software to be built
 Process — the set of framework
activities and software engineering
tasks to get the job done
 Project — all work required to make
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the product a reality

St akeholder s
 Senior managers who define the business issues
that often have significant influence on the project.
 Project (technical) managers who must plan,
motivate, organize, and control the practitioners
who do software work.
 Practitioners who deliver the technical skills that
are necessary to engineer a product or application.
 Customers who specify the requirements for the
software to be engineered and other stakeholders
who have a peripheral interest in the outcome.
 End-users who interact with the software once it is
released for production use.
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Sof t war e Teams
How to lead?
How to organize?
How to collaborate?

How to motivate?

How to create good ideas?

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Team Leader
 The MOI Model:
 Motivation. The ability to encourage (by “push
or pull”) technical people to produce to their best
ability.
 Organization. The ability to mold existing
processes (or invent new ones) that will enable
the initial concept to be translated into a final
product.
 Ideas or innovation. The ability to encourage
people to create and feel creative even when they
must work within bounds established for a
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particular software product or application.

Sof t war e Teams
 The following factors must be considered when selecting
a software project team structure ...
 The difficulty of the problem to be solved
 The size of the resultant program(s) in lines of code or
function points
 The time that the team will stay together (team lifetime)
 The degree to which the problem can be modularized
 The required quality and reliability of the system to be built
 The rigidity of the delivery date
 The degree of sociability (communication) required for the
project
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Or ganizat ional Par adigms
 Closed paradigm—structures a team along a
traditional hierarchy of authority
 Random paradigm—structures a team loosely and
depends on individual initiative of the team members
 Open paradigm—attempts to structure a team in a
manner that achieves some of the controls
associated with the closed paradigm but also much of
the innovation that occurs when using the random
paradigm
 Synchronous paradigm—relies on the natural
compartmentalization of a problem and organizes
team members to work on pieces of the problem with
little active communication among themselves
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Team Coor dinat ion &
Communicat ion
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Formal, impersonal approaches include software engineering
documents and work products (including source code), technical
memos, project milestones, schedules, and project control tools change
requests and related documentation, error tracking reports, and
repository data
Formal, interpersonal procedures focus on quality assurance
activities applied to software engineering work products. These include
status review meetings and design and code inspections.
Informal, interpersonal procedures include group meetings for
information dissemination and problem solving and “collocation of
requirements and development staff.”
Electronic communication encompasses electronic mail, electronic
bulletin boards, and by extension, video-based conferencing systems.
Interpersonal networking includes informal discussions with team
members and those outside the project who may have experience or
insight that can assist team members.
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The Pr oduct Scope
 Scope:
 Context. How does the software to be built fit into a
larger system, product, or business context and what
constraints are imposed as a result of the context?
 Information objectives. What customer-visible data
objects are produced as output from the software? What
data objects are required for input?
 Function and performance . What function does the
software perform to transform input data into output? Are
any special performance characteristics to be
addressed?
 Software project scope must be unambiguous and
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understandable at the management and technical levels.

The Pr oj ect
 Projects get into trouble when …
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Software people don’t understand their customer’s needs.
The product scope is poorly defined.
Changes are managed poorly.
The chosen technology changes.
Business needs change [or are ill-defined].
Deadlines are unrealistic.
Sponsorship is lost [or was never properly obtained].
The project team lacks people with appropriate skills.
Managers [and practitioners] avoid best practices and
lessons learned.
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Common-Sense Appr oach
t o Pr oj ect s
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Start on the right foot. This is accomplished by working hard (very
hard) to understand the problem that is to be solved and then setting
realistic objectives and expectations.
Maintain momentum. The project manager must provide incentives
to keep turnover of personnel to an absolute minimum, the team should
emphasize quality in every task it performs, and senior management
should do everything possible to stay out of the team’s way.
Track progress. For a software project, progress is tracked as work
products (e.g., models, source code, sets of test cases) are produced
and approved (using formal technical reviews) as part of a quality
assurance activity.
Make smart decisions. In essence, the decisions of the project
manager and the software team should be to “keep it simple.”
Conduct a postmortem analysis. Establish a consistent
mechanism for extracting lessons learned for each project.
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To Get t o t he Essence
of a Pr oj ect - (W5H2 PRI NCI PLE)
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Why is the system being developed?
What will be done?
When will it be accomplished?
Who is responsible?
Where are they organizationally located?
How will the job be done technically and
managerially?
 How much of each resource (e.g., people, software,
tools, database) will be needed?
Barry Boehm
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Met r ics f or Small
Or ganizat ions
 time (hours or days) elapsed from the time a request is made
until evaluation is complete, tqueue.
 effort (person-hours) to perform the evaluation, Weval.
 time (hours or days) elapsed from completion of evaluation to
assignment of change order to personnel, teval.
 effort (person-hours) required to make the change, Wchange.
 time required (hours or days) to make the change, tchange.
 errors uncovered during work to make change, Echange.
 defects uncovered after change is released to the customer
base, Dchange.

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Software engg. pressman_ch-21

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