Technology infrastructure1
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This document summarizes key aspects of internet infrastructure and protocols. It discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 due to limited IPv4 addressing. It also outlines domain name systems and the role of ICANN in managing top-level domains. Further, it describes web protocols like HTTP and email protocols like SMTP that enable communication and transmission of data across the internet. It also introduces markup languages like HTML, XML and their roles in web development.
Technology infrastructure1
- 1. Electronic Commerce(9th edition) Gary P. Shneider Chapter 2 TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE: THE INTERNET AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB Vajiheh Zoghiyan Nov. 2013
- 2. VAJIHEH ZOGHIYAN Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 2
- 3. After IPV4 IPV6 • Why? Limited addressing capacity of IPV4 • Preferences? IPV6 uses a 128-bit number for addresses instead IPV4 uses a 32-bit number Available addresses in IPV6 is 2^128 addresses while in IPV4 is 2^32 addresses!!! • Differences? Eliminate unnecessary fields and adds security fields and other optional information Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 3
- 4. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 4
- 5. Notation System • • • • • Uses 8 groups of 16 bits (8*16=128) Each group is expressed as four hexadecimal digits The groups are separated by colons(:) Uses 16 characters:1,2,…,9,a,b,…,f An example: CD18:0000:0000:AF23:0000:FF9E:61B2:884D Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 5
- 6. Domain Names(such as www.bernardo.com) •Specifying each IP address to a domain name which is easier to use Example: CD18:0000:0000:AF23:0000:FF9E:61B2:884D relates to www.bernardo.com •For many years, these domains have included a group of generic domains such as .edu, .com, .org Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 6
- 7. World Wide Web TLD : Top Level Domain www.sandiego.com The institution : University of San Diego Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 7
- 8. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN) • Since 1998, it has the responsibility of managing domain names and coordinating them with the IP address registers. • Also responsible for setting standards for router computers • Because of taking over these responsibilities, ICANN has added a number of new TLDs. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 8
- 9. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 9
- 10. TLD Use .com U.S. commercial .edu 4-year educational institution .gov U.S. federal government .mil U.S. military .net U.S. general use .org U.S. not-for-profit organization .us U.S. general use .asia Companies , individuals, and organizations based in Asian-Pacific regions .biz Businesses .info General use .name Individual persons .pro Licensed professionals (such as accountants, lawyers, physicians) .au Australia .ca Canada .de Germany .fi Finland .fr France Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 10
- 11. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 11
- 12. Increasing TLDs • Some people think ICANN violated the democratic principles on which the organization was founded. • More difficulties for companies to protect their corporate and product brand names(more on chapter 7). Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 12
- 13. Convergence Center Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 13
- 14. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 14
- 15. Web Page Request and Delivery Protocols (client/server architecture) Web Browser such as Mozilla, Chrome,IE, Safari & etc. Web Client Computer Web Server Software Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan Web Server 15
- 16. HTTP • The set of rules for delivering Web page files over the Internet is in a protocol called the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which was developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. • The combination of the protocol name and the domain name is called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). http://www.yahoo.com Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan URL 16
- 17. Web browser address bar Yahoo! Web server computer Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 17
- 18. Electronic Mail Protocols (client/server structure) Email Service: Gmail or hot mail or yahoo mail Email server software and uses several email client software like: microsoft outlook, mozilla thundrebird, pegasus mail Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan Email Server 18
- 19. SMTP,POP coordinating Gmail Hotmail • Protocol: rules for computer data transmission • SMTP(simple mail transfer protocol): specifies the format of a mail message, how mail administered on the server and transmitted on the internet. • POP(post office protocol): tell the email server to send mail or ask if it has received. • MIME(multipurpose internet mail extensions): sending spreadsheets, sounds or photo clips. • IMAP(interactive mail access protocol):the same basic function as POP but send only selected email messages. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 19
- 20. Spam/Bulk/UCE(Unsolicited Commercial Email) i. major problem for companies, ii. consuming bandwidth on company networks iii. consuming space on e-mail servers iv. distracts employees to do their job v. their content can be offensive vi. a hostile work environment vii. Costs businesses more than $40 billion per year in lost productivity ( more on chapter 8) Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 20
- 21. MARKUP LANGUAGES AND THE WEB SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language 1st standards established in 1996 HTML XML Hypertext Markup Language Extensible Markup Language 1st standards established in 1991 1st standards established in 1998 XHTML Extensible Hypertext Markup Language 1st standards established in 2000 Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 21
- 22. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) • A not-for-profit group that maintains standards for the Web, • Since the 1960s, publishers have used markup languages to create documents that can be: 1.formatted once, 2.stored electronically, 3.printed many times in various layouts. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 22
- 23. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 23
- 24. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) • Standardized first GML created by W3C and named it SGML. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 24
- 25. Strengths and Weaknesses of SGML Tags Nonproprietary Platform independent Offers user-defined tags X X X X Not well suited to certain tasks Costly to set up and maintain Expensive software tools Hard to learn Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 25
- 26. HTML • Can create relationships among text elements within one document or among several documents. • The text elements that are related to each other are called hypertext elements. • After HTML 4.0 was finalized in 1999, Browser developers worked on adding new features to their software. • In 2007, three browser developers (Apple, Opera, and the Mozilla Foundation) began working on an updated version of HTML that would include features such as audio and video within the markup language itself. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 26
- 27. A part of HTML <strong>A Review of the Book <em>HTML Is Fun!</em></strong> It would be shown like this: A Review of the Book HTML Is Fun! Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 27
- 28. HTML Links Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 28
- 29. Hyper Link • Web sites can use links to direct customers to pages on the company’s Web server. • The way links lead customers through pages can affect the usefulness of the site and can play a major role in shaping customers’ impressions of the company. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 29
- 30. Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 30 Hierarchical Structure Linear Structure
- 31. Hybrid Structure Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 31
- 32. Why XML after HTML? Companies began to E-Commerce, so… Present large amounts of data Large lists of inventory items Great lists of sales invoices Lots of purchase orders Other business data Keep these lists updated Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 32
- 33. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Gathered by: Vajiheh Zoghiyan 33