The value of communication and infrastructure for automated cars
1 like736 views
The document discusses the importance of communication and infrastructure for automated vehicles, emphasizing that a variety of automation levels exist, ranging from no automation to full self-driving capabilities. It highlights myths surrounding automated vehicles, the limited sensing ranges of different technologies, and the advantages of integrating communication systems for enhanced safety and traffic coordination. The text advocates for the value of infrastructure in improving navigation and collision avoidance, ultimately contributing to the development of smart cities.
The value of communication and infrastructure for automated cars
- 1. The value of communication and infrastructure for automated cars Professor Robert W. Heath Jr., PhD, PE Wireless Networking and Communications Group Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin www.profheath.org Thanks to sponsors including the U.S. Department of Transportation through the Data-Supported Transportation Operations and Planning (D-STOP) Tier 1 University Transportation Center, the Texas Department of Transportation under Project 0-6877 entitled “Communications and Radar- Supported Transportation Operations and Planning (CAR- STOP)”, National Instruments, and Toyota IDC
- 2. 2 Automated vehicles Fully self-driving automation LEVEL 4 Driver provides destination Driver not available for control Limited/Full Self driving cars Driver can cede control over a primary function (eg. ACC) Responsible for safe operation Full driver control at all times Diver can cede full control of all safety-critical functions Driver does not have to monitor the roadway at all times LEVEL 3 Limited self-driving automation LEVEL 2 Combined function automation LEVEL 1 Function specific automation LEVEL 0 No automation Driver can cede control on at least two primary functions Driver responsible for monitoring the roadway NHTSA,“Preliminary Statement of PolicyConcerning Automated Vehicles”,2013
- 3. 3 Myths surrounding automated vehicles Automated vehicles can be fully autonomous, no communication is required MYTH 1 Infrastructure has no value for automated vehicles MYTH 2
- 4. 4 Limited range of vehicular sensing (ideal) Car with a driver Radar can see 200 meters Drivers can see 3000 meters Cameras can see 30 meters Lidar can see 100 meters
- 5. 5 Limited range of vehicular sensing (in traffic) Radar can see 3-5 meters Drivers can see 3-5 meters Cameras can see 3-5 meters Lidar can see 3-5 meters
- 6. 6 How is this solved in aviation? Show airplane flying Show airplane flying into clouds Air traffic control tower Radar tower Combination of communication, sensing,and infrastructure Air-to-air commun. A2A Airport traffic control tower Transponder
- 7. 7 Separation between aircraft for collision avoidance Fly through weather with limited or no visibility Access to restricted airspace, faster routes, more flight options Full automation is not required, though automated flying using 2D and 3D autopilots using inertial guidance or GPS is common Benefits of communication and sensing Image source:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2548628/
- 8. 8 Do all aircraft really exploit comm.and sensing? Flies instrument flight rules (IFR) o Access to restricted airspace o Faster routes and more flight options o Ground based radar can track VFR and IFR aircraft Flies under visual flight rules (VFR) o Less flexible travel, limited airspace o Need to carefully monitor weather o Recreational form of travel No!
- 9. Takeaway #1: Communication is useful Expand the sensing range of the vehicle Higher levels of traffic coordination like platooning Allows interactions between vehicles with different automation levels More informed safety decisions
- 10. 10 Takeaway #2: Infrastructure is valuable Effective with non-connected cars, bicycles,and pedestrians Can be used for other functions,for example more precise navigation Supports sensing of the environment,does not require all cars to have complete sensing equipment Helps coordinate traffic through intersections,eliminating lights
- 11. ! 11 Ex: Passing on rural roads What if the bus or oncoming car do not have communication capability? 82% of head-on fatal collisions take place in rural areas Radar requires line-of-sight Both communication and radar are useful for collision avoidance
- 12. 12 Ex: Passing on rural roads Infrastructure has enhanced sensing,better communication range Infrastructure w/ sensing can broadcast position, velocity,and acceleration of vehicles
- 13. 13 # of collisions with correct warning # of safe maneuvers with incorrect warning # of safe maneuvers with received warning message V2V - DSRC 2,545 113 349 V2I with 200m spacing 3,482 322 1097 V2I with 500m spacing 3,436 288 985 Benefits of comm. and sensing at infrastructure Infrastructure can provide much better collision warning capability Alice Chu,Michael Motro, Junil Choi, AbdulRawoof Pinjari, Chandra R. Bhat,Joydeep Ghosh,and R. W. Heath, Jr., ``VehicularAd-Hoc Network (VANET) Simulations Of Overtaking Maneuvers On Two-Lane RuralHighways,'' submitted February 2016. 3,593 collisions 1,097 safe maneuvers
- 14. 14 Other benefits of sensing & infrastructure * J. Choi, N. González Prelcic, R. Daniels, C. R. Bhat,and R. W. Heath,Jr., `` Millimeter Wave Vehicular Communication to Support Massive Automotive Sensing,'' submitted to IEEE Communications Magazine,February 2016.Also available on ArXiv. ** N. Gonzalez-Prelcic, Roi Mendez-Rial,and R. W. Heath Jr., ”Radaraided beamforming in mmWave V2I communications support antenna diversity," ITA 2016 . BS supporting V2X antennas Radar operating in another band Radar at the infrastructure can help predict blockages Improves communication link efficiency and reduces overheads
- 15. What can we expect of smart cities in the future? 15http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures RESTRICTED LANES RURAL AREA DENSE URBAN AREA DENSE SUBURBAN AREA Class B Road Space Level 4 automation and full communication only Automated-only lane Class C Road Space Level 3 automation and full communication only Class G Road Space No automation or communication requirement Must use communication equipment if available