The Utilization of 32 Full Factorial Design (FFD) for Optimization of Lincomycin Hydrochloride (LNH) Loaded Nanogel Involving; Design of Experiments (DoE) an Advanced Approach

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Lecturer;
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Assistant Professor;
*Corresponding author: E-mail: palsrahul330@gmail.com;
Adv. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 272-281, 2023
Advances in Research
Volume 24, Issue 6, Page 272-281, 2023; Article no.AIR.110951
ISSN: 2348-0394, NLM ID: 101666096
The Utilization of 32
Full Factorial
Design (FFD) for Optimization of
Lincomycin Hydrochloride (LNH)
Loaded Nanogel Involving; Design
of Experiments (DoE) an Advanced
Approach
Rahul Pal a*, Prachi Pandey a, Devanand Jha b++,
Prottay Dutta c#, Subhashree Sahoo c#,
Rishabh Gupta d#, Mohammad Rizwan e#,
Madhuri Sahdev Keskar f#, Vikash Kumar g++
and Himmat Singh Chawra a
a Department of Pharmaceutics, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, 303121, India.
b Department of Pharmacology, Dhanarua School of Nursing & Paramedics, Aryabhatta
Knowledge University (AKU), Patna, 804451, India.
c Department of Pharmacy, Usha Martin University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835103, India.
d Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303901, India.
e Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus, Bhimtal,
Kumaun University, Nainital, 263136, India.
f Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajgad, Dnyanpeeth's College of Pharmacy, Savitribai,
Phule Pune University, Bhor, Pune, 412206, India.
g Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sai Baba Institute of Pharmaceutical, India.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AIR/2023/v24i61009

Pal et al.; Adv. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 272-281, 2023; Article no.AIR.110951
273
Open Peer Review History:
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Received: 14/10/2023
Accepted: 19/12/2023
Published: 21/12/2023
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The ongoing research aims to enhance the development of LNH-loaded nanogel by
utilizing DoE as the computational method to statistically validate their formulation.
Methodology: In this research Chitosan used as a natural polymer and Poly (Ethylene glycol)
[PEG] as a penetration or permeation enhancer. The different nanogel of LNH were synthesized
using the Nanoprecipitation and Dispersion method, with variations in the drug-polymer ratio
(1/0.03, 1/0.08, 1/0.12). The process parameters were carefully optimizing for enhance the
efficiency of the synthesis. To achieve this, optimization studies were conducted using 3² FFD,
employing the Design Expert Software Trial version 10.0.7. The total of 13 runs were generated to
ensure comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the procedure. The selected independent
variables included the concentration of Chitosan (R1) and Carbopol 934 (R2). The dependent
variables, on the other hand, were particle size (P1), Polydispersity Index (P2), and % Drug release
(P3), chosen in that order. By employing this optimization technique, one can acquire valuable
information in a manner that is both efficient and cost-effective. This approach facilitates a deeper
comprehension of the relationship between controllable independent variables and the performance
and quality of the Nanogels being produced.
Conclusion: The nanogels containing drugs were tested for drug release, PDI, and particle size.
The standardized formulation, ER12, was achieved successfully. Consequently, it was determined
that LNH can be formulated as nanogels that can maintain drug release for 24 hours. This shows
potential for improved drug delivery in topical treatments, surpassing the effectiveness of traditional
therapy formulations.
Keywords: Design of experiments; optimization; formulations; nanogel; lincomycin; infection;
antibiotics; lincosamide; response surface methodology; advance vehicles.
1. INTRODUCTION
Lincomycin hydrochloride (LNH) is a broad-
spectrum antibiotic with limited oral bioavailability
and poor penetration into target tissues.
Nanogels, due to their unique properties like
sustained release, site-specific delivery, and
enhanced bioavailability, offer a promising
approach for improving the therapeutic efficacy of
lincomycin hydrochloride. Streptococcal
gangrene is a rare but serious condition caused
by Group a Streptococcus (GAS) bacteria [1-2]. It
is characterized by rapid tissue death and
destruction, often accompanied by severe pain
and fever. LNH is a member of the lincosamide
class, functioning as an antibiotic. Its efficacy
against GAS bacteria has been demonstrated,
making it a valuable option for treating
streptococcal gangrene. LNH belongs to the BCS
Class III classification. This means it has high
solubility in aqueous solutions but low
permeability across biological membranes,
including the intestinal wall. LNH is a salt with
hygroscopic properties, which implies that it has
the ability to absorb moisture from the
surrounding air [3-5].
Consequently, it is crucial to store LNH in a
container that is tightly sealed to prevent any
moisture from entering. In addition, LNH exhibits
solubility in aqueous solutions within a pH range
of 4-8. The chemical structure of LNH can be
observed in Fig. 1 as below followings.
The physicochemical properties of LNH
discussed in the below Table 1 as followings:
Nanogels are three-dimensional, cross-linked
polymeric networks with sizes ranging between
10-1000 nanometers. They are a specific class of
Original Research Article

274
nanomaterials characterized by their high water
content, swelling ability, and tunable properties
[6]. Nanogels, as robust nanoparticles, offer a
promising solution for controlled drug delivery
applications. Their unique chemical composition
and formulations make them suitable for
delivering both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
drugs, ensuring effectiveness and safety. By
utilizing functionalized nanoparticles as drug
carriers, nanogels enable the controlled release
of drugs and other active materials at specific
sites. This advanced drug delivery system
demonstrates enhanced drug release and
improved drug penetration, positioning it as a
promising option for the topical administration of
LNH in the management of streptococcal
gangrene [7-9].
Fig. 1. The chemical (Molecular) structure
representation of LNH with IUPAC
Table 1. The physicochemical properties of
LNH
Sr. No. Property Value
01. Molecular Weight 406.99 g/mol
02. Melting Point 165-167 °C
03. Boiling Point Decomposes
04. Log P -0.5
05. Water Solubility 1.0 mg/mL
06. pKa 7.7
DoE provides a structured and efficient
methodology for optimizing the formulation
process. A 32 FFD is a type of DoE that
investigates the impact of multiple factors and
their interactions on the desired response. This
approach can be advantageous for optimizing
LNH-loaded nanogels due to its ability to:
• Analyze the main effects and interactions
of various formulation factors on the
nanogel properties.
• Decrease the quantity of experimental runs
necessary when compared to traditional
one-factor-at-a-time experiments.
• Develop a statistically robust model that
can predict the nanogel properties based
on the selected formulation factors [6-10].
The pharmaceutical industry places significant
importance on the selection and optimization of
formulation and process variables. DoE has
become an invaluable tool for efficiently handling
quality risks. It starts by setting clear objectives
and concentrates on improving our
comprehension of product and process
parameters. The 32 FFD is a widely employed
design style in DoE, enabling us to systematically
estimate main effects and interactions [11].
Moreover, the application of optimization
techniques further enhances the predictability of
dosage forms. RSM is a widely recognized DoE
tool that maximizes the extraction of valuable
information from well-designed experiments [12-
13].
The main goal or objective of this research work
to used Factorial Design at 32 level in the
optimization as well as the formulation of LNH-
loaded nanogel and validate with statistical
analysis data validation. The LNH nanogel
formulate by the using two different techniques
for the using of statistics as ANOVA for the
current study.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Chemicals and Agents
Mylan laboratory Ltd kindly provided a gift
sample of Lincomycin Hydrochloride (LNH). SD
Fine Chemicals Ltd supplied Chitosan,
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Dichloromethane,
Triethanolamine, Di-sodium hydrogen
orthophosphate, Glycerine Propylene glycol, and
Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate.
Research Institute, Mumbai provided Carbopol
and Methanol. Qualigens fine chemicals supplied
Sodium hydroxide pellets, and Leo chem. R.D
fine chemicals limited, Mumbai supplied
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate.
2.2 Preparation of Clindamycin Nanogel
LNH nanogels were prepared utilizing the
Nanoprecipitation method [9-13], employing
Chitosan and Tween 80 as stabilizing agents. To
achieve maximum stability and avoid clumping or
settling, the drug and polymer were combined in
glycerol while being constantly stirred on a
magnetic stirrer, ensuring optimal results. This
resulted in complete dissolution of the drug and
polymer, and the formation of nanoparticles

275
through the Nanoprecipitation method. For the
preparation of the nanogel, the Dispersion
method was employed using Carbopol 934,
which was soaked in water for several hours to
allow for swelling [14-16]. The Carbopol, which
had become swollen, was subsequently
positioned on a magnetic stirrer to continue the
stirring process. In order to improve penetration,
PEG was introduced into the Carbopol mixture,
along with either the equivalent amount of the
drug or the separate nanoparticulate system.
Furthermore, triethanolamine was included in the
nanogel mixture to ensure the pH of the
formulation remained stable. Ultimately, the
formation of the nanogels was achieved.
2.3 Utilization of Design Expert for
Optimization
This procedure underwent optimization studies
with utilization of 3² FFD (Design Expert Software
Trial version 10.0.7), resulting in 9 runs. The
independent variables chosen were the
concentration of Chitosan (R1) and Carbopol 934
(R2). The dependent variables included PS (P1),
PDI (P2), and % DR (P3). The formulations was
labeled with ER1, ER2, and ER3 & ER9, with 4
control formulations provided by the model. For
the optimization studies, three different
concentrations of the polymer (5.5, 11, and 16
mg) were selected. These studies demonstrate
how the responses change when both factors are
altered simultaneously [15-18]. The experiment
was carried out at three distinct levels: -1, 0, and
+1, which corresponded to low, medium, and
high concentrations, respectively. The
optimization results are presented in Table. 2 and
Table. 3 as follows:
The Table. 02 and Table. 03 display the values of
the independent variables, both in coded and
actual forms with briefly.
2.4 Data Optimization
The current optimization study: involved the
utilization of Design Expert software to perform
various response surface methodology (RSM)
computations. Multiple linear regression analysis
(MLRA) techniques were employed to generate
polynomial models with interaction for all the
response variables [19].
To assess the impact of the independent
variables: on the responses, the researchers
utilized the statistical technique known as
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) through the
implementation of Design Expert software
(version 10.0.7). In order to establish statistical
significance, a significance level of p < 0.05 was
adopted.
To visualize the variance in the response
surface: Three-dimensional plots were created
to visualize the measured responses. These
plots prove to be highly valuable when examining
the influence of two factors on the response
concurrently, as they offer a graphical depiction
of how independent variables affect the
responses [20-21].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 The Production of Polynomial
Equation
This interactive polynomial terms generate by the
statistical model for each response can be
represented by the following equations:
Y = α0 + α1R + α2P + α3RP + α4R2 + α5P2 Equation (1)
In this equation, the variable Y is used to
represent the independent variable. The
coefficient β0 corresponds to the arithmetic mean
response of the nine runs, while α 1 represents
the estimated coefficient for factor R. The main
effects of factors R and P provide insight into the
average outcome when these factors are
individually altered from their lower to higher
values. On the other hand, the interaction terms
(RP) illustrate how the response changes when
both factors are simultaneously modified [22].
The data acquired from the Department of
Energy (DoE) indicates a strong correlation
between the chosen independent variables and
particle size, PDI, and %DR. Analysing the
polynomial equations allows for various
conclusions to be drawn based on the
mathematical signs they exhibit. Specifically,
positive and negative signs indicate synergistic
and antagonistic effects, respectively.
P1 – (PS) = 429.79 –47.17 R –29.21 P + 2.21 RP + 48.19 R2
+ 14.18P2 Equation (02)
P2– (PDI) = 0.54–0.017R –0.066P –0.19RP –0.078 R2
+0.088P2 Equation (03)
P3 – (%DR) = 63.52+ 6.26R + 10.89P –5.88RP + 6.29 R2 +
4.76 P2 Equation (04)
Where, R= Chitosan Con. and P= Carbopol 934
conc. for the formulation.
The average result is mainly affected by the
amount of R and P, showing how the variables

276
Table 2. The values of independent variables in the coded form
Independent
Variables
ER1 ER2 ER3 ER4 ER5 ER6 ER7 ER8 ER9 ER10 ER11 ER12 ER13
R1 -1 -1 0 1 0 1 -1 1 -1 0 1 1 -1
R2 0 -1 0 1 -1 0 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1
Table 3. The values of coded and actual independent variable
Coded Value Actual Value (mg)
-- R1 R2
-1 5.5 0.03
0 11 0.08
1 16 0.12
change from lower to higher values. The
interaction coefficients (RP) demonstrate how
the response changes when both variables are
modified at the same time. According to the
polynomial equation, when the polymer
concentration and gelling agent increase, the
particle size of the formulation decreases and
shows a PDI of less than 0.5 nm [23-25].
Additionally, the percentage of DR also
increases.
3.2 Statistical Analysis of Data
ANOVA was utilized to identify insignificant
factors. The data was analyzed using Design-
Expert Software (version 11.0). It was evident
from the obtained data that the p-value was less
than 0.05 (p<0.05) for all the dependent
variables. The Model F values for PS, PDI, and
%DR were 14.01 (P1), 16.67 (P2), and 12.47
(P3) respectively, indicating the significance of
the model. R-Squared serves as a measure of
goodness-of-fit for linear regression
models, representing the percentage of
variance in the dependent variable
explained collectively by the independent
variables [26].
The using of 32 factorial design tom identifies the
independent variables have a significance effect
on the dependent variables. They also used for
the determination of increasing the polymer and
drug con. When might increasing size in PS, PDI
as well as LNH con. for the more accuracy. The
design also identifies the interaction between the
independent variables, that’s meaning the effect
of one variable depends on the level of the
other.
Table 4. The ANOVA values for the models model-F value of PS (P1) [25-26]
Ingredients Sum of
squares
df Mean
Square
value p-value Probability
>F
Models 23020.04 4.9 4909.03 13.12 0.0361
R-CHITOSAN 12489.19 0.08 12489.19 39.91 0.0089
P- CARBOPOL934 5460.17 1 5460.17 15.93 0.0282
RP 20.25 1 20.25 0.059 0.8236
R2 4834.72 1 4834.72 14.11 0.0330
P2 346.72 1 346.72 1.01 0.3886
Remaining Value 1031.22 3.4 334.71 -- --
Final Values 26037.35 7.8 -- -- --
Table 5. The ANOVA for models indicating-Squared value Model-F value of PS [27]
Standard Deviation 19.53 R2
Value 0.9479
Total Mean 472.44 Adjustable R2
0.9804
CV% 3.92 Predictable R2
0.5368
-- 11869.57 Precision 11.415
3.3 Generation of 3D Response Surface
Plots
The 3D plots were utilized to analyze the
measured responses and identify any changes
in the response surface. This plots proved to a
valuable in examining the impact of two factors
on the response simultaneously. The surface
plots generated aligned with the polynomial
term, providing insights into the influence of

277
Chitosan concentration (R1) and carbopol 934
concentration (R2) on the responses [26-29].
The impact of independent variables on the
dependent variables is illustrated through the 3D
plots displayed in Fig. 02 to 06. The Fig. 03
focuses on presenting the 3D response plots for
particle size (P1), revealing a decrease in
particle size as the concentration of Chitosan
increases and the concentration of carbopol 934
decreases. Likewise, the counter plots in Fig. 02
also exhibit a decrease in particle size with an
increase in the concentration of the polymer and
gelling agent [30].
Table 6. The ANOVA for quadratic models of PDI (P2) [26-28]
Ingredients Sum of
Square
df Mean Square F Value p-value Probability
>F
Models 0.12 4.8 0.036 17.61 0.0216
R-CHITOSAN 3.054E-004 1 2.054E-003 1.35 0.3416
P-CARBOPOL 934 0.019 1 0.019 12.10 0.0401
RP 0.084 1 0.083 53.79 0.0066
R2 8.778E-004 1 8.778E-004 6.78 0.0882
P2 0.018 1 0.018 11.42 0.0431
Remaining Value 4.611E-003 3 1.537E-003
Final Values 2703.32 8.3 -- -- --
Table 7. The ANOVA for models indicating R2
Value Model-F value of PDI [29]
Value 0.9652
Value 0.9073
Value 0.6317
-- 0.049 Precision 12.381
Table 8. The ANOVA for quadratic models model-F value of % DR (P3) [28-29]
Ingredients Sum of
squares
df Mean Square F-Value p-value Probability
>F
Models 1291.12 5.1 259.23 13.42 0.0421
R-CHITOSAN 234.03 1 232.02 12.17 0.0341
P-
CARBOPOL934
836.15 1 836.15 40.39 0.0079
RP 96.33 1 96.33 4.65 0.1199
R2 80.35 1 80.35 3.88 0.1434
P2 48.29 1 47.28 2.38 0.2269
Remaining
Value
64.12 2.9 21.72 -- --
Final Values 1254.23 7.9 -- -- --
Fig. 2. The schematic representation of counter plot: RP1: The Counter plot for PS; RP2: The
counter plot for the PDI

278
Fig. 3. The schematic representation of 3D response surface of PS (Particle Size)
Table 9. The ANOVA for models indicating R2
Value Model-F value of % DR [27]
Value 0.9531
Value 0.9665
Value 0.4671
833.43 Precision 12.54
Fig. 4. The PDI is shown on the Surface plot, which demonstrates the impact of Chitosan and
Carbopol 934 Concentration
The response plots in 3D for PDI (P2) depicted
in Fig. 05 demonstrate a decrease in PDI with a
notable increase in the concentration of polymer
and gelling agent.
The 3D response plots for the percentage of
drug release %DR of (P3) are shown in Fig. 05
and Fig. 06. The graphs demonstrate that
increasing the concentration of Chitosan and
carbopol 934 initially leads to a notable increase
in %DR. This can be attributed to the
combination of the same concentration of
polymer and gelling agent, resulting in a higher
overall polymer concentration [29-31].
Chitosan had different impacts on the drug
release percentage (% DR). Initially, when the
concentration of Chitosan in the formulation
decreased, there was a decrease in % DR.
However, when the concentration remained
unchanged, there was an increase in the
percentage of drug release [31]. This can be

279
attributed to the combined effect of the polymer
and gelling agent concentration, which had a
stronger influence on the drug release
percentage.
Fig. 5. The Response Surface Plots of
Chitosan and Carbopol 934 for % DR are
presented in a 3D format
Fig. 6. The Contour Plots for % DR provide a
visual representation of the impact of two
factors on the response
The formulation 12 (ER12), which exhibited a
favorable PDI range, was chosen as the
optimized formulation for evaluation studies
based on the highest drug release achieved
from a 32 FFD with 2 factors and 3 levels [32].
4. CONCLUSION
The Design Expert software was utilized to
analyze the response surface of a 3-level FD
with 13 runs in a quadratic model. The
formulations were developed using a 3² full
factorial design, allowing for the concurrent
evaluation of two formulation variables and their
interaction. The utilization of 32 FFD combined
with advanced approaches can significantly
improve the development and optimization of
LNH-loaded nanogels. This can lead to the
production of nanogels with superior properties
and enhanced therapeutic efficacy for various
clinical applications.
The comparison of these variables took place
across three levels: high, medium, and low. An
examination of the impact of these factors on the
dependent variables, specifically PS (P1), PDI
(P2), and % DR (P3), was conducted through
the utilization of a polynomial equation. The
significant findings derived from the 3² FFD
yielded valuable insights that greatly contributed
to the successful advancement of LNH Nanogel
for topical administration. Through a comparison
of the observed and projected outcomes, it
became apparent that the RSM effectively
optimized the formulation of LNH Nanogel,
resulting in the desired PS and DR
characteristics. Optimization, a sophisticated
experimental process commonly employed in
nanoparticle development, enables the creation
of robust preparation techniques that
consistently yield the desired product
characteristics. Factorial designs, widely utilized
for optimization purposes, help identify the key
factors influencing the output and determine the
optimal levels of these variables for achieving an
improved and desired dosage form.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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________________________________________________________________________________
© 2023 Pal et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
Peer-review history:
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here:
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