The Transitional Period in Architecture
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The document discusses the Transitional Period in architecture, which occurred between premodern and modern styles. It provides examples of buildings from this period like Chiswick House in London, which had Palladian influences. Mereworth Castle in Kent was also Palladian-inspired. St. Pancras Church adopted Greek Revival elements. Westminster Palace was rebuilt in the Gothic Revival style after a fire. The Arc de Triomphe in Paris commemorated victories of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. Overall, the Transitional Period saw a blending of premodern styles as architects experimented with new approaches before the emergence of Modernism.
The Transitional Period in Architecture
- 1. THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - V group 2 akash . ashvin . sanjana . bajeo . lavanya . snigdha . thangson . teja . vidya HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - V
- 2. THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD PREMODERN ARCHITECTURE PALLADIAN REVIVAL IN BRITAIN GREEK REVIVAL GOTHIC REVIVAL INTRODUCTION TO THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD CHISWICK HOUSE, LONDON MEREWORTH CASTLE, KENT ST. PANCRAS CHURCH, LONDON WESTMINSTER PALACE, LONDON ARC DE TRIOMPHE, PARIS
- 3. • Economic conditions severely limited the number of built commissions between 1914 and the mid- 1920s, resulting in many of the most important expressionist works remaining as projects on paper, such as Bruno Taut's Alpine Architecture and Hermann Finsterlin's Formspiels. • The style was characterised by an early-modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation, and very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel and especially glass. • As a result of isolation during World War I, an art and design movement developed unique to the Netherlands, known as De Stijl (literally "the style"), characterized by its use of line and primary colors. While producing little architectural design overall (with notable exception of the Rietveld Schröder House of 1924), its ideas went on to influence the architects and designers of the 1920s. Premodern Architecture • Villa Savoye, by Le Corbusier and his cousin, was built from 1928 to 1931. With the rise of Nazism in 1933, the German experiments in modernism were replaced by more traditionalist architectural forms.
- 4. • Unlike the influential architects and designers of Britain who saw ornamentation and decoration as a way of reviving arts and crafts in the face of machine production, the modernists in Germany sought to integrate the machine into human living and space. In reaction to the decadence of the Art Nouveau style and its German counterpart Jugendstil, Adolf Loos remarked, "ornamentation should be eliminated from all useful objects”. Premodern Architecture • Expressionism was an architectural movement that developed in Northern Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts. Making notable use of sculptural forms and the novel use of concrete as artistic elements, examples include Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from 1926 near Basel, Switzerland and the Einsteinturm in Potsdam, Germany.
- 5. • Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). • That which is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of Palladio's original concepts. Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. • From the 17th century Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism. It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century. A typical example of Palladian architecture: A villa with a superimposed portico, from Book IV of Palladio'sI Quattro Libri dell'Architettura, in an English translation published in London, 1736. Palladian Revival in Britain Palladian Architecture
- 6. Characteristics of English Palladian Architecture • In a nutshell, grace, understated decorative elements, and use of classical orders. At its most rigid, Palladianism simply copied designs made popular in Italy by Palladio. • Thus Colen Campbell (1676-1729) produced the square symmetrical block of Mereworth Castle, Kent, in imitation of Palladio's own Villa Capra. • "True Palladianism" in Villa Godi by Palladio from the Quattro Libri dell'Architettura. The extending wings are agricultural buildings and are not part of the villa. • In the 18th century they became an important part of Palladianism secondary bedrooms and accommodation. • The proportion of each room within the villa were calculated on simple mathematical ratio like 3:4 and 4:5, and the different rooms within the house were interrelated by these ratios. Earlier architects had used these formulas for balancing a single symmetrical façade: however, Palladio's designs related to the whole, usually square villa. Plan for Pallatdio's Villa Rotonda. Features of the house were to become incorporated in numerous Palladian style houses through Europe over the following centuries. Palladian Revival in Britain
- 7. Palladian Revival in Britain • Palladianism became popular briefly in Britain during the mid- 17th century, but its flowering was cut short by the onset of the Civil War. • In the early 18th century it returned to fashion, not only in England but also, directly influenced from Britain, in Prussia. • Count Francesco Algarotti may have written to Burlingto from Berlin that he was recommending to Frederick the Great the adoption in Prussia of the architectural style Burlington had introduced in England but Knobelsdorff's opera-house on the Unter den Linden, based on Campbell's Wanstead House, had been constructed from 1741. • Later in the century, when the style was falling from favour in Europe, it had a surge in popularity throughout the British colonies in North America, highlighted by examples such as Drayton Hall in South Carolina, the Redwood Library in Newport, Rhode Island, the Morris-Jumel Mansion in New York City, the Hammond-Harwood House in Annaplolis, Maryland, and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello and Poplar Forest in Virginia. Drayton Hall Hammond-Harwood House Redwood Library in Newport
- 8. The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States. KEY ELEMENTS • Tall columns and pediments: The ancient Greek temple model, with its row of tall columns and pediments, includes two of the most obvious characteristics of this style of historic home design. • Painted plaster exterior: Although the buildings and ruins in Greece were all made of stone, American homes of this style were not. They were instead crafted in wood and covered in plaster, then painted in white to create the illusion of stone. • Horizontal transom: It sits over the front door, instead of a fanlight like the earlier Federal period homes. Greek Revival
- 9. • Heavy entablature and cornices • Generally symmetrical façade, though entry is often to one side • Front door surrounded by narrow sidelights and rectangular transom, usually incorporated into more elaborate door surround • Small frieze-band windows set into wide band trim below cornice not uncommon • Chimneys are not prominent • Gable or hipped roof of low pitch • Cornice lines emphasized with wide band of trim • Porches common, either entry or full-width supported by prominent square (vernacular) or rounded columns (typically Doric style) • Columns typically in Greek orders, many still have Roman details (Doric, Ionic or Corinthian), vernacular examples may have no clear classical precedents Greek Revival Characteristic Features
- 10. • Other Names - Victorian Gothic, Neo Gothic or Jigsaw Gothic. • Began in the late 1740s in England. • Its popularity grew rapidly in the early 19th century. • When increasingly serious and learned admires of Neo Gothic Style sought to revive Medeival Gothic Architecture, in contrast to Neo Classical Style. • Gothic revival draws features from original gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings. Gothic Revival
- 11. • The Gothic Revival Movement emerged in 19th century in England. • Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of high-church or anglo-catholic belief concerned by growth of religion. • The gothic revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism. • A reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Gothic Revival Roots
- 13. Chiswick House, London • Palladian villa. • Designed by Richard Boyle. • House and garden occupies 65.1 acres.
- 14. • The walls and the facade. • The dome. • The rooms. • The columns. • The two floors. • The relationship between the villa and the garden. Characteristic Architectural Features
- 16. Mereworth Castle, Kent • Built c1720-25 • Based on Palladio's Villa Capra near Vicenza • Leaded ribbed dome • Large square block with 4 identical fronts, excepting the lack of portico steps to east and west. • String-course above basement, cornice-band at portico entablature level • Entrance Hall: Barrel-vaulted with plaster busts in shells over side doors and pair of female allegorical figures over arched doorway into central rotunda • Hipped slate roof carrying heavily banded almost hemispherical dome with blind lantern surrounded by high half-columns • Single pedimented and balconied 1st floor windows each side of Hexastyle Ionic porticos • Rotunda: 2 storeys and dome with plaster copping
- 17. Mereworth Castle, Kent • Four major axial and four minor diagonal doorways on both floors, the upper to deep balustrade gallery on carved volute brackets • Cornice under gallery. Sumptuous plasterwork with pairs of female figures, putti and busts in shells over doorways, and rectangular relief panels, portrait busts and foliage drops arrayed on the walls
- 18. St. Pancras Church, London
- 19. St. Pancras Church, London • The church is in a Greek revival style, using the Ionic order. • It is built from brick, faced with Portland stone, except for the portico and the tower above the roof, which are entirely of stone. All the external decoration, including the capitals of the columns is of terracotta. • The Inwoods drew on two ancient Greek monuments, the Erechtheum and the Tower of the Winds, both in Athens, for their inspiration. • The doorways are closely modelled on those of the Erechtheum, as is the entablature, and much of the other ornamentation. • The church pictured in 1948.
- 20. St. Pancras Church, London • The octagonal domed ceiling of the vestibule is in imitation of the Tower of the Winds. • The west end follows the basic arrangement of portico, vestibules and tower established by James Gibbs at St Martin-in-the-Fields. • At the east end is an apse, flanked by two tribunes, with entablatures supported by caryatids. • The caryatids are made of terracotta, constructed in sections around cast-iron columns, modelled by John Charles Felix Rossi. Each caryatid holds a symbolic extinguished torch or an empty jug, appropriate for their positions above the entrances to the burial vault. • There is a stone sarcophagus behind the figures in each tribune, and the cornices are studded with lion's heads. • The upper levels of the tribunes were designed as vestries. • Access to the church is through three doorways ranged under the portico. There are no side doors. • Inside, the church has a flat ceiling with an uninterrupted span of 60 feet (18 m), and galleries supported on cast-iron columns. The interior of the apse is in the form of one half of a circular temple, with six columns, painted to imitate marble, raised on a plinth.
- 22. Meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords - the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament, the Palace lies on the northern bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London. The first royal palace was built on the site in the eleventh century, and Westminster was the primary residence of the Kings of England until a fire destroyed much of the complex in 1512. After that, it served as the home of the Parliament of England. In 1834, an even greater fire ravaged the heavily rebuilt Houses of Parliament, and the only medieval structures of significance to survive were Westminster Hall, the Cloisters of St Stephen's, the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft, and the Jewel Tower. The remains of the Old Palace (with the exception of the detached Jewel Tower) were incorporated into its much larger replacement, which contains over 1,100 rooms organised symmetrically around two series of courtyards. Part of the New Palace's area of 3.24 hectares (8 acres) was reclaimed from the Thames, which is the setting of its principal 266-metre (873 ft) façade, called the River Front. Westminster Palace, London
- 24. Westminster Palace, London Design & Detail After the fire in 1834, competition for the reconstruction of the Palace was won by the architect Charles Barry, whose design was for new buildings in the Gothic Revival style. Barry was also careful to weld the old to the new, so that the surviving medieval buildings - Westminster Hall, the Cloisters and Chapter House of St Stephen's, and the Undercroft Chapel - formed an integral part of the whole. In his design, Barry was also concerned to balance the horizontal (continuous bands of panelling) with the vertical (turrets that ended high above the walls). He also introduced steeply-pitched iron roofs which emphasised the Palace's lively skyline. His Gothic scheme for the new Palace also extended to its interior furnishings, such as wallpapers, carvings, stained glass and even the royal thrones and canopies. The Palace of Westminster contains over 1,100 rooms, 100 staircases and 4.8 kilometres (3 mi) of passageways, which are spread over four floors. The ground floor is occupied by offices, dining rooms and bars; the first floor (known as the principal floor) houses the main rooms of the Palace, including the debating chambers, the lobbies and the libraries. The top-two floors are used as committee rooms and offices.
- 25. Plan of Westminster Palace, London
- 26. Arc De Triomphe, Paris
- 27. Arc De Triomphe, Paris • The Arc de Triomphe is one of the most famous monuments in Paris. • The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. • The monument stands 50 metres in height, 45 m wide and 22 m deep. The large vault is 29.19 m high and 14.62 m wide. The small vault is 18.68 m high and 8.44 m wide. Its design was inspired by the Roman Arch of Titus.
- 28. Arc De Triomphe, Paris The four main sculptural groups on each of the Arc's pillars are: • The sculptural group celebrates the cause of the French First Republic during the 10 August uprising. Above the volunteers is the winged personification of Liberty. • The detail celebrates the Treaty of Schönbrunn. This group features Napoleon, crowned by the goddess of Victory. • The third commemorates the French resistance to the Allied armies during the War of the Sixth Coalition. • The fourth detail commemorates the Treaty of Paris, concluded in that year.
- 29. A list of French victories is engraved under the great arches on the inside façades of the monument Bas relief in walls of arch The ceiling with 21 sculpted roses On the inner façades of the small arches are engraved the names of the military leaders of the French Revolution and Empire Panoramic view of internal staircase.