The ecosystem 2.1
- 1. DP Environmental systems and societies Topic 2 The ecosystem
- 2. Terminology Organism Habitat Environment Population Abiotic Factors Community • Water Biotic Factors • Sunlight • Oxygen • Temperature • Soil Ecosystem
- 5. Biotic and Abiotic ABIOTIC FACTOR = BIOTIC FACTORS = non-living factors in an living factors in environment. an environment.
- 6. Abiotic factor 無生命的 Non-living part of the habitat Includes: • Water • Sunlight • Oxygen • Temperature • Soil (edaphic factors) Important for photosynthesis to occur
- 7. Photosynthesis 光合作用 Biochemical process of converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight, into oxygen and sugar Abiotic factors in low supply prevent the materials needed for photosynthesis
- 8. Photosynthesis 光合作用 Biochemical process of converting carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight, into oxygen and sugar Visual animation: http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_scienc e_share/vis_sim/dltm05_pg39_photosyn/dlt m05_pg39_photosyn.html
- 9. Water Habitats vary in the availability of water Which has very little available water? Sea and desert
- 10. Sunlight Habitats vary in the availability of sunlight How does life survive in low sunlight? Predation, special adaptations
- 11. Oxygen Habitats vary in the availability of oxygen Mountains Why do oxygen levels matter for Deep sea life if a plant only need carbon dioxide? dioxide and all gasses means low carbon Low oxygen usually
- 12. Temperature Habitats vary temperature What does temperature have to do with photosynthesis? Rate of reaction
- 13. Soil Habitats vary in the availability of soil or in the quality of their soils Soils produce essential nutrients
- 14. Biotic factor 生物的 Living part of the habitat Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem
- 15. Organism A living thing Organisms of the same kind are called species. Species 種類 Physically similar organism that can produce offspring, and those offspring can produce offspring
- 16. Organism A living thing Population 族群 All the members of a particular species in an area Community 群落 All the various populations in an area Ecosystem 生態系統 The community and the habitat
- 17. Find the abiotic and biotic components
- 18. TROPHIC LEVELS The feeding level of an organism 3rd Trophic Level 2o or 3o consumer 2nd Trophic 1o or 2o consumer Level 1st Trophic producers Level decomposers
- 19. Examples of terrestrial and marine food chains
- 20. An Antarctic marine food web
- 21. NICHE = all of the HABITAT = ways that the organism place where an interacts with everything organism or else in the ecosystem-the role or job of a species in population of an ecosystem. organisms live.
- 22. Pyramids
- 23. Pyramids • Are graphical models of the quantitative differences that exist between the trophic levels of a single ecosystem. • In accordance to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, there is a tendency for numbers and quantities to biomass and energy to decrease along food chains, therefore the pyramids become narrower toward the top.
- 24. PYRAMID OF NUMBERS represents storages found at each trophic level. Units vary
- 25. Grassland Temperate Forest (summer) (summer) Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers A few large producers (the trees) support a much larger number of Small primary consumers (insects) that feed on the trees.
- 26. PYRAMID OF BIOMASS represent the standing stock at each trophic level. Units: J m-2 or g m-2
- 27. Abandoned Field Ocean Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers In open waters of aquatic ecosystems, the biomass primary consumers (zooplankton) can exceed that of producers. The zooplankton eat the Producers (phytoplankton) as fast as they reproduce, so their population is never very large.
- 28. PYRAMID OF PRODUCTIVITY represents the flow of energy through each trophic level. Units: J m-2 yr-1 or g m-2 yr-1
- 29. • As you move up each trophic level, only 10% of the energy is transferred. • The other 90% is used for everyday life functions, metabolism.
- 31. 10 J m-2 yr-1 100 J m-2 yr-1 1,000 J m-2 yr-1 producers 10,000 J m-2 yr-1
- 32. Pyramid structure affects the functioning of an ecosystem. Bioaccumulation Biomagnification
- 34. Interactions of populations Natural selection/Adaptations Niche/Competition/Predation • Predator • Prey Symbiosis • Parasitism/Parasite/Host • Mutualism • Commensalism
- 35. Natural Selection 自然選擇 A process of evolution through better survival Characteristics that help a population survive end up being common in that population
- 36. Ratios of peppered moth
- 37. Adaptations 適應性的變化 Behaviors or physical characteristics that allow better survival
- 38. Niche 壁龕 The role of an organism in it’s habitat • An organisms unique position in the ecosystem - habitat, food etc.
- 39. Competition 競爭 The struggle between organisms to survive What animals are in competition in this food web?
- 40. Predation 掠食 When on organism kills another
- 41. Predator 掠奪者 The organism that does the killing Predator
- 42. Prey 被捕食的動物 The organism that is killed Prey
- 43. Which is predator, which is prey? Prey Predator
- 44. Herbivory This involves the grazing of herbivores on producers.
- 45. Prey Predator
- 46. Symbiosis 共生 A close relationship between two species A close interaction between species where on species lives in or on the other • Parasitism • Mutualism • Commensalism
- 47. Parasite 寄生蟲 The organism that benefits in parasitism eg. mosquitoes Parasite
- 48. Host 寄主,宿主 The organism that is harmed in parasitism Host
- 49. Mutualism 互利共生 Symbiosis where both species benefit • Both organisms benefit from the symbiotic relationship eg. lichen 2/9/2012 49
- 51. Commensalism 共生;共栖 Symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is unaffected eg. spider crab (camouflaged in algae)