TES# Chapter 3 ii
- 1. Chapter- 3 BRIEF HISTORY OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION Group Members: Amrendra (072BCE022) Amrit Raj (072BCE023) Anish (072BCE024) Anish (072BCE025) Anisha (072BCE026) Anisha (072BCE027) Asmita (072BCE028) TUTOR: ASST. PROF. SHUKRA RAJ PAUDEL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IOE, TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
- 2. 2 2
- 3. Brief History of Human Civilization Contents 1. Early Civilization 2. Great Renaissance of Europe 3. Early part of Industrial Revolution 4. Transformation of Industrial Society into Information Society 5. Impact of World War 1 and 2, Population Explosion 6. Rise of Environmental Issues 7. Climate change as a threat to Human Civilization 3
- 5. Stone Age Believed to be started 2.6 million year ago in Africa Tools used were stone, animal bone horns and wood Nomadic culture prevails They also started to carve symbol and sign on cave wall Ended about 3000 BC Source:www.shutterstock.com Source:cbse.eduvictors.com 5
- 6. Bronze Age Source : www.ancientcraft.co.uk Started around 3000 BC first metal discovered : coper Later only bronze (mixture of copper and tin) was discovered They knew to mould vessels and weapons bronze were either intentional mixture or accidental unknown uses is not clear Well organised Agriculture and domestication of animals Prominent place were Mesopotamia and ancient Greek Source: www.st-austins.co.uk6
- 7. Bronze age (cont. … ) World first empire is supposed to emerge with bronze Idea of state and kingdom along with trade and warfare In the Indian sub continent Indus valley or Harappa civilization (modern Pakistan) also developed around 2600 BC Harappa civilization differ from other bronze age civilization in view of having no kings or palaces but were rich in art commerce and religion Mohenjo Daron ;located west of Sindh(Pakistan) Mohenjo Daron was most organised and advanced city ( drainage, water bath, terracotta) Script of this times is still not decoded It ended around 1200 BC when human began to forge iron : rise of iron age Source: study.com The great bath of Mohenjo Daron 7
- 8. Iron age source : www.bbc.co.uk Expected to be started with discovery of iron Though iron melting furnace were not used, they heavily used iron by just softening by heating and moulding with hammer. Existed from end of bronze age to 500 AD Born of Muhammad prophet (570 BC) Buddha (550 BC ) , Jesus Christ, emperor Ashoka, Aristotle, Plato, Socrates Archimedes, Pythagoras existed in this age In this age concept of empire, wealth, trade and warfare reached peak Before Alexander death, he concurred every thing from Egypt to Indus river Alexander the great Egyptian coin 3rd century BCE (study.com)8
- 9. Iron age ( cont. …) Roman civilization also happened Spreading of Mongolian’s all over globe In the Indian subcontinent this time is known to be Vedic period, as Hinduism were on top. The oldest, written in the ancient script of Vedic Sanskrit, was likely created around 1200 BCE. Peoples in Indian sub continent were more organised in the sense of culture, social, politics, economic and government. People in Indian sub continent were more spiritual oriented in this time Romans and china (great wall of china) were the prosperous one Slavery system was started source : sites.google.com Ancient Egyptian sundial. Daytime divided into 12 parts.9
- 10. Facts about region in Nepal Emperor Ashoka visited Buddha birth place around 249 BC Whether Ashokan built the pillar himself or the people of Lumbini built it for him after he left is still unknown German archaeologist found the Ashoka pillar in 1895. In 2016 the Ashokan Pillar was digitally preserved by the Digital Archaeology Foundation along with other monuments in the area. 10
- 11. Middle age Existed between 500 AD to 1450 AD Rise of Islam around 600 AD Arabian empire were powerful Islamic invasion occurred more in Indian subcontinent than Europe Baber and Akbar conquest India Introduction of Persian culture in India Jengis khan conquest china Asia and Europe trade via Mongolia silk road Source: Wikipedia (Baber 1483-1530) Akbar (1542-1605) 11
- 12. Middle Age(cont..) Source: WikipediaSource: slideplayer.com 12
- 13. Towards the Modern world In between 1450 to 1660 AD In 1492 Columbus discovered America Vasco da gamma discovered India in 1497 Era of classical arts : Leonardo da Vinci(Mona Lisa) Galileo(Earth was round ; Telescope), Newton(laws of motion ) lived in this era Great advancement in mechanical revolution Clocks and microscope were invented source :www.thoughtco.com Robert Hooke microscope 1665 discoverysciencenews.blogspot .com Pendulum clock First clock machine Source:wikipedia 13
- 14. Human Learning Tools Summary: Source: above mentioned sites 14
- 15. 3.2 GREAT RENAISSANCE OF EUROPE Fig: View of Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/ 15
- 16. RENAISSANCE – MEANS “REBIRTH” IN FRENCH. THIS WAS A TIME PERIOD FOLLOWING THE MIDDLE AGES THAT LASTED FROM THE 1400- 1700S. There was a renewed interest in learning about the achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Fig: Italy’s Geography Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/ 16
- 17. • Downfall of Roman Emperor. • Introduction of dictatorship. • The freedom of human beings have been controlled by the pope and the dictators. • There was on any freedom of speech as well as religion. • There was no good environment for the flourishment of the farmers,buisenessman and other middle class people. • This era is considered as the dark ages in human civilization. • Rise of Islam, fall of Kastuntuniya(modern turkey),Development of printing press,economic causes help for the renaissance movement. Background 17
- 18. 3.2.3 Development of Science • Printing press was invented Printing press by Johann Gutenberg from Germany •Nicolas Copernicus describes :Earth was not center of solar system •The rediscovery of ancient texts and the invention of printing democratized learning •Science and art were intermingled in the early Renaissance, with polymath artists such as Leonardo da Vinci making observational drawings of anatomy and nature. Fig a: Johan Gutenberg Fig b: Printing Press Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance 18
- 19. • Galileo Galilei built on Nicholas Copernicus knowledge using his own telescope proved that earth revolves round the sun •Galileo is a central figure in the transformation of the scientific Renaissance into a scientific revolution. •Galileo got sentence to House arrest for discovering Earth revolves around the sun Fig : Galileo Galilei Fig : Telescope by Galileo Contd. 19
- 20. 3.2.4 Development of Arts • David by Michelangelo (1501-1504) is one of the famous sculpture of this time. • The Sistine Chapel ceiling, painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. • Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci ‘s Mona Lisa was a great art which showed a genuine smile. Fig: The tomb of Michelangelo in the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance/File:Michelangelo 20
- 21. Fig : Sistine Chapel Fig : Mona LisaFig : David sculpture https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media 21
- 22. 3.2.5 Philosophy • A principle in humanism originated during renaissance. •It was possible due to introduction of printing started by Johann Gutenberg due to this there was the spread of learning to the masses. Before the invention of the printing press, knowledge belonged to priests, monasteries and universities. Suddenly, many thousands of people, could learn far more than they ever could before https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media 22
- 23. RENAISSANCE LITERATURE • William Shakespeare is probably the most famous Renaissance writer. • He is most famous for his plays, but also wrote poetry. • His writing shows a deep understanding of human nature and expressed the thoughts and feelings of his characters. • More people learned to read after the invention of the printing press. Ideas were shared with others in distant areas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media 23
- 24. NAVIGATION AND EXPLORATION • The introduction of latitude lines on maps made it easier for navigators to find their way. • Discovery of North America and South America. • New instruments allowed sailors to locate their positions. • New ships could carry enough food and water for longer voyages. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#/media 24
- 25. 3.3 Early Part of Industrial Revolution What is industrial revolution? • It is the increase in production brought about by the use of machines characterized by the use of new energy. • a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe became industrial and urban. • Started in England in the late 1700’s (1760- 1820/30) Source: https://wattsupwiththat.com/new-climate- reconstruction-study 25
- 26. Contd. • It began in England and later spread to France, Germany, Netherlands, Austro Hungary and other nation. • By 1800’s industrialization was limited even in England • By 1900’s it had transformed the whole world • Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. Fig: A loom Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ Revolution#/media 26
- 27. • Steam powered trains and ships connected different places. • Telegraph communications, a pillar of the Industrial Revolution would change communication for ever • Clocks became the technology of standardization. Created a universal time. • Portland Cement and the invention of concrete. Joseph Aspdin (1824). • The modern roads by John McAdam. revolutionized road construction forever. • modern electric battery was invented in 1800 (Volta). Mass production of the world's first battery began in 1802 by William Cruickshank. Contd. 27
- 28. Before the Industrial Revolution • Farming was the main occupation of majority of people (> 80% people of the world relied on farming) • All commodities were local, foreign goods were a rare luxury. • Production of goods was for ‘use’, rather than profit. • Life expectancy ~ 35 years • Travel and communication between far off places - non existent or extremely slowFig:Transformation of technology 28
- 29. A) What favored Industrial Revolution in England ? • Social Stability - peace followed the unification of England and Scotland. They enjoyed a strong rule of law and free market. • Population Growth - large no of workers of different skill level available. • Agricultural Surplus - due to new techniques in farming – the ‘ 2nd agricultural revolution’ of 17th century. • Coal – technically speaking, it is the main reason of the revolution. Burning coal to generate heat and smelt iron. More efficient than charcoal. Abundant in England. Steam Engine invented for the extraction of coal. • the long coastline – no region is far away from a sea port. This facilitated procurement of raw materials. • Resource in the form of colonies – cheap raw materials and ready markets. 29
- 30. Fig:The Iron Bridge, Shropshire, England, the world's first bridge constructed of iron Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media 30
- 31. B)Inventions that aided and sustained the revolution • Textile industry was the first to be affected by industrial rev. • It was completely mechanized by 1830s • John kay’s ‘flying shuttle’ – weaving industry • ‘spinning jenny’ – enabling the spinning of 100s of yarns together • The power loom • Precision Manufaturing (thanks to engineering) • Concept of interchangeable parts (machine revolution) and assembly line. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media 31
- 32. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/media Fig: Spinning Jenny Fig: Spinner 32
- 33. Steam Engine • First steam engine by Thomas Savery in the form of a steam pump to draw water from coal mines. Broke down often and dangerous too. • Newcomer developed a better version but applicable only to a much larger scale. So, the credit often given to Newcomen. • James watt’s came with a much better version of steam engine (1769) by introducing a condenser. Later he tweaked the design to convert heat energy into rotatory motion by introducing some mechanism. Later mass produced. • Steam Engine is a reminder that a revolutionary technology often isn’t one new invention but a process of existing ones. 33
- 34. Fig: Savery’s Steam Pump Fig: Newcomen’s Atmospheric Engine Fig: Watt Steam Engine Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/ 34
- 35. C) Impact of the Industrial Revolution Positive • Standardization of factory work methods and processes- massive production quantities • Improved communication and transportation • Roads, bridges, railway tracks and canal – transport + travel for common man • Urbanization – clean water, sewerage systems, public transport • No more hunger and famine – surplus food could be transported easily Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#/ 35
- 36. Negative Effects • Capitalism – philosophy of profit maximization. Country’s trade controlled by private ownership rather than government. • Exploitation of workers – long working hours ,no protective gear, hazardous and unhygienic working living conditions often led to epidemics like Cholera • Traditional weavers and workers were wiped out by machines • Child labor flourished because it was cheaper to employ children ( and also Contd. Source:http://foundations.uwgb.org/children -during-the-industrial-revolution/ Fig: Children During the Industrial Revolution 36
- 37. Contd. • Division between Social Classes. • Workers Exploited. Rich became richer and the poor poorer. Numerous riots against the capitalists. • Rapid Urbanization • Environmental Degradation accelerated in the name of progress and development. • CO2 produced during revolution (coal burning) is still contributing to global warming today. Source: https://ourworldindata.org/london-air- pollution 37
- 38. Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914) • Basically in America and Europe - aeroplane - electric motor - steam turbine - petrol car • Development of Recorded music , motion picture, analytical engine , telephone. • Production of steel (bessemer’s process) and iron Source: https://ourworldindata.org/industrial- revolution 38
- 39. 3.4 Transformation of Industrial Society Into Information Society 39
- 40. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY MASS PRODUCTIO N SUPPORTING LARGE POPULATION HIGH CAPACITY FOR DIVISION OF LABOUR THIS SOCIETY USE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR Source : pickitimage.com 40
- 41. 41
- 43. Changes from Information Society DIGITAL INFORMATION ,COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ECONOMY EDUCATION HEALTH WARFARE GOVERNMENT DEMOCRACY 43
- 44. Sequence of Industrial Society Into Information Society INFORMATION AGE LIBERATION OF COLONIZED COUNTRIES AFTER END OF WAR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION OF GLOBAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATION START OF GLOBAL IZATION 44
- 45. DATES ACHIVEMENTS 1950 DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY 1857 INFORMATION REVOLUTION AFTER SPUTNIK LAUNCHED BY RUSSIA 1961 HUMAN BEINGS IN SPACE 1964 COMMUNICATION IN SPACE 1969 HUMAN BEINGS IN MOON 1981 SPACE SHUTTLE 1976 SUPER COMPUTER 1989 LAPTOP COMPUTER Source : hekitimage.com 45
- 46. 3.5 World War I and II, Population Explosion and Baby Boom 46
- 47. 3.5.1 The First World War Source: U.S. government WWI posters Caption of World War I propaganda poster for enlistment in the US Army. “Buy War Savings Stamps", poster for World War I war savings stamps, 1918. 47
- 48. The First World War: • When? •War involving nearly all the nations of the world •1914-1918 What? 48
- 49. • Why? Long term causes: 1. Militarism 2. Alliance system 3. Imperialism 4. Nationalism Short term cause: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro- Hungarian Empire Fig.: Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths, June 28, 1914. The assassination was the spark that ignited the war. The First World War: 49
- 50. Fig.: Gavrilo Princip, Yugoslav Nationalist, murderer of Prince Ferdinanz Source: historywiz The First World War Contd.. 50
- 51. The First World War Contd.. • Who? •Germany •Austria-Hungary •Ottoman Empire •Bulgaria •Russia •France •Great Britain •Italy •Japan •United States (1917) Central Powers: Allies: Kaiser Wilhelm II, Mehmed V, Franz Joseph: The three emperors of the Central Powers in World War I 51
- 52. The First World War Contd.. • Where? Central Powers: Allied Powers: 52
- 53. What ended the war? The Treaty of Versailles • After the Central Powers were exhausted by the war, especially after the US began fighting, it sought an armistice (the end of fighting). • The Treaty of Versailles (ver-sigh) was signed between the Allied powers and Germany. • It took land away from Germany. • It dismantled Germany’s military. • It forced Germany to make reparations (payments) to the countries it harmed in the war. • This treaty so destroyed the German economy and the morale of the German people, that within 20 years, they would start another 53
- 54. Impact Of World War I Source: iwn.org.uk Source: alaforveterans 54
- 55. Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people Four empires broke up Self- determinati on became popular New nation- states were set up New boundaries created problems World economy damaged What was the world like after World War I? Changes to society 55
- 56. • Nearly 8 million soldiers killed. • Millions of young men wounded and permanently disabled by gas or exploding shells. • Many others suffered from post-war trauma. Millions of Dead, Wounded or homeless people Impact Of World War I Contd.. 56
- 57. Millions of Dead, Wounded or homeless people Contd. Casualty Figures from World War I 57,000 750,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,400,000 France Germany Russia Britain America Source: Marshall Cavendish Education Impact Of World War I Contd.. 57
- 58. Millions of Dead, Wounded or homeless people Contd. • Millions of displaced refugees who had lost almost everything. • Poor living conditions, lack of food and spread of disease. • Many more killed due to diseases. Impact Of World War I Contd.. 58
- 60. 60
- 61. Aftermath Of World War I: Consequences Political: • U. S. emerges as a world power because of the assumption of international responsibilities. • 3 major European dynasties are taken out of power: Romanovs--Russia, Hohenzollerns--Germany, Hapsburgs-- Austria-Hungary. • New states are created in central Europe, some containing several different nationalities, especially in Poland and Czechoslovakia. • The League of Nations is created to solve international problems and maintain world peace. Will be a failure. • Many nations turn to military dictatorships—primarily Russia, Italy, and Germany, to control their political problems. 61
- 62. Four empires broke up • Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Russia broke up into smaller countries. • Many ethnic groups set up their own nations. • Former colonies of German and Ottoman Empires administered by Allied Powers until they were ready for self-government. Aftermath Of World War I: Consequences Contd… 62
- 63. • 1917—Workers revolt against the Czar –Russian Empire was replaced and beginning of a socialist system under Vladimir Lenin. • Allied countries (Great Britain, France, Japan and the United States) send troops to support anti-communist forces, but communist forces eventually prevail. • The Russian Empire were toppled and replaced by social government a) Russian Revolution Fig: Vladimir Lenin Source: alphahistory 63
- 64. Contd. • 1922 --Lenin establishes the Soviet Union (USSR) • The Soviet Union benefited from Germany's loss, as one of the first terms of the armistice was the abrogation of the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk • The Russian concession in Tianjin was occupied by the Chinese in 1920; in 1924 the Soviet Union renounced its claims to the districtSource: gettyimage b) The Soviet Union 64
- 65. Contd. • On 28 June 1919 the Weimar Republic was forced, under threat of continued Allied advance, to sign the Treaty of Versailles • In 1921, Adolf Hitler took control of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party—better known as the Nazis. • He became chancellor of Germany in 1933 and eventually claimed the title Fuhrer (guide of Germany) and established himself as dictator over the Third Reich.Source: gettyimage c) Fascism in Germany Fig:Adolf Hitler 65
- 66. d) New Leaders Emerge • In Italy, a new fascist government emerged in 1922 under Benito Mussolini. • He rose to power using propaganda, brutality, and intimidation—promoting an ultra- nationalist Italy and himself as Il Duce (“the Leader”). • 1924—Lenin dies– Several leaders struggle for power including Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. • Eventually, Stalin seizes power and becomes a dictator over USSR— imposing a totalitarian state. Source: alphahistory Contd. Fig:Benito Mussolini Fig:Joseph Stalin 66
- 67. Self-determination Became Popular • Self-determination and self-government championed as a principle of peace. Austro-Hungarian Empire Czechoslov akia Hungary Self- determination Self- determination Aftermath Of World War I: Consequences Contd.. 67
- 68. New Nation-states Were Set Up Nationalism Yugoslo vakia Lithuani a Latvia Estonia Poland Hungary Many new countries were set up because of nationalism. Contd. 68
- 69. New Boundaries Created Problems • Although new nation-states were formed, ethnic groups did not get to form nations of ethnic uniformity. • Many ethnic minorities lived within the borders of newly-created states. • These new borders caused ethnic tension. Contd. 69
- 70. World Economy Damaged • World trade disrupted • Resources of great powers depleted. • Farms, factories and industrial areas destroyed no production. • Infrastructure destroyed lengthy restoration. • Massive unemployment. • Countries cash-strapped, saddled with huge debts. Aftermath Of World War I: Consequences Contd.. 70
- 71. Economic: • the total cost of the war: over $350 billion. How was this paid for??? • heavy taxes: causes lower standard of living for the European people. • international trade suffers: nations raise the tariffs on imports and exports. • Russia: communist seize power and introduce a new economic system. • economic collapses bring on the Great Depression of the late 1920’s and 1930’s. Aftermath Of World War I: Consequences Contd.. 71
- 72. Social: • almost 10 million soldiers were killed and over 20 million are wounded • millions of civilians died as a result of the hostilities, famine, and disease • the world was left with hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism. Aftermath Of World War I: Consequences Contd.. 72
- 73. Changes To Society • Divisions in society were heightened. The war brought to the fore differences between two opposing camps of society — pacifists and militarists. The horrors of war tilted some groups more towards pacifism. But other groups became even more fiercely inclined towards militarism. They felt this was the best way to protect their country against invasion and annexation. Contd. 73
- 74. • Disillusionment with existing system. • Segments of society lost faith in the existing system of government. • Looked for alternative social ideologies. • Communism emerged. Contd. Changes To Society 74
- 75. • Changes to the position of women. • Many males in the families were killed in the war. • Women’s responsibilities increased. • Women’s expectations about their role in society also changed equal rights, equal opportunities. Contd. Changes To Society 75
- 76. • Changes to the position of workers. • Working class given right to vote in recognition of its contributions to the war expansion of electorate. • Increasing support for government welfare programmes such as state-provided healthcare and education. • Greater expectation for equality with middle class and upper class. Contd. Changes To Society 76
- 77. Homeless people: There were numerous displaced refugees who had lost almost everything. What does this picture tell you about the impact of World War I? 77
- 78. Destroyed infrastructure: A lengthy restoration was required and the economy was damaged. 78
- 79. Changes to position of women in society: They expected equal rights, equal opportunities. 79
- 80. Unemployment: Many jobs were displaced by the war. Source: Marshall Cavendish Education 80
- 81. Weapons Of WWI New Technology + old tactics = horrible losses 81
- 82. Technology Of World War One • Machine Guns • Artillery • Grenades • Communications • Transportation • Tanks & Armor • Aircraft • Chemical Warfare • U-Boats • Convoy system • Barbed Wire All of these technologies had an impact on the strategy and tactics of the war. Some were used in a new way, others were used in response to other technologies or new tactics and strategies. 82
- 83. Trench knife Trench Shovel-Germans Gas Masks Source: Marshall Cavendish Education 83
- 84. German stick grenade WWI grenade Source: Marshall Cavendish Education 84
- 85. Barbed wire strung out over No Man’s Land slowed speed of the advance of the attacking troops At times electrified cable ran thru the mass of barbed wire-had to be cut first!! Source: Marshall Cavendish Education Technology Of World War One Contd.. 85
- 86. The Weapons Of WWI • Machine guns - worsened the stalemate; • Poison Gas – developed by the Germans. Caused blindness, choking, burns, and even death. Very unpredictable. Mustard Gas The most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war, it was almost odorless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks. The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning. One nurse, Vera Brittain, wrote: "I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning. Great mustard-coloured blisters, blind eyes, all sticky and stuck86
- 87. The Machine Gun Germans first to mass produce it– the British thought it was not “sporting” Source: militaryfactory 87
- 88. Poison Gas Chlorine Gas – 1915 Germans first used it Mustard Gas-sulfuric acid gas - yellow rags soaked in water or urine Gas Mask Source: culture24.org 88
- 89. The Weapons Of WWI Contd… • The Tank – introduced by the British • Could move across no-man’s land • Airplanes – 1st time in history they were used in combat. • Zeppelins – gas-filled balloons introduced by the Germans. 89
- 90. Tanks Fig.: British-first tanks Fig.: Early tank-Little Willie 1915 Fig.: French Tank Fig.: German Tank – lagged behind Allies in tank development Source: world-war-1-facts 90
- 91. Both sides used bolt action rifles for the infantry 91
- 94. League of Nations • Established in 1919 after World War I • It was the first international organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace • After some notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s • UN formed after the failure of League of Nations , after WWII Contd. Fig:Logo of League of Nations Source:https:imgure.imgress 94
- 95. Summary Of The WW1 World War I Major countries involved Causes Impact Political Economic Social Central Powers Allied Powers •Powerful countries. •Competition for colonies. •Arms and naval race. •Alliance system. •Strong nationalism. Technological95
- 96. Between the Two GREAT WARS • Construction and development were done throughout the world Invention of: Radar (1912), Talking film (1922), Helicopter (1924), Electronic TV (1927), Jet Engine (1937) 96
- 97. World War II 97
- 98. Principal Belligerents: • Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan • Allies: China Poland Great Britain France Soviet Union, from June 1941 United States, from December 1941 98
- 99. What Were The Four Main Causes Of WW2 ? Treat y of Vers aille s 1. Failure of the Treaty of Versailles Germany’s borders were changed, and its economy was bankrupted by reparations payments. 4. Appeasement and Isolationism: England and France were still recovering from WWI and unsuccessfully tried to use diplomacy to stop Hitler. Some countries, such as the United States, isolated themselves to try to avoid being drawn into other nations’ wars. 3. Nationalism: Extreme nationalism gave rise to Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany and caused 2. Economic Factors: All countries suffered the effects of the Great Depression, and people blamed their governments and sought change. Source: americafirst 99
- 100. When? 1939 Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war) Sept. 3 - Britain & France declare war on Germany Dec. 7 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the War 1941 May - Germans Surrender Sept. - Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Japanese Surrender 1945 1939-1945 US involvement 1941-1945 World War II Contd... 100
- 101. Major Leaders Of WWII Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Benito Mussolini Italy Source: 2worldwar2 101
- 102. Major Leaders Of WWII Contd… Hideki Tojo Japanese Prime Minister Winston Churchill British Prime Minister Source: 2worldwar2 102
- 103. Major Leaders Of WWII Contd… Franklin Delano Roosevelt US President Joseph Stalin Russian Leader Source: 2worldwar2 103
- 104. • Rise of Totalitarian Regimes In a Totalitarian country, individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation. The government controls every aspect of public and private life. Totalitarianis m Communist Dictatorship (USSR) Fascist Dictatorship (Germany, Italy) Military Dictatorship (Japan) Fascism: military government with based on racism & nationalism with strong support from the business community World War II Contd... 104
- 105. 105
- 106. What Jobs Did Women Perform The Military During WWII? • Women’s Army Corps (WAC) –women were barred from combat, but they were allowed to join the armed forces and take jobs to free men for combat. They worked as secretaries, drivers, nurses • WASPS-Women Air Force Service Pilots –ferried planes across the United States freeing up male pilots for combat • ***WWII opened up many opportunities for women in the military and in the workforce that had been off limits to them before the war. World War II Contd... 106
- 107. Fig.: Women Air Force Service Pilots World War II Contd... Source: mintpressnews 107
- 108. The Aftermath Of World War II • America was shocked and entered the war the very next day (Dec. 8th). • America, upon entering the war, rounded up Japanese into Internment Camps. • Germans and Italians also experienced severe mistreatment. • Jingoism: patriotism in the form of warlike, aggressive, ethnocentric behavior 108
- 109. The End Of World War II And Its Impact On World Affairs 109
- 110. End Of WWII: V-E Day V-E Day (Victory in Europe day) was May 7 and 8 1945. These are the two days that the unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers in Europe were accepted and signed. The War in Europe was officially over. Source: telegraph.co.uk 110
- 111. End Of WWII: Nuclear War • New technology will be used by the U.S.A. as a show of force to end the war with Japan in the Pacific. Fig.: Mushroom Cloud Fig.: Little Boy Atomic Fig.: Bombarded regions of Japan Source:history.com/news/world-war-ii-iconic-photos 111
- 112. End Of WWII: Nuclear War • In order to bring the war to an end quickly, President Harry S. Truman, decided that a show of extreme force would end the fighting. • On August 6, 1945, “Little Boy” was dropped on Hiroshima. • The U.S.A. then gave Japan an ultimatum, unconditional surrender by the Japanese or there would be a second nuclear attack. • On August 9, 1945, with Japan failing to surrender, a second nuclear bomb called “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki. • On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies. 112
- 113. End Of WWII: Hiroshima The ruins of Hiroshima smolder one day after the atomic bomb called “Little Boy” was dropped on August 6, 1945. 113
- 114. End Of WWII: Nagasaki The ruins of Nagasaki smolder one day after the atomic bomb called “Fat Man” was dropped on August 9, 1945. 114
- 115. End Of WWII: East & West Germany 115
- 116. The Holocaust was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a program of systematic state- sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany. Two-thirds of the population of nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust were killed. End Of WWII Contd… 116
- 117. Facts About The Holocaust 1. 6,000,000 Jews and 4,000,000 other Europeans were killed by the Nazis during WWII. 2. Two-thirds of the population of nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust were killed. 3. Nazis persecuted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Slavs, and the disabled. End Of WWII Contd… 117
- 118. Victims of the Holocaust End Of WWII Contd… Source:history.com/news/world-war-ii-iconic-photos 118
- 121. LATIN AMERICA 121
- 122. Why Was WWII The Deadliest War In World History? • Cities were bombed—civilians died in numbers like never before • 11,000,000 died in the Holocaust • Improved technology led to higher death tolls (including the atomic bomb) • Total military and civilian deaths were over between 60 and 70 million world wide (WWI=10 million) • U.S. lost 320,000 and another 800,000 wounded 122
- 123. Quick Facts Of WWII • War Costs • US Debt 1940 - $9 Billion • US Debt 1945 - $98 Billion • WWII cost $330 billion – 10 times the cost of WWI & equivalent to all previous federal spending since 1776 123
- 124. Losses Of The Major Wartime Powers In WWII, 1939- 1945 • Germany • 4.5 million military • 2 million civilian • Japan • 2 million military • 350,000 civilians • Italy • 400,000 military • 100,000 civilian • China • 2.5 million military • 7.4 million civilians • USSR • 10 million military • 10 million civilians • Great Britain • 300,000 military • 50,000 civilians • France • 250,000 military • 350,000 civilian • United States • 274,000 military 124
- 125. Technological Development During WWII 1. Jet Planes, crewless planes, modern rockets, helicopters Douglas C-47 Sky Train Waco CG 4A USAF Lockheed P-38 Lightning Source:history.com/news/world-war-ii-photos 125
- 126. Technological Development During WWII Contd.. 2. Advance in tank design and communication Fig.: Sherman Tank Fig.: Farklands War Tank Fig.: Enigma Encryption Machine Source:warfaretanks.com/wwii 126
- 127. Technological Development During WWII Contd.. 3. Atomic Weapons Fig.: Little boy dropped in Hiroshima Fig.: Fat Man Dropped in Nagasaki Source:history.com/news/world-war-ii-photos 127
- 128. Technological Development During WWII Contd.. • Oil pipelines under English Channels • Acquaintance to nuclear energy • Modern era of automatic digital computer began • Small Arms development ( M1 Garand Rifle, Thompson Submachine gums, etc.) • Development of artificial harbours 128
- 129. What Were The Long-term Effects Of WWII? Effect Examples Power Shifts U.S. and U.S.S.R become world powers, replacing England and Germany. Tensions Rise Arms Race and Cold War begin. Communis m Spreads U.S.S.R. sets up satellite nations in Eastern Europe. Hope Survives United Nations and Marshall Plan implemented. 129
- 130. United Nations Long-term Effects Of WWII Contd… 130
- 131. Cold War • The Cold War was a time period when non- cooperation between the two major world Superpowers, the USA and the Soviet Union, that caused a fear of nuclear war. Long-term Effects Of WWII Contd… 131
- 132. Cold War: The World Takes Sides Long-term Effects Of WWII Contd… 132
- 133. Population Explosion And Baby Boom 133
- 134. Source:biology-pages.info/images • Baby boom (1947-1964 US) • Marked by significant increase of birth rate • Baby boomers-people born during such period • After WWII France pop. increased from 41 to 50 million • The marriage rates and family size kept on increasing • Also supported by Vaccination programs and Green revolution Crops Fig:Increase in Birth rates after world war 2 134
- 135. Baby BOOM! • Rapid domestic growth also lead to a baby boom and expanding suburbanization. • In 1957, an American baby was born every 10 seconds! Source:biology-pages.info/images 135
- 136. Baby BOOM! Why? 1. More men in society due to end of WWII. 2. GI bill allows men to start a family. Married at a younger age than their parents (1 in 3 women married by age 19) 3. Medical science improved increasing the survival rate of babies. 4. Prosperous economy encouraged parents to have babies sooner (less likely to lose a job and not be able to support a family). 136
- 137. 3.6. Rise of Environmental 137
- 138. What Are Environmental Issues? • Harmful effects of human activity on environment or mistreatment of the planet • not just a distant future threat • main driver behind rising humanitarian needs 138
- 139. History Initially, Earth’s environment was in pristine condition Rise in human population and activities Rise in environmental issues History of rise in environmental issues can be tied together with 1.Industrial revolution 2.Population bloom 139
- 140. 1. Industrial Revolution Source: grida.no 140
- 141. 2. Population Bloom Source: https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth 141
- 142. Environmental Issues Deforestation Pollution Global WarmingClimate change Ozone Layer Depletion Waste Disposal Over population Acid Rain 142
- 143. Over Population One of the crucial current environmental problem population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels shortage of resources like water, fuel and food Intensive agriculture practice Source: thestatetimes.com 143
- 144. 1981: Total population=15,022,839 1991:Total population=18,491,097 2001:Total population=23,151,423 2011:Total population=26,494,504 Population data of Nepal Source: researchgate.net 144
- 145. Deforestation Destruction of forest To make land available for residential, industrial or commercial purpose At present forests cover 30% of the land but every year tree cover is lost amounting to the country of Panama due to growing population demand for more food, shelter and cloth Source: science.howstuffworks.com 145
- 146. Pollution Main source : Industry and motor vehicle Toxins : Heavy metals, nitrates and plastic water pollution is caused by oil spill, acid rain, urban runoff air pollution is caused by various gases and toxins released by industries and factories and combustion of fossil fuels soil pollution is majorly caused by industrial waste that deprives soil from essential nutrients Source: sciencing.com 146
- 147. Global Warming slow and steady rise in temperature of Earth’s surface result of human practices like emission of Greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, N2O Temperatures today are 0.74 °C (1.33 °F) higher than 150 years ago Source: climate.nasa.gov 147
- 149. A Degree of Concern: Why Global Temperatures Matter 149
- 150. rise in temperatures of the oceans and the earth’s surface melting of polar ice caps rise in sea levels unnatural patterns of precipitation such as flash floods, excessive snow or desertification Impacts Source: climate.nasa.gov 150
- 151. Climate Change occurs due to rise in global warming New weather patterns has harmful effects Temperature records, disappearance of ice, extreme weather events Source: williamligget.com 151
- 152. Impacts of climate change Season change Melting polar ice Flash flood Diseases Rise in temperature Weather change 152
- 153. Ozone layer Depletion • Gradual thinning of Earth’s Ozone Layer • Prevents harmful UV radiation • Depletion Ozone layer is attributed to pollution caused by Chlorine and Bromide found in Chloro-floro carbons (CFC’s) • cause a hole in the ozone layer • CFC’s are banned in many industries and consumer products Source: biologyexams4u.com 153
- 154. Waste disposal one of urgent current environmental problem over consumption of resources and creation of plastics create global crisis of waste disposal Developed countries producing an excessive amount of waste or garbage and dumping their waste in the oceans and, less developed countries Plastic, fast food, packaging and cheap electronic wastes threaten human health Source: edie.net 154
- 155. Acid rain occurs due to the presence of certain pollutants in the atmosphere due to combustion of fossil fuels or erupting volcanoes or rotting vegetation which release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere pH of normal rain:5.4-5.5 pH of acid rain: 4.2-4.4 have serious effect on human health, wildlife and aquatic species Source: epa.gov 155
- 156. Impact of Acid Rain Source: researchgate.net 156
- 157. Ocean Acidification direct impact of excessive production of CO2 25% of CO2 produced by humans The ocean acidity has increased by the last 250 years but by 2100, it may shoot up by 150% main impact on shellfish and plankton Source: pml.ek.uk 157
- 158. Loss of Biodiversity Human activity leads to the extinction of species and habitats Eco systems are in danger when any species population is decimating Destruction of coral reefs in the various oceans, which support the rich marine life Source: futureoflife.org 158
- 159. Let us live! 159
- 160. Public health Issues a lot of risk to health of humans, and animals dirty water is the biggest health risk of the world threat to the quality of life and public health Run-off to rivers carries along toxins, chemicals and disease carrying organisms Pollutants cause respiratory disease like Asthma and cardiac-vascular problems High temperatures encourage the spread of infectious diseases like Dengue 160
- 161. Human Impact on Environment • Destruction or modification of habitat • Overexploitation for commercial, scientific and education purpose • Overgrazing for domestic animals • Traditional rural practice • Industrialization, urbanization • Mining and quarrying Source: nationalgeographic.com.auSource: en.wikipedia.orgSource: greentumble.comsource: financialexpress.comSource: businessworldghana.comSource: thehindu.com 161
- 162. Contd. • Population pressure • Use of drugs and chemicals • Destruction of ecological balance 162
- 163. Correlation between Civil Engineering and Environment • Impact greatly on environment • Large scale and require large amount of energy(fossil fuel) • Ecological changes brought about by reservoir formations, diversions of rivers etc. • Clearing of forests for roads, large structures, timber for formwork • CO2 emissions in cement manufacture • Land degradation and emissions in brick production • Traffic congestion, roadblocks, pollution from vehicles 163
- 165. 3.7 Climate Change As A Threat To Human Civilization 165
- 166. 3.7.Climate change as a threat to human civilization Climate change is a significant change in global temperature ,precipitation , wind pattern of a region. The current warming period is rapidly increasing than past events. 166
- 167. Introduction to climate change • For the comfort of human life , many technological advancement , social development and development of science and technology has been made. • For such comfort , we are over using the natural resources which results in unintended consequences. • The development of science and technology today , has been a threat to our modern society. • The main cause of climate change is the human activities. 167
- 168. Introduction to climate change(contd.) Fig : Deforestation Fig : Greenhouse gas Source : www.sanandres.esc.edu.ar 168
- 169. Introduction to climate change(contd.) • The results that we are facing today is due to the human activities from decade past. • We can imagine the condition of future if this kind of rapid development and modernisation increases exploiting the natural resources. • Climate change is not only threat/risk to human life but also to the whole living creatures. 169
- 170. Evidences of climate change • Temperature measurement • Sea level • Arcitic sea ice loss • Glacier • Vegetation • Precipitation Source : www.sanandres.esc.edu.ar 170
- 171. Effects on human civilization • Infectious diseases Rising temperature creates the favourable condition for the viruses to reproduce and replicate due to which spreading of virus is increased. Diseases like malaria, dengue are projected to widen their range as the hosts move to the warmer region . Tropical diseases may spread including dengue fever, yellow fever , and encephalitis. 171
- 172. Effects on human civilization(contd.) • Infectious diseases (contd.) Research have shown that the rate of spread of dengue fever have been increased from 3%-5%. • Weather events Increase in the frequency and intensity of weather events like drought , storm, flooding . Shifting patterns of precipitation(both snow and rain) have been observed. 172
- 173. Effects on human civilization(contd) • Increase in temperature Rise in sea level Melting of ice sheets and glaciers Growth of bacteria Increases ground ozone Fig.:Burning earth • Widespread drought Fig.:Drought Green house gases increases the air temperature which results in evaporation of water bodies and land. Source : www.sanandres.esc.edu.ar 173
- 174. Effects on human civilization(contd) • Plants and animals Increases the risk of chemical exposure on food. The carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters the ocean and increases acidity which stresses the ocean ecosystem. Shifting in the life cycle of many plants and animals ,like flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. 174
- 175. Effects on human civilization(contd) • Effect on Quality of food and human health Use of chemicals on crops increases which ultimately decreases the quality of food. Increases the respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, asthma and other lungs related diseases due to the different gases. High concentration of ozone leads to ozone related illness and premature death. 175
- 176. Effects on human civilization(contd) Effect on Quality of food and human health(contd) Increases the gastrointestinal problems . Disturbance in proper food distribution in the areas affected by flooding , storm etc. 176
- 177. Effects on human civilization (contd.) Fig.: Hospitalised baby source : babyimg.com/hospitalized 177
- 178. THANK YOU!