Switching Over Voltages (SOV)_Temporary Over Voltage (TOV).pdf

Switching Over Voltages (SOV)
Temporary Over Voltage (TOV)
Presented by:
Dharshana Muthumuni
Lalin Kothalawala

pscad.com
Powered by Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.
The study approach to SOV investigation, using the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation tool, is discussed in
this webinar. The following topics are addressed:
• Switching over voltages and Temporary over voltages
• Power system modeling for switching studies
o System model
o Component models (transformers, breakers, shunt devices)
o Surge arresters
• Simulation of switching events
o Point-on-wave impact
o Trapped charge on lines/cables
o Line reactor impacts
• Transformer energizing transients
• Coupled line resonance examples
• PSCAD examples
Outline

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Switching Studies
Objectives of a switching study:
• Determine the over voltage levels due to switching events
• Verify equipment insulation levels will not be violated
• Verify surge arrester requirements and surge arrester ratings
• Identify potential network resonance issues
Types of studies:
• Switching frequency over voltage studies (SOV)
• Temporary over voltage studies (TOV)
• Transformer energizing

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SOV and TOV Frequency Spectrum

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• Switching over voltages (SOV) result from
the operation of breakers and switches or
due to faults in a power system.
• Switching actions lead to travelling waves
on transmission lines, in addition to
initiating oscillations in local L-C elements.
• Such travelling waves and local oscillations
can appear as high frequency voltage
transients in the network. The switching
transient frequencies can reach up to a
few kHz (say 500 Hz – 2 kHz)
• Typically SOVs are well damped (due to
system losses and loads) – short duration

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Surge arrester
Breaker
Travelling waves on Transmission Lines

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Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems - Characteristics
RL
RRL
RL RRL
RL RRL
H
V
A
V
A
1e6
120
H
Station A Station B
E1
E2
TL_115KV
TL_01_60KM TL_04_40KM
TL_02_110KM
TL_03_180KM
TL_05_210KM
Double circuit
60 km
Double circuit
110 km
Single circuit
290 km
1e6
32
12
C1 C2 C3
12.5
G1 G2
Conductors: chukar
Tower: 3L1
12
0
.45
Ground_Wires: 1/2_HighStrengthSteel
Line travel time (approx.). 1 ms
Travelling waves on Transmission Lines

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Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems - Characteristics
Local lumped L-C Oscillations

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• Ferranti effect (Open end line
voltage)
• Single line to ground faults
• Load rejection
• Parallel line resonance
TOVs => power frequency/low order
harmonics
Temporary Over Voltages (TOV)

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380 kV System example:
System model captures details up to
around 2-3 buses from the switching
location.
SUDAIR 19011
31280
AL FADHILI 31227
Equivalent
Voltage
Source
230 kV
Side
31223 31229
31260 31300 31290 31240
30743
31226
31243
132 kV
Side
19010
11911
31262
19030
19006
19025 19009 19019
19008 19015 19013
19001 19023
Line under Study
21900
PSCAD Network Model

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Modelling Considerations
• System represented at least up to two buses away from point of interest
o The impact of the fast transients are limited to a local area around the station
o The transient itself is mainly influenced by the circuit elements (R-L-C) in close vicinity to where the
disturbance (e.g. breaker action/fault) occurred
• Frequency dependent transmission line models – Travelling waves and damping due to line
resistance
• Detailed transformer model including saturation data
• Shunt devices – Can influence network resonances
• Surge arrester non- linear characteristics- Main protective device limiting SOV
• Equivalent voltage source models to represent network boundaries/ generators/motors –
fast transients die out relatively fast compared to mechanical dynamics of generators can
influence SOV (in most cases)
PSCAD Model Development

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Model data:
• Bus voltage & angle
• Positive sequence
impedance
• Zero sequence impedance
Network boundary equivalence
RL
RRL
PSCAD Network Model

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29.74
15.14
C2 C6
Conductors: ACAR
Tower: TA_1
0
.457
40.74
14.72
C1 C4
Conductors: ACAR
Tower: TA_1
0
.457
51.74
14.32
C3 C5
12.3
Conductors: ACAR
Tower: TA_1
9.96
0
G1 G2
.457
Ground Wire 1: OPGW
Ground Wire 2: OPGW
Tower / Line Details
• Geometrical arrangement of conductors
• Ground clearance
• Line sag
Transmission Lines
Conductor data
Parameter Value
1 Conductor type xxx
2 Outer radius (effective) 0.7025 [in]
3 DC resistance 0.0948 [ohm/mi]
4 Conductor sag 20 [ft.]
5 Bundle sub-conductors 2 [nos.]
Conductor Data
• Conductor type
• Radius
• DC resistance
• Bundle data
• Ground wire data

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Line Transposition
a
b
Sect_1
1
I_bb11
I_bb22
I_aa22
I_aa11
Sect_3
1
Sect_3
1
Sect_2
1
Sect_1
1
Sect_2
1
Sect_1
Sect_2
Sect_3
Transmission Lines

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Cable model
• Bergeron model
o R,X,B (or Surge impedance and travel time)
• Frequency dependent model
o Based on Cable design data
On
No
Bergeron Model Options
Travel Time Interpolation:
Reflectionless Line (ie Infinite Length):
Manual Entry of Y,Z
0 Sequence R:
+ve Sequence R: 0.000045e-3
0 Sequence XL:
+ve Sequence B:
0 Sequence B:
0.001278e-3
1.003e-3
-estimated-
-estimated-
-estimated-
+ve Sequence XL:
0.033
Cable # 1
0.062
0.06247
0.071
1
0
Conductor
Insulator 1
Sheath
Insulator 2
0.033
Cable # 3
0.062
0.06247
0.071
1
2
Conductor
Insulator 1
Sheath
Insulator 2
0.033
Cable # 2
0.062
0.06247
0.071
1
1
Conductor
Insulator 1
Sheath
Insulator 2
Cables

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-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-100 -50 0 50 100
Flux
linkage
(pu)
Current (%)
Transformer Saturation Characteristics
Model data
• General data
o Ratings, impedance
• Saturation data
Transformer Model

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• Shunt reactor – with equivalent inductance (or as an non-linear inductor)
o Single phase units
o Three limbed core or five limbed core units
• Shunt capacitor – with equivalent capacitance
• Series compensation – with equivalent capacitance
𝑥 =
𝑘𝑉2
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑟
𝑥 = ω𝐿 𝑜𝑟 1/𝜔𝐶
120 MVAR
Reactor
3.19
H
120 MVAR
Cap Bank
2.20
[uF]
Shunt Devices

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Model data
• Bus voltage & angle
• Positive sequence impedance (Xd”)
• Zero sequence impedance (if available)
Generators and Motors

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1.0
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Voltage
(pu)
Current (kA)
Model data
• Arrester rating – 360 kV
• V-I characteristic
• Energy absorption capability – 13 kJ/kV
Surge Arrester – A Non Linear Resistor

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Arrester Non linear VI characteristics
• Discharge voltage (protection level) is a
function of the rise time of the current
surge
• Faster surges result in a higher
discharge voltage (ex. lightning)
• The discharge voltage for a switching
surge could typically be 2% - 4% lower
than that for a comparable (current
peak) lighting surge.
• MCOV is typically 75% - 85% of the duty
cycle ‘voltage rating’.
Protective Ratio (PR) = (Insulation withstand level/Voltage at protected equipment)
 Example: PR = BIL/Lightning Protective Level (LPL)
Protective Margin (PM) = (PR – 1).100
Insulation withstand level/Voltage
System nominal voltage (peak)

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Arrester Coordination current

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Arrester TOV Capability

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Arrester Energy Handling Capability
Provided by manufacturers as a data sheet item;
- kJ/kV (of arrester MCOV)
- kJ/kV (of arrester rating)
Arrester Energy = (V*I)* (duration of transient)
• How fast the transient gets damped out will
determine (mainly) the energy dissipation of
arrester

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Bus number PSCAD (MW) PSSE (MW)
19001-19008 625 686
19001-19009 399 379
19001-19012 324 325
19001-19024 103 121
19001-19062 757 837
19001-
18073&18003
434 436
19012-18088 647 650
19024-19008 405 409
19024-19061 210 203
19024-11924 237 238
Load Bus PSCAD (kA) PSSE (kA)
19001 47.7 46.9
19012 33.4 33.2
19024 48.0 46.9
Comparison with Field Data
Fault Level
Model Validation
Active Power Flow

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Simulation setup
• Point on wave impact - 100 points over a cycle
• Trapped charge on lines
• Network topology (credible scenarios)
Study Considerations - SOV
Station X Station Y
Circuit A
Circuit B

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-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.01 0.02
Voltage
(pu)
Time (seconds)
t1 t2 tx
Point on Wave impact
• Switching at different points over a 60 Hz cycle
 100 points over a cycle 100 simulations
 Breaker Pole Pre-Strike

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Multiple
Run
Ch. 1
Ch. 2
Ch. 3
V1
Ch. 4
Meas-Enab
.
.
.
Point on Wave impact
• Switching at 100 different points over a 60 Hz cycle
o Multiple Run component
o Multiple Run additional recording
Multiple
Run
Addtional
Recording
Meas-Enab
.

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Simulation of trapped charge on
transmission line
• Line reactor out of service
Simulation of trapped charge on
transmission line
• Line reactor in service
Trapped Charge

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Credible Scenarios
• 10 -20 different scenarios for each line
- 100 point on wave simulations for each scenario
Ex. 1) Reactors in service
2) Reactors out of service
3) Circuit B in service
4) Circuit B out of service
Station X Station Y
Circuit A
Circuit B

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Voltage
Surge Arrester
Energy
SOV Results

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Line switching results
• E.g. Double circuit line
o Circuit A energized from one end
o Monitor voltages at two ends and at points along the line
Closing Time E_19011 E_31227 E_A1 E_A2 E_B1 E_B2
Minimum: 0.4 441.6869422 328.437343 441.687283 648.5288508 41.0001304 53.75910884
Maximum: 0.4166 486.3028315 333.013673 486.303169 667.127313 78.50546719 84.10483459
Mean: 0.4083 469.2023583 330.033559 469.202736 656.3111978 64.56812464 73.44458982
Std Dev: 4.86E-03 12.5280621 1.01570766 12.5280421 5.347866178 12.1054595 8.943241286
2% Level: 0.398310918 443.472864 327.94755 443.473283 645.3280233 39.70655001 55.0774175
98% Level: 0.418289082 494.9318526 332.119567 494.932189 667.2943723 89.42969926 91.81176214
Voltage in kV
SOV Results - Statistical Summary

TOV - Harmonic Resonance following Transformer
Energizing

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• Ferranti effect (Open end line voltage)
• Single line to ground faults
• Load rejection
• Parallel line resonance
Study Considerations - TOV

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Transformer energizing
TOV – Transformer Energizing

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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200
Impedance
(ohm)
Frequency (Hz)
Network Impedance
Z+ impedance
3615 ohm
• Transformer inrush/magnetizing current - contains low order harmonics
• Network frequency scan – Parallel resonant points of network
TOV – Transformer Energizing
RL
RRL
RL RRL
RL RRL
H
V
A
V
A
1e6
120
H
Station A Station B
E1
E2
TL_115KV
TL_01_60KM TL_04_40KM
TL_02_110KM
TL_03_180KM
TL_05_210KM
Double circuit
60 km
Double circuit
110 km
Single circuit
290 km
1e6

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Induced voltage on an open transmission line
• Induced voltage on a de-energized line due to coupling between an energized
parallel line on the same right of way
• De-energized line may be connected/ not connected to line reactors
Station X Station Y
Circuit A
Circuit B
TOV – Induced Voltage (on a de-energized line)

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Induced voltage in transmission line
• Induced voltage on a de-energized line due to coupling between an energized
parallel line on the same right of way
• De-energized line is connected to line reactors
• Induced voltage due to coupled resonance can be above 1 pu
Station X Station Y
Circuit A
Circuit B
TOV – Coupled Line Resonance

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Open line resonance
• Transmission line with line reactors
• Resonance results when line is tripped from
both ends with reactors connected
• Reactor/current transformer over fluxing
issues
• Avoid this condition through proper
operational practices.
• Low frequency oscillations
Station X Station Y
Circuit A
Circuit B
TOV – Open Line Resonance

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Without NGR With properly sized NGR
Breaker Stuck Pole Conditions

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PSCAD Examples
o Voltage dips
o Sympathetic inrush conditions
o Harmonic resonance conditions
• Transmission line energizing
o Impact of POW
o Trapped charge
o Line reactors
• Coupled line resonance conditions (over fluxing concerns)
o Induced voltage
o Open line resonance
• Cable energizing
o Current zero miss condition
• Capacitor switching

Switching Over Voltages (SOV)_Temporary Over Voltage (TOV).pdf

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