Terahertz Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for detection of Plastic Explosive SEMTEX
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This document describes the design and simulation of a terahertz microstrip patch antenna for detecting the plastic explosive SEMTEX. The antenna is designed using FR4 as the substrate material with a thickness of 1.62 μm and dielectric constant of 4.4. Copper is used for the radiating patch and ground plane. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio is used to simulate the antenna. The results show the antenna resonates at 4.32 THz with a return loss of -52.10 dB, gain of 5.88 dB, directivity of 5.75 dBi, and input impedance of 49.15 Ω, making it suitable for detecting SEMTEX.
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | March -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1214
Terahertz Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for detection of Plastic
Explosive SEMTEX
Payal Kalra1, Prince2, Ekambir Sidhu3
1Department of Computer Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
3Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract – Terahertz frequency regime has gained high
attention because of high potential for numerous number of
applications. The proposedpaperdemonstratesthedesignand
analysis of terahertz microstrip patchantennafor detectionof
plastic explosive SEMTEX by deploying Fr4 material as
substrate of thickness 1.62 µm with dielectric constant of 4.4
whereas the radiating patch and ground plane aremade upof
copper material having high conductivity and low resistivity.
The reduced ground plane has been used in order to acquire
the desired resonant frequency. For thedesigningandanalysis
of the proposed antenna Computer Simulation Technology
(CST) Microwave Studio 2016 has been deployed. It has been
observed that the proposed antenna has an input impedance
of 49.15 Ω which resonates at 4.32 THz frequency with return
loss of -52.10 dB and with a gain of 5.88 dB and directivity of
5.75 dBi which makes it highly suitable for detection of plastic
explosive SEMTEX.
Key Words: SEMTEX, Plastic explosive, Gain, Directivity,
Input impedance.
1.INTRODUCTION
The part of electromagnetic spectrum present between
classical microwave and the infrared region is known as
terahertz frequency band (0.1THz- 10THz), it is gaining
popularity and becomingtechnologicallymorepertinentdue
to large number of applications which can be potentially
supported by it i.e. sensing, imaging, medicines etc. [1][2].
Developments are going on so as to generate and detect
terahertz radiation so as to use terahertz frequency
spectrum for detecting the presence of unobtrusive
materials [3]. They can easily penetrate through substances
like paper, plastic etc. because the terahertz radiation is
transparent in many dielectrics and has low photon energy
due to which terahertz radiations are mainly used for
detection purposes [4]. However, theyarelikelightwavesas
they can be easily manipulated with the
help of lenses and mirrors [5]. In the past few decades the
development of THz sources and detectors had played a
crucial role [6] in advancement of terahertz technology and
for bringing it to the limelight of the technical world.
In the past few decades an increase in research for explosive
detection has taken place. Researchers are trying to develop
more analytical techniques to enable faster, more sensitive
and simpler determination pathways so as to trace or
identify explosive substances [7]. They are detected on the
bases of their spectral signature as many solid-state
explosives exhibitdifferentabsorptioncharacteristicsin THz
frequency. These spectral signatures are the result of
intramolecular and intermolecular vibrational modes of the
materials [8]. Basically we make use of THz-TDS (Terahertz
time domain system) [9] and terahertz microstrip patch
antenna for the various applications like standoff detection
of explosives [10], medical imaging [11] etc. Terahertz time
domain spectroscopy technique is way to generate and
detect terahertz efficiently which emerged as the main
spectroscopic modality with morecompactnessandstability
[12] whereas Terahertz microstrip patch antennas has built
up an easy pathway for detection and determinationofillicit
drugs, explosives etc. moreovertheirsmall size,light-weight,
reliability, high-efficiency makes them suitable for
employability [13]. Due to this reason in the proposedpaper
a Terahertz microstrip patch antenna has been designed for
the detection of plastic explosive SEMTEX [14] which is
considered as one of the strongest explosives in world. It is
so much powerful that 250 mg of SEMTEX has capability to
destroy a commercial airplane. It is easy to obtain but
difficult to detect because of its stable nature [15]. It is very
similar to plastic explosive named as C-4 but it is very stable
at higher temperature ranges also plus it is waterproof in
nature [16]. The proposed system has the capability to
detect such a strong explosive at resonant frequency of 4.32
THz.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v4i3289-171222104257/85/Terahertz-Microstrip-Patch-Antenna-Design-for-detection-of-Plastic-Explosive-SEMTEX-1-320.jpg)
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | March -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1217
the desired results and to make antenna suitable for
detecting the plastic explosive SEMTEX at resonant
frequency of 4.32 THz.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude towards our Prof.
Ekambir Sidhu, Assistant Professor, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi
University, Patiala for his guidance and supervision for the
successful completion of this research work.
REFERENCES
[1] L. G. Santesteban, I. Palacios, C. Miranda,J.C.Iriarte, J.
B. Royo, and R. Gonzalo, “Terahertz time domain
spectroscopy allows contactless monitoring of
grapevine water status.,” Front. Plant Sci., vol. 6, no.
June, p. 404, 2015.
[2] S. Balci et al., “Independent component analysis
applications on THz sensing and imaging,” SPIE
Commer. + Sci. Sens. Imaging, vol. 9854, p. 98540K,
2016.
[3] E. I. T. Mohammad Hassan Arbab, Dale P.
Winebrenner, Antao Chen, “Terahertz spectroscopy
of rough surface targets,” 2012.
[4] X. I. S. Hi, J. I. Q. In, and Z. H. H. An, “Enhanced
terahertz sensing with a coupledcomb-shapedspoof
surface plasmon waveguide,” vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 146–
151, 2017.
[5] M. Kato, S. R. Tripathi, K. Murate, K. Imayama, and K.
Kawase, “Non-destructive drug inspection in
covering materialsusinga terahertzspectral imaging
system with injection-seeded terahertz parametric
generation and detection,” Opt. Express,vol.24,no.6,
p. 6425, 2016.
[6] M. Petev et al., “Phase-Insensitive Scattering of
Terahertz Radiation,” Photonics, vol. 4, no.1,p.7,Jan.
2017.
[7] S. Mahesh, K. R. A, E. K. M, and V. Harish, “A Review
on Explosive Detection Methods for Security
Enhancement of Home security systems .,” vol. 1, no.
1, pp. 35–42, 2015.
[8] J. Liu, W.-H. Fan, X. Chen, and J. Xie, “Identification of
high explosive RDX using terahertz imaging and
spectral fingerprints,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser, vol. 680, p.
12030, 2016.
[9] M. Bojan, V. Damian, C. Fleaca, and T. Vasile,
“Terahertzspectroscopicinvestigationsofhazardous
substances,” vol. 10010, p. 1001010, 2016.
[10] F. F. Sizov, “Detection of IR and sub/THz radiation
using MCT thin layer structures: design of the chip,
optical elements and antenna pattern,” Semicond.
Phys. Quantum Electron. Optoelectron., vol. 19, no. 2,
pp. 149–155, 2016.
[11] W. Zouaghi et al., “Real-time detection of the THz
pulses from a THz OPO using AlGaN/GaN TeraFETs,”
in 2016 41st International Conference on Infrared,
Millimeter, andTerahertzwaves(IRMMW-THz),2016,
pp. 1–1.
[12] W. Withayachumnankul and M. Naftaly,
“Fundamentals of measurement in terahertz time-
domain spectroscopy,” J. Infrared, Millimeter,
Terahertz Waves, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 610–637, 2014.
[13] A. Sharma and G. Singh, “Rectangular Microstirp
Patch Antenna Design at THz Frequency for Short
Distance Wireless Communication Systems,” Int. J.
Infrared Millimeter Waves, pp. 1–7, 2008.
[14] W. H. Fan, A. Burnett, P. C. Upadhya, J. Cunningham,
E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, “Far-infrared
spectroscopic characterization of explosives for
security applications using broadband terahertz
time-domain spectroscopy,” Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 61,
no. 6, pp. 638–643, 2007.
[15] “The Most Powerful Non-nuclear Explosives in the
World.” [Online]. Available:
http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Most-
Powerful-Non-nuclear-Explosives-in-the-World-
58104.shtml.
[16] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semtex](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v4i3289-171222104257/85/Terahertz-Microstrip-Patch-Antenna-Design-for-detection-of-Plastic-Explosive-SEMTEX-4-320.jpg)
Terahertz Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for detection of Plastic Explosive SEMTEX
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | March -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1214 Terahertz Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for detection of Plastic Explosive SEMTEX Payal Kalra1, Prince2, Ekambir Sidhu3 1Department of Computer Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India 2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India 3Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract – Terahertz frequency regime has gained high attention because of high potential for numerous number of applications. The proposedpaperdemonstratesthedesignand analysis of terahertz microstrip patchantennafor detectionof plastic explosive SEMTEX by deploying Fr4 material as substrate of thickness 1.62 µm with dielectric constant of 4.4 whereas the radiating patch and ground plane aremade upof copper material having high conductivity and low resistivity. The reduced ground plane has been used in order to acquire the desired resonant frequency. For thedesigningandanalysis of the proposed antenna Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio 2016 has been deployed. It has been observed that the proposed antenna has an input impedance of 49.15 Ω which resonates at 4.32 THz frequency with return loss of -52.10 dB and with a gain of 5.88 dB and directivity of 5.75 dBi which makes it highly suitable for detection of plastic explosive SEMTEX. Key Words: SEMTEX, Plastic explosive, Gain, Directivity, Input impedance. 1.INTRODUCTION The part of electromagnetic spectrum present between classical microwave and the infrared region is known as terahertz frequency band (0.1THz- 10THz), it is gaining popularity and becomingtechnologicallymorepertinentdue to large number of applications which can be potentially supported by it i.e. sensing, imaging, medicines etc. [1][2]. Developments are going on so as to generate and detect terahertz radiation so as to use terahertz frequency spectrum for detecting the presence of unobtrusive materials [3]. They can easily penetrate through substances like paper, plastic etc. because the terahertz radiation is transparent in many dielectrics and has low photon energy due to which terahertz radiations are mainly used for detection purposes [4]. However, theyarelikelightwavesas they can be easily manipulated with the help of lenses and mirrors [5]. In the past few decades the development of THz sources and detectors had played a crucial role [6] in advancement of terahertz technology and for bringing it to the limelight of the technical world. In the past few decades an increase in research for explosive detection has taken place. Researchers are trying to develop more analytical techniques to enable faster, more sensitive and simpler determination pathways so as to trace or identify explosive substances [7]. They are detected on the bases of their spectral signature as many solid-state explosives exhibitdifferentabsorptioncharacteristicsin THz frequency. These spectral signatures are the result of intramolecular and intermolecular vibrational modes of the materials [8]. Basically we make use of THz-TDS (Terahertz time domain system) [9] and terahertz microstrip patch antenna for the various applications like standoff detection of explosives [10], medical imaging [11] etc. Terahertz time domain spectroscopy technique is way to generate and detect terahertz efficiently which emerged as the main spectroscopic modality with morecompactnessandstability [12] whereas Terahertz microstrip patch antennas has built up an easy pathway for detection and determinationofillicit drugs, explosives etc. moreovertheirsmall size,light-weight, reliability, high-efficiency makes them suitable for employability [13]. Due to this reason in the proposedpaper a Terahertz microstrip patch antenna has been designed for the detection of plastic explosive SEMTEX [14] which is considered as one of the strongest explosives in world. It is so much powerful that 250 mg of SEMTEX has capability to destroy a commercial airplane. It is easy to obtain but difficult to detect because of its stable nature [15]. It is very similar to plastic explosive named as C-4 but it is very stable at higher temperature ranges also plus it is waterproof in nature [16]. The proposed system has the capability to detect such a strong explosive at resonant frequency of 4.32 THz.
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | March -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1215 The proposed paper comprises of four section as described below: Section II consists of antenna geometry and antenna dimensions of the top view, bottom viewandsideviewofthe proposed antenna design. Further section III consists of simulated results based upon various antenna parameters and Section IV concludes the proposed technique and observations formulated through it which shows that the proposed paper is suitable for detection of plastic explosive SEMTEX. 2. Antenna Geometry Designingand simulationoftheproposedantennadesignhas been done using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio 2014. In the proposed antenna design Flame Retardant (Fr4) material has been used as substrate having thickness of 1.62 µm with dielectric constant of 4.4. Both patch and ground plane are made up of conducting material copper of thickness 0.02 µm. Reduced ground plane has been used so as to acquire the desired resonant frequency and to improve other antenna parameters like S-parameter, gain, directivity etc. The proposed antenna has an input impedance of 49.15Ωsoasto match the impedance of coaxial cable in order to have minimum reflections and maximum power transfer. Fig. 1 shows the top view of the proposed antenna along with its dimensions whereas the fig. 2 shows the bottom view of the proposed antenna along with its dimensions. 3. Simulated Results and Observations To analyze the antenna on the basis of various antenna parameters Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio 2014 has been deployed. It is used because of its user friendly environment and more accurate calculations. The antenna analysis has been done on the basis of gain (dB), directivity (dBi), S-parameter (dB), impedance(ohms) and HPBW (degrees). The proposed antenna resonates at 4.32 THz with a return loss of -52.10 dB having gain of 5.88 dB and directivity 5.55 dBi. It has an input impedance of 49.15 Ω in order to have minimumreflectionsandtotransfer maximum power to the antenna and HPBW of the proposed antenna is 91.3 degrees. The reduced ground planehasbeen used in order to improve the return loss plotoftheproposed antenna and other antenna parameters. Fig.3representsthe return loss of the proposed antenna atresonantfrequencyof 4.32 THz, fig. 4 represents the gain of the proposed antenna, fig. 5 represents the directivity of the proposed antenna, fig. 6 represents the smith chart plot of the proposed antenna and fig. 7 represents the HPBW of the proposed antenna. The table I shows the simulated results. Fig-1: Top view of the proposed antenna Fig-2: Bottom view of the proposed antenna Fig-3: Return loss plot of the proposed antenna
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | March -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1216 Table-1: 4. CONCLUSION The proposed paper focuses on designing and analyzing of a terahertz microstrip patch antenna for detection of plastic explosive SEMTEX by employing Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio 2016. The proposed antenna resonates at 4.32 THz which act as the peak absorption frequency of theplasticexplosiveSEMTEX.It acts as its unique spectral signature over which the SEMTEX can be detected. In the proposed antenna design Fr4 material has been deployed as substrate with thickness of 1.62 µm and with dielectric constant of 4.4 whereas the radiating patch and ground plane are made up of copper of thickness 0.02 µm. The substrate is sandwiched between the patch and the reduced ground plane. The reduced ground plane has been used in order to improve the return loss plot and other antenna parameters like gain, directivity etc.Soastoacquire Fig- 4: Gain of the proposed antenna Fig- 5: Directivity of the proposed antenna Fig- 6: Smith chart of the proposed antenna Fig- 7: HPBW of the proposed antenna S.no. Parameter Value 1. Return loss -36.40 dB 2. Impedance 50.77 Ω 3. Gain 5.69 dB 4. Directivity 4.56 dBi 5. Bandwidth 0.15 THz 6. Half Power Beamwidth 83.5 deg
- 4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | March -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1217 the desired results and to make antenna suitable for detecting the plastic explosive SEMTEX at resonant frequency of 4.32 THz. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our gratitude towards our Prof. Ekambir Sidhu, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala for his guidance and supervision for the successful completion of this research work. REFERENCES [1] L. G. Santesteban, I. Palacios, C. Miranda,J.C.Iriarte, J. B. Royo, and R. Gonzalo, “Terahertz time domain spectroscopy allows contactless monitoring of grapevine water status.,” Front. Plant Sci., vol. 6, no. June, p. 404, 2015. [2] S. Balci et al., “Independent component analysis applications on THz sensing and imaging,” SPIE Commer. + Sci. Sens. Imaging, vol. 9854, p. 98540K, 2016. [3] E. I. T. Mohammad Hassan Arbab, Dale P. Winebrenner, Antao Chen, “Terahertz spectroscopy of rough surface targets,” 2012. [4] X. I. S. Hi, J. I. Q. In, and Z. H. H. An, “Enhanced terahertz sensing with a coupledcomb-shapedspoof surface plasmon waveguide,” vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 146– 151, 2017. [5] M. Kato, S. R. Tripathi, K. Murate, K. Imayama, and K. Kawase, “Non-destructive drug inspection in covering materialsusinga terahertzspectral imaging system with injection-seeded terahertz parametric generation and detection,” Opt. Express,vol.24,no.6, p. 6425, 2016. [6] M. Petev et al., “Phase-Insensitive Scattering of Terahertz Radiation,” Photonics, vol. 4, no.1,p.7,Jan. 2017. [7] S. Mahesh, K. R. A, E. K. M, and V. Harish, “A Review on Explosive Detection Methods for Security Enhancement of Home security systems .,” vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 35–42, 2015. [8] J. Liu, W.-H. Fan, X. Chen, and J. Xie, “Identification of high explosive RDX using terahertz imaging and spectral fingerprints,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser, vol. 680, p. 12030, 2016. [9] M. Bojan, V. Damian, C. Fleaca, and T. Vasile, “Terahertzspectroscopicinvestigationsofhazardous substances,” vol. 10010, p. 1001010, 2016. [10] F. F. Sizov, “Detection of IR and sub/THz radiation using MCT thin layer structures: design of the chip, optical elements and antenna pattern,” Semicond. Phys. Quantum Electron. Optoelectron., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 149–155, 2016. [11] W. Zouaghi et al., “Real-time detection of the THz pulses from a THz OPO using AlGaN/GaN TeraFETs,” in 2016 41st International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, andTerahertzwaves(IRMMW-THz),2016, pp. 1–1. [12] W. Withayachumnankul and M. Naftaly, “Fundamentals of measurement in terahertz time- domain spectroscopy,” J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 610–637, 2014. [13] A. Sharma and G. Singh, “Rectangular Microstirp Patch Antenna Design at THz Frequency for Short Distance Wireless Communication Systems,” Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves, pp. 1–7, 2008. [14] W. H. Fan, A. Burnett, P. C. Upadhya, J. Cunningham, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, “Far-infrared spectroscopic characterization of explosives for security applications using broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy,” Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 638–643, 2007. [15] “The Most Powerful Non-nuclear Explosives in the World.” [Online]. Available: http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Most- Powerful-Non-nuclear-Explosives-in-the-World- 58104.shtml. [16] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semtex