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The Application of Internet of Things (IoT) on Microfluidic Devices

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Mike Chia

The document discusses the application of Internet of Things (IoT) on microfluidic devices in healthcare and research. It describes how IoT can enable wearable microfluidic devices to analyze biofluids and mechanotransduction forces. IoT can also enhance microfluidic point-of-care devices for disease monitoring and diagnostics. A 5-layer architecture is proposed for an Internet of Microfluidic Things system, consisting of perception, abstraction, middleware, application and semantics layers. Challenges include security of sensitive data, limitations of materials, and need for multidisciplinary efforts. Future directions include open source platforms, 3D printing for accessibility, and leveraging IoT and microfluidics for applications like personalized medicine

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The Application of Internet Of Things (IOT) on Microfluidic Devices Chia Xun Nian Mok Yan Ni Teo Jin Wei
Content Page 01 Healthcare 4.0 & the Important of IoT on Microfluidics 02 Principle of IoT in Microfluidics & Key Developments 03 Conventional vs Digital Microfluidics & System Design on Internet of Microfluidic Things 04 Results and discussion (Applications of Microfluidics based IOT) 05 Problems encountered 06 Conclusion and future work
Healthcare 4.0 Wearable & Point of Care IOT Capture & Processing of Biological Data in Real Time Ambient IOT Sensor Detection for Non Intrusive observation of individuals Healthcare Digitalisation Cloud and Storage Healthcare 2.0 Healthcare 3.0 Healthcare 4.0 Healthcare 1.0 Chen, C., Loh, E.-W., Kuo, K. N., & Tam, K.-W. (2019). The Times they Are a-Changin’ – Healthcare 4.0 Is Coming! Journal of Medical Systems, 44(2). doi:10.1007/s10916-019-1513-0 Jayaraman, P. P., Forkan, A. R. M., Morshed, A., Haghighi, P. D., & Kang, Y. (2019). Healthcare 4.0: A review of frontiers in digital health. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. doi:10.1002/widm.1350
The Importance of IoT on Microfluidics Conventional Microfluidic Chemical Analysis Integration with IoT Big Data Analytics & Artificial Intelligence Mejía-Salazar, J. R.; Cruz, K. R.; Vásques, E. M. M.; de Oliveira, O. N. Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices: New Trends and Future Prospects for Ehealth Diagnostics. Sensors (Switzerland) 2020, 20 (7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071951 Ibrahim, M.; Gorlatova, M.; Chakrabarty, K. The Internet of Microfluidic Things: Perspectives on System Architecture and Design Challenges: Invited Paper. IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. Comput. Des. Dig. Tech. Pap. ICCAD 2019, 2019-November, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD45719.2019.8942080..
Internet of Things (IOT) Hardware & Software Microcontroller Boards/Single Board computer Microcontroller Functional Module (e.g pumps, bluetooth and Wifi) Microfluidics Kassis, T., Perez, P. M., Yang, C. J. W., Soenksen, L. R., TrumperPrabhu, G. R. D., & Urban, P. L. (2020). Elevating Chemistry Research with a Modern Electronics Toolkit. Chemical Reviews. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00206 , D. L., & Griffith, L. G. (2018). PiFlow: A biocompatible low-cost programmable dynamic flow pumping system utilizing a Raspberry Pi Zero and commercial piezoelectric pumps. HardwareX, 4, e00034.
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Chip Interface ● Processor ● Noise Removal ● Signal amplification ● Actuator controller Sensors ● Image sensor ● Particle/Cells detection ● pH sensor ● DNA analysis Actuators ● Particle Actuators ● Microheater ● Flow control Khan, S. M., Gumus, A., Nassar, J. M., & Hussain, M. M. (2018). CMOS Enabled Microfluidic Systems for Healthcare Based Applications. Advanced Materials, 30(16), 1705759. doi:10.1002/adma.201705759
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Chip A Microfluidic Cytometer for Complete Blood Count With a 3.2-Megapixel, 1.1- μm-Pitch Super-Resolution Image Sensor in 65-nm BSI CMOS Khan, S. M., Gumus, A., Nassar, J. M., & Hussain, M. M. (2018). CMOS Enabled Microfluidic Systems for Healthcare Based Applications. Advanced Materials, 30(16), 1705759. doi:10.1002/adma.201705759 Liu, X.; Huang, X.; Jiang, Y.; Xu, H.; Guo, J.; Hou, H. W.; Yan, M.; Yu, H. A Microfluidic Cytometer for Complete Blood Count With a 3.2-Megapixel, 1.1- Μm-Pitch Super-Resolution Image Sensor in 65-Nm BSI CMOS. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2017, 11 (4), 794–803. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2017.2697451.
Conventional vs Digital Microfluidics Digital Microfluidics Conventional Microfluidics Flow controlled by voltage or pressure Utilizes small droplets as on chip analyte carrier Manipulation of the droplets done by an array of electrodes that are electrically controllable Droplet handling mechanism - Electrowetting on Dielectric (EWOD) Digital Microfluidics - reconfigurable technology ● Cyber-Physical System ● Real-time decision making Nguyen, N.-T., Hejazian, M., Ooi, C., & Kashaninejad, N. (2017). Recent Advances and Future Perspectives on Microfluidic Liquid Handling. Micromachines, 8(6), 186. doi:10.3390/mi8060186
Internet of Microfluidic Things (IoMT) System Design 5 Layer Architecture M. Ibrahim, M. Gorlatova and K. Chakrabarty, "The Internet of Microfluidic Things: Perspectives on System Architecture and Design Challenges: Invited Paper," 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), Westminster, CO, USA, 2019, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/ICCAD45719.2019.894208
Perception Layer Consists of microfluidic sensors and actuators that interact with biochemical substances Universal control interface has to be designed and customised to act as “adapters” Adapters are capable of digitizing and transferring data to abstraction layer Abstraction Layer Implements coordination protocol among Microfluidic Things Data transferred to data storage (Middleware Layer) 5 Layer Architecture M. Ibrahim, M. Gorlatova and K. Chakrabarty, "The Internet of Microfluidic Things: Perspectives on System Architecture and Design Challenges: Invited Paper," 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), Westminster, CO, USA, 2019, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/ICCAD45719.2019.894208
Middleware Layer Stores real-time streaming data Implements procedures based on specific identification information (protocol name & microfluidic device address) Monitors the progress of biochemical service Application Layer Map user’s application specification to unique biochemical services Transmit sensor measurement back to users Semantics Layer Manage performance metrics and data collected Build decision model, graphs and flowchart Creates a negative feedback loop 5 Layer Architecture M. Ibrahim, M. Gorlatova and K. Chakrabarty, "The Internet of Microfluidic Things: Perspectives on System Architecture and Design Challenges: Invited Paper," 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), Westminster, CO, USA, 2019, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/ICCAD45719.2019.894208
Application of Internet of things (IOT) on Microfluidic Devices In Healthcare Microfluidic-based Wearables Microfluidic-based Point of Care (POC) Devices
Wearable Microfluidics devices (Biofluid) Biofluid Sweat Analysis Skin Patch pH analysis Yeo, J. C., Kenry, K., & Lim, C. T. (2016). Emergence of microfluidic wearable technologies. Lab on a Chip, 16(21), 4082–4090. doi:10.1039/c6lc00926c
Wearable Microfluidics Devices (Mechanotransduction Force) Foot Pressure Wrist PressureVocal Cords Yeo, J. C., Kenry, K., & Lim, C. T. (2016). Emergence of microfluidic wearable technologies. Lab on a Chip, 16(21), 4082–4090. doi:10.1039/c6lc00926c Liu, Y., Yang, T., Zhang, Y., Qu, G., Wei, S., Liu, Z., Kong, T., Ultrastretchable and Wireless Bioelectronics Based on All‐Hydrogel Microfluidics. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1902783. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902783
Microfluidic-based Point of Care (POC) Devices Electrochemical microfluidic paper-based immunosensor device (E-μPADs) Mejía-Salazar, J. R.; Cruz, K. R.; Vásques, E. M. M.; de Oliveira, O. N. Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices: New Trends and Future Prospects for Ehealth Diagnostics. Sensors (Switzerland) 2020, 20 (7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071951. Zhou, J.; Tao, F.; Zhu, J.; Lin, S.; Wang, Z.; Wang, X.; Ou, J. Y.; Li, Y.; Liu, Q. H. Portable Tumor Biosensing of Serum by Plasmonic Biochips in Combination with Nanoimprint and Microfluidics. Nanophotonics 2019, 8 (2), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0173
Microfluidic-based Point of Care (POC) Devices IoT lab chip on monitoring Ebola Virus Diseases Brangel, P.; Sobarzo, A.; Parolo, C.; Miller, B. S.; Howes, P. D.; Gelkop, S.; Lutwama, J. J.; Dye, J. M.; McKendry, R. A.; Lobel, L.; Stevens, M. M. A Serological Point-of-Care Test for the Detection of IgG Antibodies against Ebola Virus in Human Survivors. ACS Nano 2018, 12 (1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07021
Application of Internet of things (IOT) on Microfluidic Devices In Research and Drug Development Research & Development Drug Development
IoT and Microfluidics Aiding in Research and Development micrIO: an open-source autosampler and fraction collector for automated microfluidic input–output Longwell, S. A., & Fordyce, P. M. (2019). micrIO: an open-source autosampler and fraction collector for automated microfluidic input–output. Lab on a Chip. doi:10.1039/c9lc00512a
IoT and Microfluidics in Pharmaceutical AI Aided Synthesis of Personalised Drugs Herbal Medicine Chemical Based Pharmaceuticals Protein based Pharmaceuticals Personalised Drugs Zhong, J.; Riordon, J.; Wu, T. C.; Edwards, H.; Wheeler, A. R.; Pardee, K.; Aspuru-Guzik, A.; Sinton, D. When Robotics Met Fluidics. Lab Chip 2020, 20 (4), 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9lc01042d
Security of Internet Prevent hacking or leaking of sensitive data Materials Technology Limited by the capabilities of current available materials Multidisciplinary Efforts Incorporation of Hardware and Software requires multiple skill sets Problems and Challenges
Conclusion and Future Work Incorporation of acoustic levitation Samples and analytes will not touch the surface Reduce any chance possible contamination Open Source and 3D printing Integration of Open Source Platforms and 3D printing Higher accessibility contributes to lower cost Synergy of IoT and microfluidics Effectiveness of integrating IoT into mircofludics Give rise to potential solution to upgrade quality of life Eg. wearable IoT, healthcare 4.0, personalised pharmaceuticals Brangel, P., Sobarzo, A., Parolo, C., Miller, B. S., Howes, P. D., Gelkop, S., … Stevens, M. M. (2018). A Serological Point-of-Care Test for the Detection of IgG Antibodies against Ebola Virus in Human Survivors. ACS Nano, 12(1), 63–73. doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b07021
Question and Answers
References 1. Chen, C., Loh, E.-W., Kuo, K. N., & Tam, K.-W. (2019). The Times they Are a-Changin’ – Healthcare 4.0 Is Coming! Journal of Medical Systems, 44(2). doi:10.1007/s10916-019-1513-0 2. Jayaraman, P. P., Forkan, A. R. M., Morshed, A., Haghighi, P. D., & Kang, Y. (2019). Healthcare 4.0: A review of frontiers in digital health. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. doi:10.1002/widm.1350 3. Liu, X.; Huang, X.; Jiang, Y.; Xu, H.; Guo, J.; Hou, H. W.; Yan, M.; Yu, H. A Microfluidic Cytometer for Complete Blood Count With a 3.2-Megapixel, 1.1- Μm-Pitch Super-Resolution Image Sensor in 65-Nm BSI CMOS. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2017, 11 (4), 794–803. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2017.2697451. 4. Zhao, C.; Liu, X. A Portable Paper-Based Microfluidic Platform for Multiplexed Electrochemical Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies in Serum. Biomicrofluidics 2016, 10 (2). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945311. 5. Ibrahim, M.; Gorlatova, M.; Chakrabarty, K. The Internet of Microfluidic Things: Perspectives on System Architecture and Design Challenges: Invited Paper. IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. Comput. Des. Dig. Tech. Pap. ICCAD 2019, 2019-November, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD45719.2019.8942080. 6. Liu, Y.; Yang, T.; Zhang, Y.; Qu, G.; Wei, S.; Liu, Z.; Kong, T. Ultrastretchable and Wireless Bioelectronics Based on All-Hydrogel Microfluidics. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31 (39), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902783. 7. Zhong, J.; Riordon, J.; Wu, T. C.; Edwards, H.; Wheeler, A. R.; Pardee, K.; Aspuru-Guzik, A.; Sinton, D. When Robotics Met Fluidics. Lab Chip 2020, 20 (4), 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9lc01042d. 8. Jha, A. K.; Akhter, Z.; Tiwari, N.; Muhammed Shafi, K. T.; Samant, H.; Jaleel Akhtar, M.; Cifra, M. Broadband Wireless Sensing System for Non-Invasive Testing of Biological Samples. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst. 2018, 8 (2), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2018.2829205. 9. Khan, S. M.; Gumus, A.; Nassar, J. M.; Hussain, M. M. CMOS Enabled Microfluidic Systems for Healthcare Based Applications. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30 (16), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705759. 10. (Prabhu, G. R. D.; Urban, P. L. Elevating Chemistry Research with a Modern Electronics Toolkit. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120 (17), 9482–9553. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00206. 11. Kulkarni, M. B.; Yashas; Enaganti, P. K.; Amreen, K.; Goel, S. Internet of Things Enabled Portable Thermal Management System with Microfluidic Platform to Synthesize MnO2nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensing. Nanotechnology 2020, 31 (42). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab9ed8. 12. Longwell, S. A.; Fordyce, P. M. MicrIO: An Open-Source Autosampler and Fraction Collector for Automated Microfluidic Input-Output. Lab Chip 2020, 20 (1), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00512a. 13. Mejía-Salazar, J. R.; Cruz, K. R.; Vásques, E. M. M.; de Oliveira, O. N. Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices: New Trends and Future Prospects for Ehealth Diagnostics. Sensors (Switzerland) 2020, 20 (7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071951. 14. Lin, S.; Wang, B.; Zhao, Y.; Shih, R.; Cheng, X.; Yu, W.; Hojaiji, H.; Lin, H.; Hoffman, C.; Ly, D.; Tan, J.; Chen, Y.; Di Carlo, D.; Milla, C.; Emaminejad, S. Natural Perspiration Sampling and in Situ Electrochemical Analysis with Hydrogel Micropatches for User-Identifiable and Wireless Chemo/Biosensing. ACS Sensors 2020, 5 (1), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b01727. 15. Zhou, J.; Tao, F.; Zhu, J.; Lin, S.; Wang, Z.; Wang, X.; Ou, J. Y.; Li, Y.; Liu, Q. H. Portable Tumor Biosensing of Serum by Plasmonic Biochips in Combination with Nanoimprint and Microfluidics. Nanophotonics 2019, 8 (2), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0173. 16. Brangel, P.; Sobarzo, A.; Parolo, C.; Miller, B. S.; Howes, P. D.; Gelkop, S.; Lutwama, J. J.; Dye, J. M.; McKendry, R. A.; Lobel, L.; Stevens, M. M. A Serological Point-of-Care Test for the Detection of IgG Antibodies against Ebola Virus in Human Survivors. ACS Nano 2018, 12 (1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07021. 17. Edris S. (2019) Paradigm Change in the History of the Pharmaceutical Industry. In: Cantwell J., Hayashi T. (eds) Paradigm Shift in Technologies and Innovation Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9350-2_9

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The Application of Internet of Things (IoT) on Microfluidic Devices

  • 1. The Application of Internet Of Things (IOT) on Microfluidic Devices Chia Xun Nian Mok Yan Ni Teo Jin Wei
  • 2. Content Page 01 Healthcare 4.0 & the Important of IoT on Microfluidics 02 Principle of IoT in Microfluidics & Key Developments 03 Conventional vs Digital Microfluidics & System Design on Internet of Microfluidic Things 04 Results and discussion (Applications of Microfluidics based IOT) 05 Problems encountered 06 Conclusion and future work
  • 3. Healthcare 4.0 Wearable & Point of Care IOT Capture & Processing of Biological Data in Real Time Ambient IOT Sensor Detection for Non Intrusive observation of individuals Healthcare Digitalisation Cloud and Storage Healthcare 2.0 Healthcare 3.0 Healthcare 4.0 Healthcare 1.0 Chen, C., Loh, E.-W., Kuo, K. N., & Tam, K.-W. (2019). The Times they Are a-Changin’ – Healthcare 4.0 Is Coming! Journal of Medical Systems, 44(2). doi:10.1007/s10916-019-1513-0 Jayaraman, P. P., Forkan, A. R. M., Morshed, A., Haghighi, P. D., & Kang, Y. (2019). Healthcare 4.0: A review of frontiers in digital health. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. doi:10.1002/widm.1350
  • 4. The Importance of IoT on Microfluidics Conventional Microfluidic Chemical Analysis Integration with IoT Big Data Analytics & Artificial Intelligence Mejía-Salazar, J. R.; Cruz, K. R.; Vásques, E. M. M.; de Oliveira, O. N. Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices: New Trends and Future Prospects for Ehealth Diagnostics. Sensors (Switzerland) 2020, 20 (7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071951 Ibrahim, M.; Gorlatova, M.; Chakrabarty, K. The Internet of Microfluidic Things: Perspectives on System Architecture and Design Challenges: Invited Paper. IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. Comput. Des. Dig. Tech. Pap. ICCAD 2019, 2019-November, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD45719.2019.8942080..
  • 5. Internet of Things (IOT) Hardware & Software Microcontroller Boards/Single Board computer Microcontroller Functional Module (e.g pumps, bluetooth and Wifi) Microfluidics Kassis, T., Perez, P. M., Yang, C. J. W., Soenksen, L. R., TrumperPrabhu, G. R. D., & Urban, P. L. (2020). Elevating Chemistry Research with a Modern Electronics Toolkit. Chemical Reviews. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00206 , D. L., & Griffith, L. G. (2018). PiFlow: A biocompatible low-cost programmable dynamic flow pumping system utilizing a Raspberry Pi Zero and commercial piezoelectric pumps. HardwareX, 4, e00034.
  • 6. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Chip Interface ● Processor ● Noise Removal ● Signal amplification ● Actuator controller Sensors ● Image sensor ● Particle/Cells detection ● pH sensor ● DNA analysis Actuators ● Particle Actuators ● Microheater ● Flow control Khan, S. M., Gumus, A., Nassar, J. M., & Hussain, M. M. (2018). CMOS Enabled Microfluidic Systems for Healthcare Based Applications. Advanced Materials, 30(16), 1705759. doi:10.1002/adma.201705759
  • 7. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Chip A Microfluidic Cytometer for Complete Blood Count With a 3.2-Megapixel, 1.1- μm-Pitch Super-Resolution Image Sensor in 65-nm BSI CMOS Khan, S. M., Gumus, A., Nassar, J. M., & Hussain, M. M. (2018). CMOS Enabled Microfluidic Systems for Healthcare Based Applications. Advanced Materials, 30(16), 1705759. doi:10.1002/adma.201705759 Liu, X.; Huang, X.; Jiang, Y.; Xu, H.; Guo, J.; Hou, H. W.; Yan, M.; Yu, H. A Microfluidic Cytometer for Complete Blood Count With a 3.2-Megapixel, 1.1- Μm-Pitch Super-Resolution Image Sensor in 65-Nm BSI CMOS. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2017, 11 (4), 794–803. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2017.2697451.
  • 8. Conventional vs Digital Microfluidics Digital Microfluidics Conventional Microfluidics Flow controlled by voltage or pressure Utilizes small droplets as on chip analyte carrier Manipulation of the droplets done by an array of electrodes that are electrically controllable Droplet handling mechanism - Electrowetting on Dielectric (EWOD) Digital Microfluidics - reconfigurable technology ● Cyber-Physical System ● Real-time decision making Nguyen, N.-T., Hejazian, M., Ooi, C., & Kashaninejad, N. (2017). Recent Advances and Future Perspectives on Microfluidic Liquid Handling. Micromachines, 8(6), 186. doi:10.3390/mi8060186
  • 9. Internet of Microfluidic Things (IoMT) System Design 5 Layer Architecture M. Ibrahim, M. Gorlatova and K. Chakrabarty, "The Internet of Microfluidic Things: Perspectives on System Architecture and Design Challenges: Invited Paper," 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), Westminster, CO, USA, 2019, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/ICCAD45719.2019.894208
  • 10. Perception Layer Consists of microfluidic sensors and actuators that interact with biochemical substances Universal control interface has to be designed and customised to act as “adapters” Adapters are capable of digitizing and transferring data to abstraction layer Abstraction Layer Implements coordination protocol among Microfluidic Things Data transferred to data storage (Middleware Layer) 5 Layer Architecture M. Ibrahim, M. Gorlatova and K. Chakrabarty, "The Internet of Microfluidic Things: Perspectives on System Architecture and Design Challenges: Invited Paper," 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), Westminster, CO, USA, 2019, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/ICCAD45719.2019.894208
  • 11. Middleware Layer Stores real-time streaming data Implements procedures based on specific identification information (protocol name & microfluidic device address) Monitors the progress of biochemical service Application Layer Map user’s application specification to unique biochemical services Transmit sensor measurement back to users Semantics Layer Manage performance metrics and data collected Build decision model, graphs and flowchart Creates a negative feedback loop 5 Layer Architecture M. Ibrahim, M. Gorlatova and K. Chakrabarty, "The Internet of Microfluidic Things: Perspectives on System Architecture and Design Challenges: Invited Paper," 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), Westminster, CO, USA, 2019, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/ICCAD45719.2019.894208
  • 12. Application of Internet of things (IOT) on Microfluidic Devices In Healthcare Microfluidic-based Wearables Microfluidic-based Point of Care (POC) Devices
  • 13. Wearable Microfluidics devices (Biofluid) Biofluid Sweat Analysis Skin Patch pH analysis Yeo, J. C., Kenry, K., & Lim, C. T. (2016). Emergence of microfluidic wearable technologies. Lab on a Chip, 16(21), 4082–4090. doi:10.1039/c6lc00926c
  • 14. Wearable Microfluidics Devices (Mechanotransduction Force) Foot Pressure Wrist PressureVocal Cords Yeo, J. C., Kenry, K., & Lim, C. T. (2016). Emergence of microfluidic wearable technologies. Lab on a Chip, 16(21), 4082–4090. doi:10.1039/c6lc00926c Liu, Y., Yang, T., Zhang, Y., Qu, G., Wei, S., Liu, Z., Kong, T., Ultrastretchable and Wireless Bioelectronics Based on All‐Hydrogel Microfluidics. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1902783. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902783
  • 15. Microfluidic-based Point of Care (POC) Devices Electrochemical microfluidic paper-based immunosensor device (E-μPADs) Mejía-Salazar, J. R.; Cruz, K. R.; Vásques, E. M. M.; de Oliveira, O. N. Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices: New Trends and Future Prospects for Ehealth Diagnostics. Sensors (Switzerland) 2020, 20 (7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071951. Zhou, J.; Tao, F.; Zhu, J.; Lin, S.; Wang, Z.; Wang, X.; Ou, J. Y.; Li, Y.; Liu, Q. H. Portable Tumor Biosensing of Serum by Plasmonic Biochips in Combination with Nanoimprint and Microfluidics. Nanophotonics 2019, 8 (2), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0173
  • 16. Microfluidic-based Point of Care (POC) Devices IoT lab chip on monitoring Ebola Virus Diseases Brangel, P.; Sobarzo, A.; Parolo, C.; Miller, B. S.; Howes, P. D.; Gelkop, S.; Lutwama, J. J.; Dye, J. M.; McKendry, R. A.; Lobel, L.; Stevens, M. M. A Serological Point-of-Care Test for the Detection of IgG Antibodies against Ebola Virus in Human Survivors. ACS Nano 2018, 12 (1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07021
  • 17. Application of Internet of things (IOT) on Microfluidic Devices In Research and Drug Development Research & Development Drug Development
  • 18. IoT and Microfluidics Aiding in Research and Development micrIO: an open-source autosampler and fraction collector for automated microfluidic input–output Longwell, S. A., & Fordyce, P. M. (2019). micrIO: an open-source autosampler and fraction collector for automated microfluidic input–output. Lab on a Chip. doi:10.1039/c9lc00512a
  • 19. IoT and Microfluidics in Pharmaceutical AI Aided Synthesis of Personalised Drugs Herbal Medicine Chemical Based Pharmaceuticals Protein based Pharmaceuticals Personalised Drugs Zhong, J.; Riordon, J.; Wu, T. C.; Edwards, H.; Wheeler, A. R.; Pardee, K.; Aspuru-Guzik, A.; Sinton, D. When Robotics Met Fluidics. Lab Chip 2020, 20 (4), 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9lc01042d
  • 20. Security of Internet Prevent hacking or leaking of sensitive data Materials Technology Limited by the capabilities of current available materials Multidisciplinary Efforts Incorporation of Hardware and Software requires multiple skill sets Problems and Challenges
  • 21. Conclusion and Future Work Incorporation of acoustic levitation Samples and analytes will not touch the surface Reduce any chance possible contamination Open Source and 3D printing Integration of Open Source Platforms and 3D printing Higher accessibility contributes to lower cost Synergy of IoT and microfluidics Effectiveness of integrating IoT into mircofludics Give rise to potential solution to upgrade quality of life Eg. wearable IoT, healthcare 4.0, personalised pharmaceuticals Brangel, P., Sobarzo, A., Parolo, C., Miller, B. S., Howes, P. D., Gelkop, S., … Stevens, M. M. (2018). A Serological Point-of-Care Test for the Detection of IgG Antibodies against Ebola Virus in Human Survivors. ACS Nano, 12(1), 63–73. doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b07021
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