Textile Engineering Project

INTERNSHIP REPORT
UTTAR PRADESH TEXTILE
TECHNOLOY INSTITUDE KANPUR
(FORMARLLY KNOWN AS G.C.T.I.)
Submitted by
VIJAY PRAKASH
Textile Chemistry
StudentCouncil
representative

INDEX
Title Page No.
X Ray Diffraction………………………………………………………………………………………………….1-3
Dry Rate Tester………………………………………………………………………………………………..….4-6
Differential Scanning Calorimeter………………………………………………………………………7-11
UV Prevention Performance Tester…………………………………………………………………..12-17
Narrow Loom…………………………………………………………………………………………………….18-20
Hydrostatic Head Tester……………………………………………………………………………………21-23
Thermogravimetric analyzer……………………………………………………………………………..24-27
Single End Warping Machine……………………………………………………………………………..28-29
Single End Sizing Machine………………………………………………………………………………….30-33
Electro spinning..……………………………………………………………………………………………….34-36
SEM…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..37-40
Knitting……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..41-50
Moisture Management Tester…………………………………………………………………………..51-54
Partical Size Analyzer…………………………………………………………………………………………55-56
FTIR…..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….57-58
Antimicrobial Testing…………………………………………………………………………………………59-66
CAD……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………67-72
Non woven………………………………………………………………………………………………………..73-77

X Ray Diffraction
Machine Specification : PROTO Manufacturing AXRD powder
diffraction system
Model No: AXRD-B
Principle : Bragg’s Law
Theory :
 Monochromatic radiation required for X-ray diffraction.
 Energy :100eV to 100keV
 Wavelength: .01 to 10 nm
 Used to determine the atomic and molecular structureof a
crystal, % crystallinity and % amorphous.
 Bragg’s Equation : n λ=2dsinθ

AXRD Powder Diffraction system
Main components:
 X Ray Source
 Sample holder
 X Ray Detector
Procedure:
 Switch on the PC.
 Start the instrument .
 Click on AXRD icon(Win XPD).
 Enable X ray.
 Start the machine and keep it for warming up .
 Using sterile gloves and a clean spatula scoop the sample powder
into the sample holder.
 Ensure the surface is flat and make sure there is no powder left
around the edges.
 Put the sampleholder inside the machine and run the machineand
click on "Scan" tool option on the screen.
 The scanning time and the total time will be visible on the screen.
 After the completion of this ,click on the "Profile Analysis" option
on the screen.
 Then click on the " Analytical Methods" option on the screen.
 Then click on the "Crystallinity" the % crystallinty will be visible on
the screen.

Crystallinity Report:
% crystallinity : 93.97
% amorphous : 6.03
II crystallinity : 144.9
II amorphous : 9.3
Applications:
⦿ Itgives information about only crystallinity of a fiber.
⦿ Itgives information about internal structureof the fiber.
⦿ Itgives information about the shape of scattering particles.
⦿
It gives information about the distribution of spacing between the particles.

Drying Rate Tester
MACHINESPECIFICATION :
Model - RF4008HP
Type - Heated Plate
TESTING PRINCIPLE:
Based on the principle of a wetted fabric treated against the heat source with air
flow, the heated plate will evaporate the water in the fabric to maintain the
temperature with it ( i.e, level the temperature) and determine whether the textile
has become completely dry.
MACHINE PARTS :
 Metal plate
 Fan
 Water cup
 I.R. Temperature sensor
 Air velocity sensor
 Metal plate

THEORY :
RF4008HP is a fully automated and advanced instrument with a heated metal plate,
which simulates human skin starting to perspire at 37°C, that determines the drying
rate based on evaporation rate from the fabric. The instrument comes with a
dizitalized mode of operation through computer, monitoring testing status and
reading final result.
This method is applicablefor alltypes of fabrics,including knits, woven and non woven
as well as to fabrics taken from end product items.
WORKING PROCEDURE:
 Place a test specimen on the heated plate(37°C) for 5 min using a metal strip
to hold the top edge of the specimen, the one closest to the air fan to
equilibrate the heated plate temperature with the specimen.
 Lift the free end of the specimen and apply 0.2ml of water on the plate below
the specimen.
 The fabric sample is then allowed to dry by hot metal plate and air
flow(1.5m/s) by fan.
 The start time is when water is applied to the specimen.
 The end time is the intersection of the two linear lines(i.e, section with the
steepest slope and flat section with the temperature plot).
 The drying time is the difference of the end time and start time.

RESULT :
𝑅 =
𝑉
𝐷𝑅𝑌𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝑇𝐼𝑀𝐸
R= Drying rate(mL/h)
V=Volume of water used in test(mL)
Drying time= End time – Start time (hours)
The result is basically obtained on the monitor in form of graph as shown;

Differential scanning calorimetry [DSC]
INTRODUCTION:
 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was developed by E.S. Watson
M.J. One ill in 1960, and introduced commercially at the Pittsburgh Conference on
Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy in 1963.
 This technique is used to study what happens to polymers/samples upon heating.
 It is used to study thermal transitions of a polymer/sample (the changes that take
place on heating) Need to know about the calorimeter.
 It is one who measures the heat in or out of the sample. and differential calorimeter
is one who measures.
 The heat of the sample relative to the reference. and the differential scanning
calorimeter does all of the above functions and heats the sample with the linear
temperature.
 Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature
throughout the experiment in DSC.
 The technique was developed by E.S. Watson and M.J. O'Neill in 1962 Most
common that TGA technique.

OBJECTIVES:
DSC is used to measure enthalpy changes due to changes in the physical and chemical
properties of a material as a function of temperature or time. The method allows you to
identify and characterize materials. Differential scanning calorimetry is fast, very
sensitive and easy to use.
INDUSTRIES AND APPLICATIONS:
DSC analysis is used for numerous applications in a wide range of industries. Examples
include glass transition determination and the investigation of chemical reactions,
melting and crystallization behavior.
OTHER DSC APPLICATIONS:
Other DSC applications deal with the influence of additives, fillers or the processing of
materials. The characteristic shape of the individual DSC curves is used for quality
control.
DSC SENSORS:
The sensors determine the quality of the measurement and are thus the most important
components of the instrument. Better sensitivity means that it is possible to detect
smaller thermal effects in the sample or conversely to use smaller amounts of sample.
PRINCIPLE:
It is a technique in which the energy necessary to establish a zero-temperature
difference between the sample & reference material is measured as a function of
temperature.
Here, sample & reference material are heated by separate heaters in such a way that
their temp is kept equal while these temp. are increased or decreased linearly.
During heating two types of reactions can be take place one is the endothermic and the
other is the exothermic.

WHAT HAPPENS TO A POLYMER WHEN HEATED?
 The polymer is heated in a device that looks something like this:
 There are two pans, in sample pan, polymer is added, while the other, reference
pan is left empty.
 Each pan sits on top of heaters which are controlled by a computer.
 The computer turns on heaters, and let them heat the two pans at a specific rate.
 The computer makes absolutely sure that the heating rate stays exactly the same
throughout the experiment.
WHY HEATERS DON’T HEAT AT THE SAME RATE?
 The simple reason is that the two pans are different.
 One has polymer in it, and one doesn't.
 The polymer sample means there is extra material in the sample pan.
 Having extra material means that it will take more heat to keep the temperature
of the sample pan increasing at the same rate as the reference pan.
 So, the heater underneath the sample pan has to work harder than the heater
underneath the reference pan. It has to put out more heat.
DSC CURVE:
 The result of a DSC experiment is a curve of heat flux versus temperature or versus
time.
 There are two different conventions:
 exothermic reactions in the sample shown with a positive or negative peak, depending
on the kind of technology used in the experiment.
 This curve can be used to calculate enthalpies of transitions, which is done by
integrating the peak corresponding to a given transition.
 The enthalpy of transition can be expressed using equation: ΔH = KA
 Where ΔH is the enthalpy of transition, K is the calorimetric constant, A is the area
under the peak.

 The calorimetric constant varies from instrument to instrument, and can be determined
by analysing a well-characterized material of known enthalpies of transition.
 Area under the peak is directly proportional to heatabsorbed or evolved by the reaction,
 Height of the peak is directly proportional to rate of the reaction.
FACTORS AFFECTING DSC CURVE:
Two types of factors affect the DSC curve,
 Instrumental factors
 Sample characteristics
INSTRUMENTAL FACTORS:
 Furnace heating rate
 Recording or chart speed
 Furnace atmosphere
 Geometry of sample holder/location of sensors
 Sensitivity of the recoding system
 Composition of sample containers.
SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS:
 Amount of sample

 Nature of sample
 Sample packing
 Solubility of evolved gases in the sample
 Particle size
 Heat of reaction
 Thermal conductivity
TYPES OF DSC INSTRUMENTS:
 HEAT FLOW DSC
 HEAT FLUX DSC
 HIGH-PRESSURE DSC (HP-DSC)
 ULTRA-VIOLET DSC (UV-DSC):
 FAST SCAN DSC:
 MODULATED TEMPERATURE DSC (MT-DSC):
 DSC WITH OTHER TECHNIQUES
What can DSC measure?
 Glass transitions
 Melting and boiling points
 Crystallisation time and temperature
 Percent crystallinity
 Heats of fusion and reactions
 Specific heat capacity
 Oxidative/thermal stability
 Reaction kinetics
 Purity
ADVANTAGES OF USING DSC:

 instruments can be used at very high temperatures.
 instruments are highly sensitive.
 flexibility in sample volume/form.
 characteristic transition or reaction temperatures can be determined
 High resolution obtained
 High sensitivity
 Stability of the material
22. LIMITATIONS:
 DSC generally unsuitable for two-phase mixtures.
 Difficulties in test cell preparation in avoiding evaporation of volatile
Solvents.
 DSC is generally only used for thermal screening of isolated intermediates and
products.
 Does not detect gas generation.
 Uncertainty of heats of fusion and transition temperatures.

Textile Ultraviolet Prevention Performance
Tester
Machine Specification- BSEN 50081-1 and BSEN 50082-1
System Installation-
The system must work in Microsoft.NET Framework 3.5 platform. Therefore, before
installing the system, you must install Microsoft.net framework 3.5, if your computer
has a lower version of the NET component, you must first uninstall it.
Prepare Testing-
1. Connect serial port line
Connect the instrument Serial port to computer (nine serial port).
2. Set the Serial No.
Open software and instrument power supplies, the system default the first serial
number, if the system doesn’t have prompt, online success, if the system
prompted for input serial number, please select one of the available serial
number,

Begin Testing:
When the above process is ready, you can begin to enter the test process, after the
instrument power is on, when open the software it will automatically online, as shown
in figure
1. New test file and start to test

The software uses the test file to store and manage a group of sample test
records, must establish or open a test file to start test, when system has just
records, must establish or open a test file to start test, when system has just
opened a new test file is formwed by default (name by sequence automatically).
2. Open the light and began to test
For UV transmission performance test, before starting test, must start the UV
light source.
If you want to command instrument to start the UV light source, need to open
the main menu item “instrument control” to choose “open source” or on the
toolbar, click on the “open source”, the system will show the progress of the
countdown, remind that it is waiting for the instrument to initialize the relevant
state and open source, it takes about 30 seconds of time, after starting the light
source successfully, the system status bar (directly above curve) light source
indicator icon will change from red to green, the indicator light is on, and is
ready to test. After opening status as shown in figure below,
Instrument testing process: In order to check sample UV permeation situation
instrument will be tested in two steps.
The first step: The system will prompt the operator to remove sample, test under the
radiation of the current light source, UV rays irradiation intensity when no any shade.

Remark:
When start the test, the system will pop up above box, to remove sample to detect UV
rays irradiation intensity when no any shade. If had been working in this step, then you
can install the sample, and subject to last test results, skip this step, directly test the
second step.
Because the system cannot determine the opening/closing state of the instrument and
the UV light source state, if during the period of system operation, the instrument after
restart or open and closed of the light source, then system can’t detect the situation, it
will still be allowed to skip the first step again, please according to the actual situation
of your testing to do the right choice.

During the experiment, the system will begin from a wavelength of 280nm, every 5nm
wavelength detect UV irradiance in turn, until the end of the wavelength of 400nm, the
end the test. When the test has just started, because the instrument will adjust the light
source and integrating sphere, and initialize the related state, so the first wavelength
detection will last 15 to 20 seconds, followed by various wavelength only 3 to 5 seconds
to complete. In this process, the system status bar will show the testing progress
percentage, as shown in figure,
Output Test Results:
After the test, click on the print report to appear the following interface, as shown in
figure,
1. Edit the report:
If you need to add some custom information, you can edit directly on the report.

Similar to EXCEL editor, use the top interface relevant menu to edit it.
2. Exporting the report:
If you need to export reports, click the “export” below the interface, the system
default export EXCEL format, if you want to export the other format, please
click the little arrow “export” button below, select the format you need.
3. Printing reports:
Click “print preview”, and choose related parameters and the name of the
printer, Click print.

Narrow Loom
Narrow width looms are being used to manufacture high strength belts and webbings.
The technology used for weaving narrow width fabrics is carried on narrow width
looms called needle or tape looms. Modern narrow machines are equipped with
Computer Aided Design(CAD), jacquard pattern creation and programming software
for creating contemporary fabrics. Narrow fabric weaving is a fundamental textile
technology.
Fabrics that are not more than 45 cm in width, having two selvedges (Uncut edge on
both the sides) can be termed as narrow fabric.
Narrow Loom Machine
 Narrow fabrics using materials such as polypropylene, polyester, cotton, nylon,
carbon, dyneema, aramid are more suitable for a wide range of applications
such as garments, bags, shoelaces, fancy ribbons, sandals, wrist bands, safety
belts, waist belts, and industrial belts.

Machine Specification:
 Weaving Width: 20 inches (maximum)
 Speed: 75 picks per minute, if full width utilised.
 Weft Insertion System: Single Pick insertion by Rapier weaving technology
for Eight Weft with different Counts and colours can be inserted
 Shedding: 24 Heald frames including Leno Selvedges frame.
 Beat - Up: Beat up is controlled by Servo Motor, suitable for heavy fabric
also.
 Take Up: Weft density can be changed freely within the same weave by
electronic controller.
 Warp Let-off: Positive electronically controlled. Digital display of warp
tension. Optional second beam assembly available.
 Loom Stop Motions: Loom stops at warp or weft breakage.
 Design: Special software for innovative fabric designs.
 Power: 220V Single phase, 50-60Hz
Application of narrow weaving machines:
1. CCI Tech Inc Narrow Weaving Machine for Sample Development
Manufacturer of Sample Machine: CCI Tech Inc
2. Jakob Muller Multi Width Narrow Stripes /Woven Belts Needle Machine

Conclusion:
Demand shows that investment in narrow fabric industry for an entrepreneur is an
evergreen business. New establishments can break even very soon as machine
installation cost is low while demand of product is high with easily procurable
materials. Machines are simple to operate We can weave a variety of samples in a very
cost effective manner on narrow looms with limited consumption of expensive yarns.
This technology is very important to produce specified application products like high
strength belts, car seat belts and conveyor belts.

Hydrostatic Head Tester TF163C
Hydrostatic Head Tester, used for determining the resistance of fabrics (canvas,
coated fabrics, cover cloth, rainproof clothing fabrics, and geotextile materials) and
films to water penetration under pressure while firmly clamped in the test rig of
standard area.
For special medical protective clothing compression-folding (Schildknecht) flex
cracking resistance testing, this hydrostatic head tester is also capable of doing extra
tests when it fails the flex cracking resistance test, which defined in standards like EN
14126 – 2003, EN14325, EN ISO 7854.

Principle
Test principle: dynamic testing, static testing and custom procedural law test for
detecting water-repellent properties of textiles under a certain pressure. The sample is
fixed on the standard test area by air compressor will 0-5bar distilled water added to a
full tank, the tank directly connected to the test head, a certain amount of pressure
delivered to the sample. When the pressure curve shown in real time on the operator
screen, built-in a variety of testing standards, in order to convenience for user-
friendly.
Working
Increasing (dynamic) or uniform (static) water pressure is applied to the sample until
water seeps from three different sites on the sample. After at least 3 samples are
tested, the average maximum water pressure (measured in mBar or cmH2O) of the
fabric is measured and calculated, and this value is the water-repellent property of the
sample.
The specific method is that the sample is fixed on the test area of the standard area.
The air compressor adds the air of 0-5bar into a water tank filled with distilled water
and ACTS the water with a certain pressure on the sample. It can be tested either
dynamically or statically:
(1) dynamic method: the hydrostatic resistance of the sample can be determined by
testing the pressure when a fixed number of water droplets ooze out of one side of the
sample that is not in contact with water at a certain boost rate.
(2) static method: determine the hydrostatic resistance of the material by testing the
seepage of the sample after holding the pressure for a certain period of time under a
certain hydrostatic pressure.
Notes:
1. The sample should be placed horizontally and not bulged;
2. The area under or above the fabric under sustained rising water pressure is 100cm2;
3. The clamping device shall not leak during the test;
4. The sample will not slip in the clamping device;
5. Minimize the possibility of water seepage on the edge of the clamping device.
Specification
1) Closed-loop controlled servo motor drives pistons to achieve the unique water
pressure raising rate balance system.
2) The variable test method can be selected, test time and variable pressure increasing
rate can be set and saved.

3) Wide range of pressure increasing rate and freely adjustable. Pressure increasing
system is adjusted by the dynamic feedback to prevent overload.
4) Real-time test results are shown on the large colorful touch panel.
5) Test results can be made up to a report on software and print out directly.
6) 5 test methods are included : Pressure raising mode, Constant-pressure mode,
Constant pressure & fixed time mode, Extending-relaxing mode, Water penetration,
and leakage mode.
7) Equipped with a LED lamp to observe the test process clearly.
8) Pressure Range:
0 ~ 200kPa (20 m water column).
0~ 500kPa (50 m water column).
0 ~ 1000kPa (100 m water column).
9) Increasing rate of water pressure 1 ~ 60kPa/min stepless adjustable
10) Units Pa, kPa, mmHg, cmH2O
11) Automatic clamp with holding force 5kN
12) Standarad Test Head 100cm2
13) Power 220 V 50 Hz 200 W
14) Weight 100 Kg
15) Dimensions 690 x 540 x 870 mm (L x W x H)
Standards
Medical Masks and Protective Clothing: EN 14126 – 2003, EN14325, EN ISO 7854
AATCC 127, ISO 811/1420A, EN 20811,GB/T 4744

THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYZER
MACHINESPECIFICATION
Model No. – TGA 4000 PerkinElmer
Maximum Temperature - 1000°C
Technology Type – Thermal Analysis
Weight – 16Kg
WORKING PRINCIPLE
A TGA analysis is performed by gradually rising the temperature of a sample in
furnace as its weight is measured as an analytical balance that remains outside of
the furnace.

MACHINEPARTS
1) Small furnace volume
2) Sensitive top loading balance
3) Ceramic furnace
4) Sample Thermocouple
5) Fast cooling furnace
6) Sample purge gas
7) Forced air cooling
8) Thermal Isolated balance
THEORY
 In TGA the sample is heated in a given environment (air,N2,CO2,Argon etc) at
control rate.
 TGA is an essential laboratory tools used for material characterization.
 TGA is used as a technique to characterize material used in various
application.
 Perkin Elmer is the leader in TGA and they have been manufacturing thermal
analysis tool since 1960.
WORKING PROCEDURE
 TGA start with compact ceramic furnace, which provide the temp control for
accurate, precious result and the fast sample purge and cool down. Required
for short cycle times, forced air and liquid cooling further reduce. Cycles time
allowing you to run more sample in less time.
 The cramic construction is insert and corrosion resistance for improved
ruggedness, permitting a wider range of reacting gas.
 A large iso thermal zone keeps your sample at the same temp in the furnace.
 A sensitive and stable top loading balance makes it easy for anyone to load
and unload sample.
 Thick stainless steel wall act as a large heat sink thermally isolating the
balance from the furnace, ensuring its stability.
 The integrated mass flow controller monitors and control purge flow rates
and can switch automatically b/w sample gases, all under PYRISTMsoftware
control.

 It include the ability to program a fast purge-out of residual oxygen or a quick
oxidizing furnace clean up step at the end of a run.
 PYRIS software even prevents you from making mistakes.
RESULT
The obtained result is as follows obtained in graph view-

SINGLE END WARPING MACHINE
INSTRUCTION FOR TRANSPORT
Trytex miniature warping machine contains inbuilt elrctronic items, computer and
other sophisticated components. proper care should be given whilw handling.
Unpacking:first top wooden part of the case should be removed . then vertical parts of
thr case should be dismenteled. after the stopers provided on the four sides of the
machine should be taken away before the machine is shifted to floor.
INSTALLATION
Place the machine on the floor on rubber pads and check for the proper seating of the machine
on the floor.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Warp Cylinder width : 540mm
Warp laying width : 500mm
Motors : Each one of warp cylinder , Thread laying& beaming
Speed : 10 m/min
Number of colour cones : 5 colours
Dimension : 2300*1200*1000mm
Total power :3kw
Total weight :1 ton
TECHNICAL DETAILES
Warping width : 500 mm max.
Waping lenght :3m
Shifting movement :servo controlled by HMI .color change manually through alert from computer
Yarn break sensorto stop the machine when yarn breaks
Power :220v single phase , 50-60 Hz
Controller :PLC & human machine interface(HMI)

Single End sizing machine
Introduction
A single-end sizing process was developed to eliminate the problems associated with
the traditional sizing method. By keeping the yarns separated in slots in the single-
end sizing apparatus and drying them individually, less damage to the yarns
occurred.
Features ofsingle end sizing machine:
1. The ergonomically designed and individual spindle driven Single End Sizing
Machine is available in 4, 8 or 12 spindle configurations
2. The machine offers easy yarn passage, there is no excess yarn tension and has
an easy to handle yarn breaks.

3. It is possible to size yarns counts between 10’s and 120’s Ne & 40 to 500
denier at winding speeds of up to 250 metres per minute, depending on the
yarn quality.
4. The great advantage of the technology is that it is suitable to run different dyed
shades side by side with a provision for an individual spindle or multi spindle
size tray.
5. Special sponge pads for squeezing, provide an even size application on yarn.
Machine that is used:
Trytex , single end sizing machine
Size materials:
1. Adhesive-
 Vegetable origin size material -Maize, potato,starch,Rice
 Synthetic origin- CMC,HMC,PVA,PVC

2. Lubricants/ Softener-Japan wax, tallwa,mineral Vax,Animal fats,Mineral
Oils
3. Antiseptic and anti mildew agents-salicylic acid,zinc chloride
,phenol,carbolic acid
4. Wetting agents- China clay, sodium phosphate
5. Hygroscopic agents- glycerine and calcium chloride
6. Antifoaming Agents- Pyridine and Benzene

Types of sizing –
according to requirement and type of yarn used sizing have mainly three
classification
1. Light sizing- 10 to 15 %
2. Pure sizing-16 to 25 %
3. medium sizing-26to 50 %
Yarn performance after sizing:
1. Increases the weaveability
2. Increase the strength
3. Increases the abrasion resistance
4. Increases the smoothness
5. Increases the elasticity
6. Decreases the extensibility

ELECTRO SPINNING NANOTECH
Nanofiber Electrospinning Machine is a system for producing ultra-fine fiber with
diameter of 20-1000nm. The nanofibre has very high specific surface area, small
diameter and large porosity. There are more than 100 kind of polymers could be used
as raw materials. Such as PEO, DNA, PAA, PLA, and also protein, collagen, organics
such as nylon, polyester, acryl resin, and PVA, PS, PAN, peptide, cellulose, so on and
so forth. The process makes use of electrostatic and mechanical force to spin fibers
from the tip of a fine spinneret. The spinneret is maintained at positive or negative
charge by a DC power supply. When the electrostatic repelling force overcomes the
surface tension force of the polymer solution, the liquid spills out of the spinneret and
forms an extremely fine continuous filament.
MACHINESPECIFICATION-
Speed 100-5000 RPM (as per requirement)
PrecisionReadTime 9-10 Sec
Electrical 110-240/50-60/1V/Hz/Ph
Power 0.15 Kw
Motor 24VDC Motor 6000RPM at noload
condition
Sensor Optical Encoder
Connectors 5-Pinsteel connector
Tolerance +/- 30RPM
Principle of ElectroSpinning- Electrospinning involes an electrohydrodynamic
process, during which a liquid droplet is electrified to generate a jet, followed by
stretching and elongation to generate fibre.

WORKING-
The electrospinning apparatus is really a simple idea, carrying only three main
components: a high voltagepower supply, apolymer solution reservoir (e.g.,asyringe,
with a small diameter needle) with or without a flow control pump, and a metal
collecting screen. A highvoltage power supply with adjustable control can wellprovide
up to 50-kV DC output and, depending on the number of electrospinning jets, the
multiple outputs that function independently, are necessitated. The polymeric
solution is kept in a reservoir and connected to a power supply to establish a charged
polymer jet. Charging the polymer solution could be done either with a syringe with a
metal needle or a capillary with a metal tip in the polymer solution. If the syringe is
not placed horizontally, polymer flow can be driven by gravity. However, to remove
the experimental variables,a syringepump is engagedto control the precise flow rate.
The fibre collecting screen is expected to be conductive and it can either be a
stationary plate or a rotating platform or substrate. The plate can produce non-woven
fibres, whereas a rotating platform can produce both nonwoven and aligned fibres.

APPLICATION-Electrospinning devices for medicalapplications are alsowidely used
in the development of wound care products. The high degree of porosity, small pore
sizes and large surface area of electrospun mats make them ideal for use in wound
dressings, where they provide effective protection against bacterial infection of the
wound surface whilst allowing the exchange of wound fluids and gasses through the
dressing. The excellent conformability of electrospun mats to the wound surface and
high surface area also mean that they can provide highly efficient and effective
delivery platforms for bioactive ingredients such as antimicrobials to fight off
infections and improve wound healing.
CONCLUSION- The development of smart nanofiber materials for biomedical,
antimicrobial and other applications can be achieved through Chemyx syringe pumps
implementation, which allows a fine tune control of the flow rate. The nanofiber
distribution is crucial for the above-mentioned applications and is closely related to
the flow rate. To achieve a constant low flow rate a reliable syringe pump is required.
If the parameters are optimized properly for high-quality micro, and nanofibers are
obtained with outstanding performance.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
INTRODUCTON:
 An electron microscope is a microscope that uses accelerated electron as a
source of illumination.
 Electron microscope wee developed due to the limitations of light microscope
which are limited by the physics of light.
 Electron microscope are scientific instruments that use a beam of energetic
electrons to the examine objects on a very fine scale.
 In the early 1930’s there was a scientific desire to see the fine details of the
interior structure of organic cells ( nucleus,mitochondria…etc).
 This required >10000x magnification which could not be achieved by simple
light/optical microscopy because the wavelength of an electroncan be up to
100,000 times shorter than that of visible light of photons.
 The electron microscope has a higher resolving power than a light
microscope and can reveal the structure of smaller objects.

SEM
 A SEM is a type of electron microscope that images sample by scanning it
with a high energy beam of electron in a raster scan pattern.
 The electrons interact with the atoms that make up the sample producing
signals that contains information about the sample surface topography ,
composition and other properties such as electrical conductivity.
PRINCIPAL
 The basic principal is that a beam of electrons is generated by a suitable
source typically a tungsten filament or a field emission gun
 The electron beam is accelerated through a high voltage( e. g, 20 KV ) and
pass through a system of apertures and electromagnetic lenses to produce a
thin beam of electrons.
 Then the beam scans the surface of the specimen electrons are emitted from
the specimen by the scanning beam and collected by a suitably - positioned
detector.
WORKING
 The electron gun produces an electron beam when tungsten wire is heated by
current .
 This beam is accelerated by the anode.
 The beam travels through electromagnetic fields and lenses ,which focus the
beam downward the sample.
 A mechanism of deflection coils guide the beam so that scans the surface of
the sample in a rectangular frame (raster pattern).
 When touches the source of the sample ,it produces
-secondary electrons (SE)
-back scattered electrons (BSE)
-X-rays
 The emitted SE is collected by SED and converted into signal that is sent to
screen which produces final image.
 Additional detectors collect thee X-Rays , BSE and produce corresponding
images.
APPLICATIONS

 SEM have a variety of applications in a number of scientific and industry -
related fields , especially where characterization of solid materials is
beneficial.
 In addition to topographical ,morphological and compositional information ,a
scanning electron microscope can detect and analyze surface fracture ,provide
information in microstructures , examine surface contaminations ,reveal
spatial variations in chemical compositions,provide qualitative chemical
analysis and identify crystalline structures.

Knitting machine
A knitting machine is a technology used for knitting fabrics. The way it interloops one set of
yarn with another with the use of needles is an overwhelming sight. You can just imagine
how both easy and difficult it is to form the clothes you wear.
A Little BackgroundonKnitting:
Whenyou think ofit, people usedto knit their clotheswith all the effortand
hardwork. Knittingmachineshave changed the way we think about clothing and
fabric. Since its inventionin1579, the businessofmaking clothing transferredinto
small cottage industries,makinghand knitting non-essential,arecreational activity.

Innovation has quicklytransformed the growing capabilitiesofknitting machinesin
formingknitted fabrics and today, you can choose from a varietyof knitting machines
for your textile industry.
Classification of Knitting Machine:
There are a lot of ways to classifyknittingmachines.we have listedand classifiedthese
knittingmachines as eitherWeftknittingmachine or Warp KnittingMachine.
Weft Knitting Machine:
1. Circular Knitting Machine-
A. Single Jersey Circular Knitting Machine
 Plain Single Jersey
 2 Track 4 Track
 Terry and Fleece
 Jacquards
B. Double Jersey Circular Knitting Machine
 Rib
 Interlock
 Pique
2. Straight Bar Knitting Machine-
A. Single Needle Straight Bar Knitting Machine
B. Double Needle Straight Bar Knitting Machine
3. Flat Bar Knitting Machine-

A. Flat Bed or V-Bed
B. Single-Bed
C. Unidirectional Bed
1. Raschel Knitting Machine
2. Tricot Knitting Machine
3.
1. Circular Knitting Machine-

The mechanism of the industrial Circular Knitting Machines used to create
apparels in large volumes and fast production rates is simple. Fabrics are knitted
in spiral and cast on. The circle of stitches are joined forming seamless tubes. The
layers it produces are counted on as the number of rows. Machines of this type
can produce a wide range of diameter from 12 inches to 60 inches. It can knit a
variety of sportswear and fashion clothing and apparel in an incredibly fast rate.
2. Straight Bar Knitting Machine-
Straight bar knitting machine have bearded needles on a vertical bar. Movement
is controlled by the accurately constructed cam system. Divisions are equally
distributed along the length of the machine in a number of heads. Each knitting
head can knit separately in a uniform way along the garment panel.

Image source: https://woolenwarrior.com/2014/03/01/lopi-love-as-
promised/p1000208/
3. Flat Bar Knitting Machine-

Image source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/mastana-semi-computerized-collar-
flat-knitting-machine-3464070430.html
Flat Bar Knitting machines are most suitable for flat or 3D creations but is also
applicable in creating tubular knits like circular knitting machines. In this type of
fabric knitting machine, the needles are arranged on a straight bar. The
mechanism follows a back and forth movement of the carriage containing the
yarn feeders through a horizontal path.
Application:
 Collars
 Arm bands
 Sweaters

Warp Knitting Machine:
1. Raschel Warp Knitting Machine-
Raschel Warp Knitting Machine makes warp knits to form fabrics. In comparison
with the other warp knitting machine, the Tricot, Raschel uses coarser yarns. In
fact, there has recently been interest in knitting staple yarns on these
machines. The mechanism is as follows. The warps are twisted and locked with
a loop from a succeeding warp. This will then be shifted back by another warp
to the preceding layer of knitting. Needles move in a steel plate known as the
trick plate. It functions to limit the top level of loops. The pull of the yarn and
sinkers limit the loops. This type of machine has locking belts relatively
perpendicular to the plane of the shaking motion or shogging motion.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/raschel-machine

Application:
 Lace fabric and trimmings
 Militaryfabrics
 Outdoor applicationssuch as backpacks, pockets and pouches
 Bag
 Coats
2. Tricot Warp Knitting Machine-
Tricot machines produce warps knitted fabrics that are finer than Raschel
Machines. Compound needles are used in this type of machine. Warp yarns are
fed to the needles through the situated guide bars by the shogging motion of
the machine.
Image source: https://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/01/tricot-warp-knitting-machine-
working.html

Application:
 Swimwear
 Underwear
 Sportswear
 Gloves

Moisture Management Tester
Moisture Management Tester to measure the dynamic liquid transport properties
of textiles such as knitted and woven fabrics in three dimensions.
The MMT is the only instrument on the market that can precisely measure the
liquid management properties of performance and technical fabrics, ensuring the
comfort and protection that consumer demands .
PRINCIPLE:
To measure the dynamic liquid transport properties, a sample is placed
horizontally in the instrument between the upper and lower sensors. These sensors
are made of concentric rings of pins. A solution, representing perspiration, is
dropped on the center of the upper facing (skin side) of the test sample. As the
solution moves through and across the sample, the changes in electrical resistance
are measured and recorded.
A 2-minute test gives a comprehensive profile of a fabric’s performance,
producing the following data:
 Overall Moisture Management Capability
 Accumulative One-Way Transport Capability
 Wetting Time for top and bottom surfaces
 Absorption Rate for top and bottom surfaces
 Max Wetted Radius for top and bottom surfaces
 Spreading Speed for top and bottom surfaces
AATCC Test Method 195 and GB 21655.2 were developed based on the Moisture
Management Management
Moisture Management Tester can identify 7 types of fabrics.
• Waterproof fabric

• Water repellent fabric
• Slow absorbing and slow drying fabric
• Fast absorbing and slow drying fabric
• Fast absorbing and quick drying fabric
• Water penetration fabric
• Moisture management fabric
.
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:
Size (Width x Depth x Height) : 300 mm x 420 mm x 545 mm
Weight: 27 kg
Interface: USB 1.1/2.0
Power Supply: 110V 60Hz 1A or 230V 50Hz 0.5A
Operation Temp & RH: 16°C to 29°C, 80% maximum (non-condensing)
Pump On Time: 20s Test Solution Conductivity

MMT Instrument Features:
The MMT’ s metal cabinet is not only more durable, but the open style gives
improved access for sample handling. With this design, the operator can also
easily remove the instrument’s sensors for routine cleaning and maintenance. The
upper sensor and protective translucent door are motorized to automatically move
into position at the beginning and conclusion of the test. The new center
positioning indicator allows the operator to precisely place the sample, thus
increasing test repeatability and reproducibility. Software improvements have
been made to make the MMTeven more accessible to international users. The
display now offers multiple languages with interface options in English, Spanish,
Turkish and Chinese. Also, grading tables of international test standards now
provide quick and reliable analysis for operators.
Application:
 Quality control in fabric and garment manufacturing.
 Research and development of new functional fabrics and garments.
 Classification of fabrics according to dynamic liquid transport properties.

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER
The SZ-100 nanopartica series instruments are flexible analytical tools for
characterizing the physical properties of small particles. Depending on the
configuration and application the system can be used as a particle size analyzer, or
also used to measure zeta potential, molecular weight, (MW) and second virial
coefficient (A2). nanoparticles, colloids, emulsions, and submicron. suspensions.
Typical applications for the SZ-100 include Particle size analysis is performed by
dynamic light scattering (DLS). Depending on the physical properties of the
sample, the dynamic range is 0.3 nm – 8 µm. The lower limit is influenced by
concentration, how strongly the sample scatters light, and the presence of large,
unwanted particles. The upper limit is influenced by the density of the sample since
DLS is modeled on all motion coming from Brownian motion, not gravitational
settling.
WORKING DESCRIPTION:-

The charge on the surface of particles is characterized by the SZ-100 by measuring
the zeta potential of a suspension. The sample is injected into a disposable cell and
a measurement of the particle electrophoretic mobility results in the calculated zeta
potential. The zeta potential of the sample is most often used as an indicator of
dispersion stability. Large magnitude zeta potential values indicate that an
electrostatically stabilized suspension will remain stable. The zeta potential is often
measured as a function of pH or other change in the chemistry to help formulators
create new products with a long shelf life. Conversely identifying conditions at
which the zeta potential is zero (that is, the sample is at the isoelectric point) allows
one to choose optimum conditions for flocculating and separating particles.The
same instrument can also be used to measure the molecular weight and second virial
coefficient of proteins, polymers, and other molecules. The user prepares several
solutions with known concentrations and then uses the system in a static light
scattering mode to create a Debyeplot, which results in a calculation of both MW
and A2

FTIR
INTRODUCTION
FTIR Analysis measures the infrared region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, which has a
longer wavelength and a lower frequency than visible light, and is measurable in a sample when
submitted to infrared radiation (IR). The basic theory at work is that the bonds between different
elements absorb light at different frequencies.
The light is measured using an infrared spectrometer which produces the output of an infrared
spectrum. The IR spectrum is a graph of infrared light absorbance by the substance on the vertical
axis and the frequency (wavelength) on the horizontal axis.
How FTIR Works
FTIR analysis measures the range of wavelengths in the infrared region that are absorbed by a
material. This is accomplished through the application of infrared radiation (IR) to samples of a
material. The sample’s absorbance of the infrared light’s energy at various wavelengths is
measured to determine the material’s molecular composition and structure.
Unknown materials are identified by searching the spectrum against a database of reference
spectra. Materials can be quantified using the FTIR materials characterization technique as long as
a standard curve of known concentrations of the component of interest can be created.
FTIR Analysis can be used to identify unknown materials, additives within polymers, surface
contamination on a material, and more. The results of the tests can pinpoint a sample’s molecular
composition and structure.
A simple device called an interferometer is used to identify samples by producing an optical signal
with all the IR frequencies encoded into it. The signal can be measured quickly.
Then, the signal is decoded by applying a mathematical technique known as Fourier
transformation. This computer-generated process then produces a mapping of the spectral
information. The resulting graph is the spectrum which is then searched against reference libraries
for identification.
With the microscope attachment, samples as small as 20 microns can be analyzed. This allows
quick and cost effective identification of unknown particles, residues, films or fibers. FTIR testing
can also measure levels of oxidation in some polymers or degrees of cure in other polymers as well
as quantifying contaminants or additives in materials.
Testing Process

Step 1: Place sample in FTIR spectrometer. The spectrometer directs beams of IR at the sample
and measures how much of the beam and at which frequencies the sample absorbs the infrared
light. The sample needs to be thin enough for the infrared light to transmit through, or a thin slice
of the material must be removed. Reflectance techniques can be used on some samples and no
damage is done to the sample. Samples conducive to reflectance are residues, stains or films on a
fairly flat reflective surface or somewhat pliable materials that are thin enough to fit under the
microscope using the attenuated total reflectance attachment to the microscope.
Step 2: The reference database houses thousands of spectra, so samples can be identified. The
molecular identities can be determined through this process.
FTIR Sampling
Samples as small as 10 microns can be evaluated using
FTIR analysis. The tiny sample size allows for cost
effective identification of particles, residues, films or
fibers. FTIR analysis can also measure levels of
oxidation or degrees of cure in some polymers as well
as measuring the level of contaminants or additives.
ANTI MICROBIAL TESTING
INTRODUCTION
Microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and yeast are present almost everywhere. Human beings
have an immune system to protect against accumulation of microorganisms but material such as
textiles can easilybe colonized by high numbers of microbes or even decomposed by them. Textiles
are carriers of microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria, odor- generating bacteria, mold and
fungi. Antimicrobial fabrics are not only important in medical application but also in daily use
conditions. There is a great demand for antimicrobial textiles based on ecofriendly agents which
not only help to reduce effectively the ill effects associated due to microbial growth on textile
material but also comply with statutory requirements imposed by regulating agencies. Through the
use of antimicrobials have been known for the decades, it is only the recent couple of years,several
attempts have been made on finishing textiles with antimicrobial compound.

Antimicrobial Agents
Allantibacterial agents,when applied to textiles,do not work in asimilar manner and their behavior
towards the microorganisms varies from one to the other agents. Alive bacteria or fungus generally
has a cell wall which protects it from the adversity of the outer environment. This cell wall or
membrane is made of mainly polysaccharides. The cell holds the body of the microorganism which
consists of other components such as a variety of enzymes and nucleic acids. Obviously, the cell
wall maintains the metabolism of the cell and plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity of the
particular microbe. Thus, the mortality or growth of the cell depends on the cell wall to a great
extent.
ANTIMICROBIAL APPLICATION
The antimicrobial agents can be applied by directly adding into the fiber spinning dope. The
antimicrobial finishes are generally applied by following means to the textile substrate:
 Solubilization of the active substances in/on the fiber.
 Treating the fiber with resin, condensates or cross-linking agents.
 Micro encapsulation of the antimicrobial agents with the fiber matrix
 Coating on the fiber surface
 Chemical modification of the fiber by covalent bond formation.
 Use of graft polymers, homo polymers and/or co-polymerization on to the fiber
Antimicrobial substances usedintextiles:
Though the use of antimicrobials has been known for the decades, it is only in the recent couple of
years several attempts have been made on finishing textiles with antimicrobial compounds.
Natural products Chitosan
Herbal products Marigold extract oil
Calendula extract oil
Inorganic products Silver nano particle, zinc oxide, etc.
Agar Disc Diffusion Method: -
The bacteria are purchased from NCIM Pune in the form of Agar Tube.

Revive the bacteria in maintenance medium, which contain fallowing
Yeast extract 10 gm.
NaCl 5 g
Agar 20 gm
Peptone- 10gm PH 7-7.5
(0.1N HCl or 0.1N NaOH) - is used to maintained the PH
for 15 minutes.
Pour the solution into Petro plate with
PETRO PLATE

Introduce UV radiation for 14 minutes
Take bacteria from agar tube and spread on agar plate with help of sterilized inoculum loop.
The UV hardening of agar removes possible contaminations.

MicroPipet UV Chamber
Now, we place the petro plate in incubator for overnight.
The Escherichia coli (EC) or Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteria will grow in petro plate.
Maintenance media without agar:
 Autoclave
 Cool it in biosafety.
 Select one smallest colony and inoculum in broth media.
 Put the sample in incubator and shake at 150 rpm (37 ̊C) for overnight.
The culture is prepared. Then color changes RED to YELLOWISH color.
Disc diffusion test method- AATCC 100 standard:

 This antimicrobial test is a quantitative method (AATCC 100) in which assessment
of antibacterial finishes on textile materials (fabric finishes, etc.) is determined by the
degree of antibacterial activity intended in the use of such materials. Acumen’s highly
educated professionals are thoroughly trained and well versed in microbiological
antimicrobial testing procedures for textile testing including the AATCC METHOD.
AATCC 100 Test Method
AATCC 100 antimicrobial standard test method is used to quantitatively test the antimicrobial
activity of the textiles/ fabrics over the contact period of 24 hours against Staphylococcus aureus
and Klebsiella pneumonia.
Organism inoculated fabrics are then incubated for 24 hours under favorable conditions of
nutrients and temperature. Bacteria will multiply and will increase in number if fabric is not
antimicrobial. Untreated control used in the test will assure the increase in microbial growth.
Surviving microbial counts are then monitored after neutralization and extraction and percent
reduction is calculated by using initial count and surviving count data.
Sample Requirements for AATCC 100 Test
Samples Size: 48 x 48 mm squares (1.9 plus minus 0.03 inches) or
48 x 48 mm (1.9 plus minus 0.03 inches) diameter circles
Or Sheets can be submitted.
Untreated sample: 48 x 48 mm squares or 48 x 48 diameter circles Or Sheets can be submitted.

CAD
INTRODUCTION
Tukatech is a leading developer and supplier of computer-aided design and computer-aided
manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology for the apparel supply chain. The company was founded in
1997 by Ram Sareen'an engineer and a former executive with Gerber Technology. Tukatech's
products are used by a number of well known names in the industryindluding Calvin Klein, Club
Monaco, Gokaldas Images, Hanesbrands, Hirdaramani Group, Jockey, Li & Fung, Madison Maiden,
Mandhana Industries, Orient Craft, Rampage, Richa & Co, Rocawear, SP Apparels, Speedo, The
North Face, Triumph Intemational, and Wamaco. Although the company has a number of
competitors’notably Assyst Bullmer, Gerber Technology, GCL Distrībution, Lectra Group, Opti
Tex, and PAD Systemit has focused on developing simple-to-use computer-aided design (CAD)
systems and offering them with built-in training and technical support. Furthermore, it operates a
number of TUKAcenters, or 'design cafes', around the world. These enable smaller companies and
those in developing countries to benefit from Tukatech technology and software even though they
can not afford to buy their own systems. Tukate ch also offers a separate web-based computer-aided
design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology outsourcing am, called
TUKAweb. Tukatech's core product is a pattern design, grading and marker-making programme
called TUKAcad, which can be enhanced for mass production by a powerful marker making
programme called SMARTmark. Other products indlude TUKAP product life cycle management
(PLM) software, and
TUKAstudio software for creating woven, knitted and jacquard designs. The company also has an
awardwinning 3D virtual apparel prototyping software package called e-fit Simulator. This is said to
be the only 3D sample-making software with built-in, real-time motion simulation and 3D animation,
and it allows samples to be emailed to others for viewing on Blackberries and i-Phones. Another
product, called TUKAforms, enables all companies in the supply chain to produce identical
customised dress foms to ensure unifomity. Meanwhile TUKAtrack RFID-based software and
hardware helps apparel fims to manage the progress of goods along the supply chain. One of
Tukatech's most important contributions, however, is its education and training programme. As well
as bo osting the uptake of Tukatech systems, this is helping to address a global shortage of engineers
and training facīlities.
TUKAcad
Software for 2D CAD pattern making, grading and marker making

Fashion CAD pattern making software with advanced functionality and process engineering to
empower accurate pattern building, bespoke grade rules, and marker nesting for every style
conceived. Includes audio/video help for every tool.
TUKAdesign
Software for CAD pattern making and grading
Measurement chart, pattern card, and cutter’s must
Before and after wash shrinkage
Integration of artwork and logos
Yield reports with costing
Adobe PDF plot format
Multiple-size grading with automatic half-size creation
Angle grading for curved contours
Block libraries with “master grading"
Automatic grading update with pattern changes

TUKAmark
Software for CAD marker making
Manual or automatic marker making
Stripe and plaid matching (with image view)
Merge pattern pieces and markers for efficient results
Dynamic blocking and measuring function
Call up additional pieces or complete sizes
Create and edit cut path for CNC cutters
Edit or alter patterns while making markers
Add buffers during marking at selected segments of patterns for quality cutting

Weaves
Weaves allows the fabric designer to create plaids, yarn dyes, dobby patterns, and weave
effects quickly and efficiently.
FEATURES
Apply texture and shading for 3D effects and rendering
Define warp and weft with a ruler or thread by thread.
Automate repeats and sub-repeats
1000 picks and ends

CROSS LAPPER
A crosslapper is disclosed utilizing at least one foraminous transporting belt to permit rapid escape
of entrained air during fast operation of wide-bed machinery.
This invention relates to devices used in the manufacture of nonwoven sheeting and, specifically,
to devices known as crosslappers which provide a means for transferring filaments or fleece from a
feed means such as a carding machine to a delivery means such as a laydown machine in such a
way that the laydown machine receives a web of uniform thickness and density and, if desired, of
modified weight basis and width.
Machine Specification
Model Number – Trytex Roller Card
Feed Roller Rpm - 3.50 rpm
Cylinder Rpm - 988.5 rpm
Cross Lapper - 50 rpm
Machines Parts
 Carding Web
 Feed Roller
 Cylinder
 Doffer
 Brush
 Feeding Belts
 Couple of Reciprocating Belts

Working:
The cross laying, the web deposited on an inclined lattice as it leaves the card and is subsequently laidin
cross wise mannerona widerlattice whichismovinginadirectionatrightangle to the original directionof
laying.
This cross layer enables three important characteristics of resulting fleece to be controlled.
1. The width of the fabric, with cross laid fleece of up to the meters in width being possible.
2. The massperunitareaof the fleece,whichisdependentonthe take upspeed,sothatslow take offallows
manylayersto be superimposedandproduce heavyfabrics,whilefasttake off producesfewerlayersanda
more open zigzag of lay to create lighter fabrics.
3. The strengthcharacteristicsof the fleece ascrossdirectionthaninthe machine directionthoughthe ratio
can be varied by altering the angle of lay and the subsequent drafting of the cross laid fleece.
Needle Punching
• The needle punching process, also known as felting process, was developed originally to produce
• Nonwovens mechanically bonded by fibres, which could not felt as wool does.
• Needle punching is a process which, through a vertical motion of the needles, lends cohesion to a
• fibre matt obtained by super imposing several web layers at card delivery.
• The fibresare mechanicallyentangledtoproduce a fabricby the mutual action of the feltingneedlesand
of the wadding in motion with in needle loom.

WORKING(NEEDLE PUNCHING MACHINE)
•The needles are fixed on a plate (needle board), which swings vertically between two fixed plates
containing the moving wadding; each plate is perforated and, level with the holes, is crossed by the
barbed needles in motion. A feed system in traduces the wadding between the bottom plate (bed
plate) and the top plate (stripper plate) by means of a drawing device provided with grippers or
belts, while a drawing system with clamping grippers extracts the consolidated web from the
•needle punching zone. Owing to the web motion through the loom, the fibres are entangles by the
needle hooks, which fact results in to the formation of a compact textile structure.
•The needles are normally triangular in cross section. The three barbs on each three corners, at
different distance along the edge. The figure illustrates the main parts of needle punching machine.
•If sufficient fibers are suitably displaced the web is converted into a fabric by the
consolidating effect of these fibers plugs or tufts. This action occurs in needle punching
machines where a board usually containing several thousand barbed needles, in reciprocated
at speed of around 2000 strokes per minute, depending on the machine width. This action
normally occurs in vertical direction and some machines may have two sets of needles, one
operating downwards and other upwards, so that both sides of web are needled.

•The needle punching system is used to bond dry laid and spun laid webs. The needle
punched fabrics are produced when barbed needles are pushed through a fibrous cross laid
web forcing some fibers through the web, where they remain when the needles are
withdrawn.
•Fabric properties are dependent on number of factors, the two main ones being punch
density and needle penetration. The needle density, when increased, increase fabric
density and strength up to an optimum limit, after which further needling will result in
decrease breaking load of fabric. The operation consists of pre-needler, drafter and a
finish needle loom.
Uses
Needle punched fabrics finds its applications as blankets, shoe linings, paper makers
felts, coverings, heat and sound insulation, medical fabrics, filters and geo textiles.

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