Spinning [compatibility mode],Yarn types classification
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This document provides information about various processes in yarn manufacturing, including blow room, carding, draw frame, combing, speed frame, and ring frame. It defines key terms, describes machine components and their functions, and explains the processes that occur at each stage of yarn production to transform raw fibers into yarn. Flow charts are included to illustrate the inputs, machines, and outputs at each stage of the yarn manufacturing process.
Spinning [compatibility mode],Yarn types classification
- 1. 12/1/2012 1 Yarn Manufacturing TECHNOLOGY Types of Yarn • Carded Yarn. • Combed Yarn. Comparison of Combed Yarn & Carded Yarn Combed Yarn Carded Yarn Comber is used No Comber is used Less short fibers More short fibers Less Hairiness More Hairiness More Luster Less Luster Bale of Fiber Flow Chart For Carded Yarn Input Process/ Machine Output Bale → Blow room → Lap Lap → Carding m/c → Sliver Sliver → Breaker Draw Frame → Sliver Sliver → Finisher Draw Frame → Sliver Sliver → Roving Frame /Speed Frame/Simplex → Roving Roving → Ring Frame → Yarn Flow Chart For Combed Yarn Input Process/ Machine Output Bale → Blow room → Lap Lap → Carding m/c → Sliver Sliver → Pre comb drawing → Sliver Sliver → Lap former → Lap Lap → Combing → Sliver Sliver → Post comb drawing → Sliver Sliver → Simplex → Roving Roving → Ring Frame → Yarn
- 2. 12/1/2012 2 Blow Room Blow Room is called the mother of yarn manufacturing. It consists of a number of machines used in succession to open and clean the cotton fiber to the required degree. 40 to 70% trash is removed in this section. Blow room line Bale plucker Opener Mixer Step cleaner
- 3. 12/1/2012 3 Objects of Blow Room 1. Opening : To open the compressed bales of fibers & To make the cotton tuft a small size as for as possible. 2. Cleaning : To remove the dirt, dust, broken seeds broken leafs and other foreign materials from the fibers. More… Objects of Blow Room 3. Blending & Mixing: To make good value of yarn and to decrease the production cost by mixing different grade of fibers. 4. Lap forming : To transfer the opened and cleaned fibers into a sheet form of definite width and uniform unit length which is called lap. TECHNOLOGICAL POINTS IN BLOW ROOM Opening in blow room means opening into small flocks The larger the dirt particle , the better they can be removed The higher the degree of opening, the higher the degree of cleaning. A very high cleaning effect is almost always purchased at the cost of a high fiber loss. Higher roller speeds give a better cleaning effect but also more stress on the fiber. Rollers Drums & Beaters Actions involved in Blow Room 1. Action of opposite spike: (opening) By The action of opposite spikes opening the cotton fiber is done. 2. Action of Air flow: (Transport + Cleaning) During processing, the movement of cotton from machines to machine is done by air flow. It also helps the separation of lint and trash. More…
- 4. 12/1/2012 4 Cleaning by Air flow Actions involved in Blow Room 3. Action of Beaters: (Cleaning & Opening) Beaters are responsible for removing almost all of the impurities extracted in the blow room. Beater also helps in opening of cotton fiber. 4. Action of regulating motion: (Uniform output) The action of regulating motion gives the uniform output. Cleaning Efficiency Cleaning efficiency of blow room can be fin out by the following simple calculation. (Input Trash - Output Trash)*100 Input Trash Problem Find the Blow Room cleaning effy : Raw cotton trash= 6% Lap trash = 1.6% Solve: (6-1.6)*100/6 =73% Carding Carding may be defined as the reduction of an entangled mass of fibers to a filmy web by working between two closely spaced, relatively moving surface closed with sharp wire points. Objects of Carding 1. Opening to individual fibers. 2. Elimination of Impurities and dust. 3. Fiber blending. 4. Sliver formation.
- 5. 12/1/2012 5 Flow diagram of Carding m/c • A = Cylinder • B = Flat • C = Taker in • D = Feed roller • E = Feed plate • F = Doffer Actions of Carding m/c 1. Carding Action This is the action between flat & cylinder. • Pin direction: Opposite. • Rotation: Opposite. Actions of Carding m/c 2. Stripping Action This is the action between Cylinder - Taker in • Pin direction: Same. • Rotation: Same. Actions of Carding m/c 3. Doffing Action This is the action between Doffer & Cylinder. • Pin direction: Opposite. • Rotation: Same. Actions of Carding m/c 4. Combing Action This is the action between Feed roller & Taker in. • Pin direction: Same. • Rotation: Same. Carding Machine
- 6. 12/1/2012 6 Carding Machine Draw frame • It is a process of yarn manufacturing in which the sliver is elongated when passing through pairs of rollers, each pair faster than the previous one. Actions involved in Draw frame: Drafting: The process of increasing length per unit weight of sliver. It is mainly due to varying speed of the rollers. Doubling: The process of combining two or more carded sliver into a single form is called doubling. In draw frame m/c generally six to eight slivers are fed and converted into one. Drawing = Drafting + Doubling. TASKS OF DRAW FRAME • Through draft fibers get parallelized • Hooked fibers are straightened. • Through the suction ,intensive dust removal is achieved. • Blending can be done here. Drawing Machine
- 7. 12/1/2012 7 Find out the production/shift in lbs of a modern draw frame, from the following particulars: Delivery speed = 600 m/min, No of delivery/frame = 2, Draft = 8, No of doubling = 8, Feed sliver wt = 0.01 lb/Yd, Efficiency = 90% Solution: Draft= (Feed wt/Delivery wt)* Doubling So, Delivery wt= (Feed wt/ Draft)* Doubling So, Delivery wt= (0.01/8)* 8 = 0.01 lb/yd Production = 600 m/ min = 600*1.09 yds/min = 654 yds/min = 654*0.01 lbs/min = 6.54 lbs/min = 6.54*60*8 lbs/shift = 3139.2 lbs/shift For 90% efficiency and no. of delivery, the ultimate production is, 3139.2*0.9*2 = 5650.56 lb/shift (Ans) Lap former • Lap former is the machine where lap is produced from slivers. It is necessary for producing combed yarn. Because the input of comber machine is lap. Comber • Combing : Combing may be defined as to remove short fibers , neps and remaining impurities of card sliver by using comb with the help of knives, brushes and rollers. Objects of combing • To remove short fibers below a preselected length so that the spinner enable to produce finer / better yarn. • To remove neps and foreign matter from the cotton / sliver. • Make the fiber straight and parallel. Blow room lap Comber lap Short fiber high Short fibre low Uniformity low Uniformity high Trash high Trash low Lap count .0011-.0019 Ne Lap count .0075 -.009 Lap wt /yds 12-16 ounce Lap wt /yds 1.6-2.5 ounce Lap width 1m Lap width 300 mm
- 8. 12/1/2012 8 Combing figure • A= Feed roller • B= Feed plate • C= Nipper • D= Top comb • E= Detaching roller • F= Cylinder Combing Action • Firstly, Sliver comes through feed plate, After passing the edge, the nipper comes down to clamp the fiber between feed plate & itself. Then the first combing is done by the cylinder. Combing Action • Then, nipper moves upward. Sliver feeding starts again. When sliver comes to detaching roller, the rollers give a backward movement to join it with previously combed sliver. That time Top comb comes down and by the forwarding movement of detaching roller, second time combing is done by top comb. This process is a intermittent process. Because all these are carried out up to 300 times per minute. Combing Machine Speed frame • Task of Speed frame: • To produce roving from sliver. • To impact strength to the fiber by twisting. • To wind up the resulting roving on to roving bobbin.
- 9. 12/1/2012 9 Speed frame machine Operation involved in Speed Frame • Creeling: Sliver feeding with the help of several rollers. 40 drawn slivers can be creeled at a time. • Drafting: To reduce wt per unit length of roving in speed frame so that produces roving can be converted into yarn easily with draft in drafting Zone. For this normally 3 pairs of rollers are used. Operation involved in Speed Frame Twisting: To insert small amount of twist to get required strength of roving . so that no breakage of yarn and possible to wind of roving in convenient package. Usually 30-65 turns per meter twist is given which are created by flyer. But twist in roving are given such that the fibers hold its constituent fibers together and not create hinder during drafting in Ring frame. Winding: To wind the roving on to a suitable bobbin which will help handling , transfer and feeding to ring frame. Due to winding , as dia of bobbin is gradually increased, the speed of bobbin is continuously decreased with the help of building motion so that no breakage of roving for too much tension. • Building : With the help of building motion , the correct or proper shaped package is made by winding of roving on bobbin in some consequent process. • Doffing : To replace empty bobbin at a place of full bobbin. Speed frame action • A= Sliver can • B= Drafting zone • C= Flyer • D= Roving bobbin • E= Gearing
- 10. 12/1/2012 10 Sliver & Roving Ring frame • Ring frame is the machine where yarn is finally produced from the roving. Function of a Ring frame: • To satisfy the roving to form yarn of the required count/ fineness of yarn by drafting & twisting. • To increase strength. • To build up the yarn on to bobbin in form of a suitable package for storage, transportation and processing. Operation involved in ring frame • Creeling • Roving bobbin is fitted on the top of the m/c on the creel on both sides of the m/c. creel helps to freely rotate of roving bobbin and hold such that roving feed to the drafting zone on tension. • Drafting • Drafting operation reduces wt per unit length of roving . roving comes from the bobbin are passed through the drafting. • Twisting: • Spiral turns are inserted along the fiber axis . It increases yarn strength .The traveler which helps to insert twisting yarn, gets drive indirectly from spindle.
- 11. 12/1/2012 11 Winding: After twisting the yarns are wound on a suitable package , layers of yarn are wound properly are above another on the package . It should be suitable for unwinding Building: For proper size and shape of the package the bobbins are lifted gradually. The resultant bobbins are conical shape full bobbin. • Doffing: • After the required length of yarn is wound on the package , the m/c is stopped . Doffing is the process of replacing the full bobbin by an empty bobbin. Flow diagram of Ring Frame A= Roving bobbin. B= Roving guide. C= Drafting zone. D= Balloon control ring. E= Ring. F= Traveler. G= Yarn bobbin. H= Gearing. Traveler • Traveler is the most tiny & important part made by metal through which yarn passes its way from balloon control ring to the yarn package. It has no drive of its own. But it is dragged round by the yarn. During its rotation it produces twist. Traveler Ring Frame
- 12. 12/1/2012 12 Ring Yarn & Rotor Yarn If there is a simplex machine in the process of yarn manufacturing, that is ring yarn. And if there is no simplex or ring frame, but a rotor spinning machine which converts sliver to yarn directly, the yarn manufactured is a rotor yarn. Rotor spinning machine Y1 = Ring Yarn & Y2= Rotor Yarn