The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems

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The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems
CHAPTER 14
8051 INTERFACING
TO EXTERNAL
MEMORY

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OBJECTIVES
 Contrast and compare various types of semiconductor memories in
terms of their capacity, organization, and access time
 Describe the relationship between the number of memory locations on
a chip, the number of data pins, and the chip capacity
 Define ROM memory and describe its use in 8051-based systems
 Contrast and compare PROM, EPROM, UV EPROM, EEPROM, flash
memory EPROM, and mask ROM memories
 Define RAM memory and describe its use in 8051-based systems
 Contrast and compare SRAM, NV-RAM, checksum byte, and DRAM
memories
 List the steps a CPU follows in memory address decoding
 Explain how to interface ROM with the 8031/51
 Explain how to use both on-chip and off-chip memory with the 8051
 Code 8051 Assembly programs accessing the 64K-byte data memory
space

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SECTION 14.1: SEMICONDUCTOR
MEMORY
 Memory capacity
 The number of bits that a semiconductor
memory chip can store is called chip
capacity.
 It can be in units of Kbits (kilobits), Mbits
(megabits), and so on.

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MEMORY
 Memory organization
 Memory chips are organized into a
number of locations within the IC.
 Each location can hold 1 bit, 4 bits, 8 bits,
or even 16 bits, depending on how it is
designed internally.

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MEMORY
 Speed
 The speed of the memory chip
is commonly referred to as
its access time.
 The access time of memory chips
varies from a few nanoseconds to
hundreds of nanoseconds,
depending on the IC technology
used in the design and
abrication process.
Table 14–1 Powers of 2

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MEMORY
 ROM (read-only memory)
 ROM is a type of memory that does not
lose its contents when the power is
turned off.
 For this reason, ROM is also called
nonvolatile memory.

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MEMORY
 PROM (programmable ROM) and OTP
 PROM is programmed by blowing the
fuses.
 If the information burned into PROM is
wrong, that PROM must be discarded
since its internal fuses are blown
permanently.

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MEMORY
 EPROM (erasable programmable ROM)
and UV-EPROM
Figure 14–1 Pin Configurations for 27xx ROM Family

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MEMORY
Table 14–2 Some UV-EPROM Chips

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MEMORY
 EEPROM (electrically erasable
programmable ROM)
Table 14–3 Some EEPROM and Flash Chips

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MEMORY
 Flash memory EPROM
 flash memory can be programmed while it
is in its socket on the system board, it is
widely used to upgrade the BIOS ROM of
the PC.
 flash memory is semiconductor memory
with access time in the range of 100 ns
compared with disk access time in the
range of tens of milliseconds.

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MEMORY
 Mask ROM
 Mask ROM refers to a kind of ROM in
which the contents are programmed by
the IC manufacturer.
 Mask ROM is used when the needed
volume is high (hundreds of thousands)
and it is absolutely certain that the
contents will not change.

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MEMORY
 RAM (random access memory)
 RAM memory is called volatile memory
since cutting off the power to the IC
results in the loss of data.

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MEMORY
 SRAM (static RAM)
 Storage cells in static
RAM memory are
made of flip-flops
and therefore do
not require refreshing
in order to keep
their data.
 This is in contrast
to DRAM.
Figure 14–2
2Kx8 SRAM Pins

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MEMORY
Table 14–4 Some SRAM and NV-RAM Chips

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MEMORY
 NV-RAM (nonvolatile RAM)
 New type of nonvolatile RAM called NV-
RAM.
 Like other RAMS, it allows the CPU to
read and write to it, but when the power is
turned off the contents are not lost.

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MEMORY
 Checksum byte ROM
 checksum will detect any corruption of
the contents of ROM

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MEMORY
 DRAM (dynamic RAM)
uses a capacitor to
store each bit
 requires constant
refreshing due to
leakage
Figure 14–3 256Kx1 DRAM

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MEMORY

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MEMORY
 Packaging issue in DRAM
 In DRAM there is a problem of packing a
large number of cells into a single chip
with the normal number of pins assigned
to addresses

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MEMORY
 DRAM organization

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SECTION 14.2: MEMORY ADDRESS
DECODING
 Simple logic gate address decoder
Figure 14–4 Logic Gate as Decoder

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DECODING
 Using the 74LS138 3-8 decoder
Figure 14–5
74LS138 Decoder
(Reprinted by permission of Texas Instruments,
Copyright Texas Instruments, 1988)

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DECODING
Figure 14–6 74LS138 as Decoder

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DECODING
 Using programmable logic as an address
decoder
 The advantage of these chips is that they can be
programmed for any combination of address
ranges, and so are much more versatile.
 PALs and GALS have 10 or more inputs (in
contrast to 6 in the 74138) means that they can
accommodate more address inputs.

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SECTION 14.3: 8031/51 INTERFACING
WITH EXTERNAL ROM
 EA pin
 Connect the EA pin
to Vcc to indicate that
the program code is
stored in the mC's
on-chip ROM.
 To indicate that the program
code is stored in external ROM,
this pin must be connected
to GND.
Figure 14–7 8051 Pin Diagram

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WITH EXTERNAL ROM
Figure 14–8
74LS373 D Latch
(Reprinted by permission of Texas Instruments,
Copyright Texas Instruments, 1988)

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WITH EXTERNAL ROM
 P0 and P2 role in providing addresses
Figure 14–9 Address/Data Multiplexing

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WITH EXTERNAL ROM
Figure 14–10 Data, Address, and Control Buses for the 8031

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WITH EXTERNAL ROM
Figure 14–11 8031 Connection to External Program ROM

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WITH EXTERNAL ROM
 PSEN
Figure 14–12 On-chip and Off-chip Program Code Access

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WITH EXTERNAL ROM
 On-chip and off-chip code ROM
 In such a system we still have EA = Vcc,
meaning that upon reset the 8051
executes the on-chip program first; then,
when it reaches the end of the on-chip
ROM it switches to external ROM for the
rest of the program code.

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SECTION 14.4: 8051 DATA MEMORY
SPACE
 Data memory space
Figure 14–13 8051 Connection to External Data ROM

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SPACE
 External ROM for data
 For the ROM containing the program
code, PSEN is used to fetch the code.
 For the ROM containing data, the RD
signal is used to fetch the data.

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SPACE
 MOVX instruction
Figure 14–14
8031 Connection to External Data ROM and External Program ROM

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SPACE
 MOVX instruction for external RAM data
Figure 14–15 8051 Connection to External Data RAM

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SPACE
 A single external ROM for code and data
Figure 14–16 A Single ROM for Both Program and Data

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SPACE
 8031 system with ROM and RAM
Figure 14–17
8031 Connection to External Program ROM, Data RAM, and Data ROM

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SPACE
 Interfacing to large external memory
Figure 14–18 8051 Accessing 256Kx8 External NV-RAM

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SPACE
 ACCESSING 1 K-BYTE SRAM IN
ASSEMBLY
Figure 14–19 PMR Register Bits for 1K-byte SRAM of DS89C4x0 Chip

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Next …
 Lecture Problems Textbook Chapter 11
– Answer as many questions as you can and
submit via MeL before the end of the lecture.

The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems

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The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems