Microcontroller
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The document discusses 8051 microcontrollers interfacing with external memory. It describes semiconductor memory used for primary storage, including ROM and RAM. It explains memory capacity in bits and bytes, as well as memory organization based on address and data pins. The document also covers memory speed, memory mapped I/O, the Harvard architecture, types of external memory like ROM and RAM, and the role of the EA control signal in accessing external versus internal memory.
Microcontroller
- 1. 8051 INTERFACING WITH EXTERNAL MEMORY PRESENTED BY- PRIYA SRIVASTAVA PRESENTED BY:- 090105801 E.I, III Yr. SRIVASTAVA PRIYA 090105801 E.I, III yr.
- 2. S E MI C O N D U C T O R ME MO R Y In the design of all microprocessor-based systems, semiconductor memories are used as primary storage for code & data. Semiconductor memories are connected directly to the CPU first asks for information. For this reason, semiconductors memories are sometimes referred to as primary memory. The most widely used are ROM & RAM.
- 3. ME MO R Y C A P A C I T Y The no. of bits that a semiconductor memory chip can store is called chip capacity. It can be in units of Kbits, Mbits, and so on. While the memory capacity of a memory IC chip is always given in bits, the memory capacity of a computer system is given in bytes.
- 4. ME MO R Y ORGANI S AT I ON A memory chip contains 2 to the power n, locations, where n is the no. of address pins. Each location contains m bits, where m is the no. of data pins on the chip. The entire chip will contain 2 to the power n * m bits.
- 5. SPEED One of the most important characteristics of a memory chip is the speed at which its data can be accessed. To access the data, the address is presented to the address pins, the READ pin is activated, and after a certain amount of time elapsed, the data shows up at the data pins. The shorter this elapsed time, the better, and consequently, the more expensive the memory chip. The speed of the memory chip is commonly referred to as its access time.
- 6. M e mo r y ma p p e d I O 8051 Memory and ports assigned the addresses such each have distinct range of addresses in the data memory address space. Interfacing circuit design identical to that for the memory connects the external ports and programmable peripheral interface (PPI).
- 8. H a r v a r d M e mo r y Ar c h i t e c t u r e Two sets of memory─ program memory and data memory. Two control signals─ PSEN and RD to control read from program memory or data memory. Control signal ALE to control use of AD0- AD7 as address or data at a given instance
- 9. R O M (R E A D O N L Y M E M O R Y ) ROM is a type of memory that does not lose its contents when the power is turned off; that's why it is also called as nonvolatile memory. There are different types of ROM, such as PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash EPROM, and mask ROM.
- 10. EXT ERNAL RAM External RAM is any random access memory which is found off-chip. Since the memory is off-chip it is not as flexible in terms of accessing, and is also slower . For example, to increment an Internal RAM location by 1 requires only 1 instruction and 1 instruction cycle. To increment a 1-byte value stored in External RAM requires 4 instructions and 7 instruction cycles. In this case, external memory is 7 times slower! What External RAM loses in speed and flexibility it gains in quantity. While Internal RAM is limited to
- 11. E X T E R N A L M E M O R Y WH E N CONT ROL S I GNAL E A I NACT I VE Then processor always accesses the external memory whether EA active or not . Internal RAM and SFR addresses between 0x00 and 0xFF are same as external data memory addresses 0x0000 and 0xFFFF. Internal program memory addresses between 0x0000 to 0xFFF (in case of 4 kB internal ROM) are same as external program memory addresses 0x0000 and 0xFFFF.
- 12. CONT ROL S I GNAL E A When a control signal EA activate ─ processor always accesses the external addresses in memory instead of internal memory or register addresses. To indicate the program code is stored in external ROM, this pin must be connected to GND. This is the case for the 8051-based system.