Study on the performance indicators for smart grids: a comprehensive review

TELKOMNIKA, Vol.17, No.6, December 2019, pp.2912~2918
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i6.13285 ◼ 2912
Received June 9, 2019; Revised July 2, 2019; Accepted July 18, 2019
Study on the performance indicators for smart grids:
a comprehensive review
Surender Reddy Salkuti
Deparment of Railroad and Electrical Engineering, Woosong University,
17-2, Woosong University, Jayang-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon-34606, Republic of Korea
Corresponding author, e-mail: surender.wsu@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed review on performance indicators for smart grid (SG) such as
voltage stability enhancement, reliability evaluation, vulnerability assessment, Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA) and communication systems. Smart grids reliability assessment can be
performed by analytically or by simulation. Analytical method utilizes the load point assessment
techniques, whereas the simulation technique uses the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique.
The reliability index evaluations will consider the presence or absence of energy storage elements using
the simulation technologies such as MCS, and the analytical methods such as systems average
interruption frequency index (SAIFI), and other load point indices. This paper also presents the difference
between SCADA and substation automation, and the fact that substation automation, though it uses
the basic concepts of SCADA, is far more advanced in nature.
Keywords: communication systems, reliability, smart grid, voltage stability, vulnerability
Copyright © 2019 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Smart grids (SGs) with renewable energy resources (RERs) provide an effective and
alternative solution for the rapidly growing power demand throughout the world. The US energy
roadmap study ranks solar photovoltaics (PV), biomass, windmills, and tidal power as the future
sources of renewable energy to sustain the economy of the country. Traditional studies on
RERs integration have focused on power quality improvement using the RERs, and on their
impacts on grid performance [1]. The components that made up the integrated RERs would be
wind and solar energy systems, energy storage, load control, and advanced power electronics,
which interface between the RERs and the grid provider. Demand response serves as a virtual
spinning reserve (SR) to handle the impact of intermittent nature of RERs on the system
reliability. Due to the advent of new communication devices and real time applications
researchers are diverted to real time approach for vulnerability assessment. Various
optimization techniques such as artificial intelligence (AI), expert system or evolutionary
programming can be used for the real time applications. To avoid bulk of calculations and for
vulnerability indices, the AI techniques are used in recent years as they have various benefits of
speedy convergence and improved accuracy of pattern recognition.
A smart grid (SG) architecture showing a SG consisting of the main grid and multiple
embedded micro-grids (MGs) is proposed in [2], while [3] proposes an approach to integrate
performance indicators of electricity generation plants. The optimization approaches at the base
of SGs operation considered the renewable energy share, primary energy consumption, global
and local emissions. Various security challenges and threats are reviewed in [4] with respect to
their possible sources of occurrence. A multi-objective based robust fuzzy stochastic
programming methodology is proposed in [1] to optimize economic, environmental and social
costs of network under various uncertain scenarios and parameters. A methodology to
investigate the impact of demand response (DR) in a power system with wind energy sources
from the perspective of generation adequacy is proposed in [5]. The aim of [6] is to anticipate
social acceptance issues related to the deployment of SG by identifying underlying value
conflicts. Identified threats to smart grids deployment are classified and presented in [7] based
on the technical and non-technical sources of threats. The performance analysis of smart
metering for SG enable the researchers, stakeholders, and public policy makers to open

TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 ◼
Study on the performance indicators for smart grids... (Surender Reddy Salkuti)
2913
the mind to explore possible in an evolving energy domain as well as beyond this area is
presented in [8]. A study to address all standards that define the cyber security requirements
applicable to SGs is presented in [9].
This paper presents a detailed review on performance indicators for smart grid (SG)
such as voltage stability enhancement, reliability evaluation, vulnerability assessment,
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and communication systems. It also
presents the difference between SCADA and substation automation, and the fact that substation
automation, though it uses the basic concepts of SCADA, is far more advanced in nature.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: section 2 presents the description of
voltage stability enhancement. Section 3 presents the evaluation of reliability. Vulnerability
assessment is described in section 4. The description of SCADA systems is presented in
section 5. The description of communication systems is presented in section 6. The description
of demand side management is presented in section 7. Section 8 summarizes the contributions
with concluding remarks.
2. Voltage Stability Enhancement
This section reviews the methods to quantify the value added by RERs at distribution
levels as it relates to utilities, customers and in the interest of overall national energy security.
Measurements matrices are the reliability improvement, cost minimization and voltage stability
improvement. There are two levels of voltage stability enhancement in the literature. The first
level is with the device-based control, and the second level is in the form of operation-based
control. The voltage stability is improved by optimal system operation condition. The static
analysis method is used for the determination of preventive control scheme.
As with voltage stability, the characteristics listed below are inherent in the analytic tools
for SG. However, it is not included in the analytic tools for the existing electrical power system
network. These qualities include scalability, robustness, predictivity, adaptability, stochasticity,
and on-line real time data acquisition. Traditional electrical grid is based on large, centralized
power station [10]. They supply the grid with RERs through long transmission and distribution
system. This architecture has performed very well thorough design for achieving security,
reliability and stability. But, with small changes in time, new renewable resources are relatively
the system of today. They challenge the users and restore the system. Energy will be guided in
distribution from wind, solar with a standalone or grid connected. In this case, whether it is
distributed or centrally generated, the standard requirements for a single distribution supply
which will meet demand of all kinds and just in time approach requires the need for smart grid.
The integration of RERs, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS),
Wide Area Management Systems (WAMS), High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission
systems to achieve better stability is introduced in today’s grid that has the capability to connect
to FACTS cover a number of technologies to overall FACTS devices in smart grid which will
facilitate integration of RERs, minimize the risk of overload, to improve dynamic stability, power
quality and control load flow studies [11].
Monitoring and control of power system in wide area using the wide area monitoring
system has provided the users with full understanding of SG performance in real time [11].
Because of the multiple of data contributing to the states of system in the presence of an
electronic device located on the grid is utilized. To achieve this, the control elevation using
RERs, HVDC systems, FACTS, WAMS and distribution and/or transmission management
system are necessary for the design. WAMS and its associated sensors in the SG environment
will allow the real time evaluation of system under various loading and unknown contingencies.
Recent advancements in the stability studies aims to address the impacts of contingency,
increased nonlinearity of problem space, model and parameter uncertainty and the utilization of
available real time data for the enhancement of study is approximated for the management of
instability [12].
3. Reliability Evaluation
Smart grids reliability assessment can be performed by analytically or by simulation.
Analytical method utilizes the load point assessment techniques, whereas the simulation
technique uses the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique [13]. The reliability index

◼ ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 6, December 2019: 2912-2918
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evaluations will consider the presence or absence of energy storage elements using
the simulation technologies (i.e., MCS), the analytical methods such as systems average
interruption frequency index (SAIFI), and other load point indices. And also, the load flow
analysis and other parameter check are done by using the online available data and control
using fuzzy controller. Various network configurations will be considered. A number of indices
can be computed for the load point assessment [14]. Some of these indices are presented next:
3.1. System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
SAIDI is calculated by dividing the sum of total customer interruption durations per year
(∑ 𝑈𝑖 𝑁𝑖) to total number of customers (∑ 𝑁𝑖). This index is expressed by using:
𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 =
∑ 𝑈𝑖 𝑁𝑖
∑ 𝑁𝑖
(1)
where 𝑈𝑖 is outage duration, 𝑁𝑖 is total number of customers.
3.2. Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI)
CAIDI is calculated by dividing the sum of total customer interruption durations per year
(∑ 𝑈𝑖 𝑁𝑖) to total number of customers affected (∑ λ𝑖 𝑁𝑖). This index is expressed by using:
𝐶𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 =
∑ 𝑈𝑖 𝑁𝑖
∑ λ𝑖 𝑁𝑖
(2)
where λ𝑖 is failure rate.
3.3. Expected Energy Not Served (EENS)
An optimization problem for planning and/or operational purposes using RERs with
integrated energy storage technologies has to be considered for the development of SG.
The objective of an optimization problem is to minimize EENS or Expected Unserved
Energy (EUE), and cost minimization, subjected to various constraints such as the capacity of
RERs, network capacity, voltage margin, storage, and reliability margin [15]. EENS is sum of
each load (𝐿𝑖) times its outage duration (𝑈𝑖). Mathematically, it can be expressed as [16]:
𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑆 = ∑ 𝐿𝑖 𝑈𝑖 (3)
Typical distribution networks will be chosen for both the grid tied and stand-alone power
system network. A special distribution load flow program will be utilized to analyze the network
under different operating scenarios. The reliability of these systems will be computed based on
the variability of RERs. The load flow study and reliability will be recomputed in the presence of
energy storage systems (ESSs) and MCS techniques [17].
4. Vulnerability Assessment
Vulnerability assessment is used to determine, identify and rank the contingencies of
the system. Power system is a very complex and vulnerable system. Vulnerability assessment
in power system provides information on state of system which indicates the system’s inability to
be stable in any abnormal condition or an unforeseen catastrophic contingency. Vulnerability
index is used to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the system against undesired
events. There is a list of contingencies that may lead the power system to major blackouts and
cascaded failures. Moreover, operating conditions are different according to the location and
the system. Vulnerability assessment is a slow process, therefore the real time assessment is
very difficult. In a new power system environment, there are lots of measurements are taken,
and the verification of these measurements and the development of correlation with vulnerability
assessment is quite complex. Evaluation of specific and accurate border line for vulnerability is
also a difficult process [18].
There are different approaches used by various researchers for vulnerability
assessment. In time domain approach, stability is determined through simulating the generator

2915
behavior. However, it is quite time-consuming process as it involves plenty of nonlinear and
differential equations. We can also use a direct method approach using the energy functions.
Stability of the system can be determined by comparing the energy value of the system with
the critical energy value. This method is being widely used by utilities and researchers as it has
a very high speed of convergence [19].
A new method of vulnerability border tracking is by using Partical Swarm Optimization
(PSO) along with the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). ANN is used for the purpose of
increasing the speed of convergence of PSO. PSO is used for better search technique,
therefore, it has the benefits of both the systems through one single algorithm. This method is
useful for the real time evaluation of vulnerability border. Similarly, many methods can be used
together for different applications and combine them to get best optimization results. One such
method is to use ANN for vulnerability assessment as it has very good speed of convergence
and Fuzzy logic for vulnerability control applications. Fuzzy logic can also be used for locating
short circuit faults, which is used for vulnerability contours. This method is useful both for online
and offline applications [20]. Fault resistance is also taken into account. Fuzzy logic reasoning is
applied to cope with the inherent uncertainty in the problem. The above methods can also be
used as a combination of one or more methods and one can develop a hybrid method for
vulnerability assessment. Moreover, adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) is also a new
approach for vulnerability assessment.
Vulnerability assessment using phasor measurement unit (PMU) is also a new
approach. PMUs are used to provide time synchronized data in the form of signals which can
later be converted into data (voltage, angle) using various softwares, which contain dynamic
information for voltages and angels, and even precursor signals for system collapse. A scheme
can be developed to warn the system operator about severe conditions, vulnerabilities and to
predict cascading failures using a pattern recognition and phase-space visualization using
dynamic data received from PMU [21].
Nowadays, a situational awareness tool based on google maps is used for
the advanced power system. It gives the latest system topology and helps the system operator
to understand operational conditions not only his own region but also of the neighboring regions
to avoid major blackouts [22]. This kind of visualization includes line descriptions, power flows
and the status of outage lines, transportation and infrastructure impacts, geo-spatiotemporal
information and impacts-population, weather impacts and analysis and predictions results.
Moreover, the related data can be overloaded on the system topology. Hence, for various
analyses, respective data is readily available. Two types of vulnerability indexes namely power
system loss (PSL) and anticipated loss of load (ALL) are used for different contingences.
Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) also helps in developing the vulnerability
assessment [23].
5. SCADA Systems
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) pertains to automation and
the concepts of automation borrow from SCADA. Before it gets into the SCADA part, it presents
the important terminologies and components of SCADA which are used in the substation
automation [24]. The functions of each of the components are presented next:
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU): It processes the data input (both analog and digital), and
converts it into digital output which can either be seen on a single screen Human Machine
Interface (HMI) in the control room itself or it can be transmitted over the Ethernet to other
places for remote control. The function of Front-End Processors (FEP) is to act as an interface
between the computer system, and the RTUs located locally and at remote substations. There
are two FEPs at each site, both functional simultaneously, and also any one FEP capable of
fully taking over the functions of the other FEP. Each FEP has a dual LAN interface and houses
multiple Remote Channel Controller (RCC) modules, according to the number of RTUs
connected to the control center. These RCC modules provide RS-232 interface ports for
connecting to the RTUs [25]. The RCC modules are of microprocessor-based design and are
able to:
- operate independently and support a different RTU protocol on individual channels
- utilize drivers to establish the RTU communications

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- conduct simultaneous RTU communications on each channel, acquire data, perform
message security checks, and decode the data
- process the data.
- buffer all data for transfer to the controlling server.
The FEP transfers data to the controlling server in a timely fashion. The FEP also
responds to the controlling server’s demands for performing the required functions at the RTUs.
The RCC channel capacity covers the entire complement of RTUs which consists of the new
RTUs and the existing RTUs. The channels are expandable in the future to ultimate quantity by
acquiring and inserting RCC modules. All critical RTUs are provided with 2 communication
channels right from the control center up to the RTU, and these channels are connected one on
each FEP. The Remote Communication Controller (RCC) interfaces with the FEP through
the VME bus. Redundant FEPs and RCCs are provided with automatic changeover from one to
the other when any FEP or RCC fails. When a modem fails or a communication link to a critical
RTU goes down, there is automatic changeover from the defective link/modem to an alternate
link/modem. All critical RTUs are provided with redundant communication channels [26].
Critical RTUs have the capability to switch between redundant communication channels
when the system detects a communication channel failure. To satisfy the redundancy
requirements, each communication channel is switched between a primary and backup port
under failure conditions. In the GE Harris Energy Control Systems implementation, redundancy
is provided all the way up to the remote RTU communication interface, using redundant FEPs,
RCCs and separate channels to connect to the RTU. Any single failure is protected against by
this method [27].
a. Human Machine Interface (HMI): The HMI/SCADA industry was essentially born out of a
requirement for a user friendly front-end to control system containing programmable logic
controllers (PLC).
b. Central Control Room Computer: Usually, the HMI/SCADA presents the information in the
form of a mimic, which means that the operator can see a representation of the plant being
controlled.
c. Transducers: They are the energy converters which convert one from of energy to another. It
is used in substations to convert the measured AC voltages and currents (measured from
the CT and CVT inputs) and convert them into a common DC current. They can be
self-powered or separately powered. In self powered transducers, the components of
the transducer are powered by the source itself, where as in separately powered
transducers, there is an external source which is used to run the circuit of the transducer.
d. Multiplexer: It is a device that can interleave two or more activities. For example,
a 16:1 multiplexer can take 16 different inputs and can create a time sharing mechanism that
will allow it to give the required output of the 16 inputs based on a predefined logic.
The simplest logic generally used is a clock pulse. Though automation basically involves all
the concepts of SCADA and though they are terms that are used interchangeably, there exist
certain basic differences between them [28], and they are listed below:
- Conventional SCADA deals with data acquisition and control of most of the equipment in
the substation, but it cannot be used for relays for the basic reason that they have to be
manually operated. Whereas, the substation automation involves automation of relays
and including them in the data acquisition and control process. The numerical relays used
in substation automation systems act as a virtual RTU. In other words, the SCADA
system applied to protection can be referred to as substation automation systems.
- SCADA uses the concept of transducers, which are electronic devices that invariably
cause a lag or delay in the transmission of data, whereas substation automation system
aims at minimizing the data transmission time by removing the use of transducers.
- Substation automation system needs to have higher accuracy than the conventional
SCADA system as it involves the protection of switchgear of a substation. Thus, it
removes the transducers, which approximate the values, and the obtained values directly
from the devices.
- Conventional SCADA has the concept of a single RTU, where the data is acquired and
stored. The required control is performed form the centralized RTU itself. In such a case,
a malfunction even in a part of the RTU affects the whole system. Whereas, in a
substation automation system, the information and control are decentralized, i.e., each
bay acts as a virtual RTU itself and sends the information into the control room.

2917
The control can be performed from any level based on the control hierarchy. Hence,
substation automation system can also be referred to as an integrated SCADA system.
6. Communication Systems
Communication infrastructure is very important for successful operation of SGs.
The use of communication systems ensures the reduction of optimal operation and energy
consumption of SG and the coordination between all its components from generation to the end
users. There are several existing communication technologies available for the implementation
in SGs include Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC), WLAN, ZigBee, WiMAX, cellular
communication [29]. Smart metering communication system consists a smart meter which is
a two-way communicating equipment that measures the energy consuming at the appliances
such as gas, electricity, water or heat, etc. Smart metering communication system also consists
of Home Area Network (HAN), Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and Wide Area Network
(WAN) [30]. HAN is an information and communication network formed by appliances and
devices within a home to support different distributed applications. NAN collects the data from
multiple HANs and delivers the data to a data concentrator. WAN is the data transport network
that carries metering data to central control centers [31].
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) is one of the common communication
systems. Using the EHV transmission line as a medium, the link is established among
the stations connected with the transmission network [29]. It is used to serve voice
communication, data transmission, and transmission of carrier-aided trip signal for the reduction
of tripping time for the remote circuit breaker or in other words, reduction of fault feeding time
during occurrence of fault in the transmission line. Basic equipments for PLCC are outdoor and
indoor equipments. The outdoor equipments include line trap, capacitive voltage transformers
(CVT)/coupling capacitors (CC), line matching unit with protective device, and co-axial cable.
Indoor equipments include power line carrier set, dialing exchange and phone sets, RTU,
interface cubicle and modem, and protection coupler [32]. It is important to mention here that
the outdoor equipments are connected with the transmission line in different ways known as
mode of coupling, and this is very vital for the faithful transmission/reproduction of PLCC signal.
7. Conclusions
This paper presents a detailed review on performance indicators for smart grid (SG)
such as voltage stability enhancement, reliability evaluation, vulnerability assessment, SCADA
and communication systems. Communication infrastructure is very important for successful
operation of smart grids, and the use of it ensures the reduction of optimal operation and energy
consumption of SG and the coordination between all its components from generation to the end
users. Vulnerability assessment is used to determine, identify and rank the contingencies of
the system. Vulnerability index is used to determine the strengths and weaknesses of
the system against undesired events. There is a list of contingencies that may lead the power
system to major blackouts and cascaded failures.
Acknowledgements
This research work has been carried out based on the support of “Woosong University's
Academic Research Funding-2019”.
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