The WJ IV Measurement of Auditory Processing (Ga)
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The document discusses the evolution of the WJ IV auditory processing (GA) abilities, emphasizing their growing complexity and significance in cognitive assessments. McGrew highlights the expanded definition of GA beyond traditional phonetic coding, illustrating how these abilities relate to language and cognitive development. It addresses the necessity for a more comprehensive approach to auditory processing in psychological evaluations.
The WJ IV Measurement of Auditory Processing (Ga)
- 1. The WJ IV Measurement of Auditory Processing (Ga) Kevin S. McGrew, PhD. Institute for Applied Psychometrics (IAP) www.themindhub.com © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14
- 3. Kevin McGrew Affiliations • Institute of Applied Psychometrics (IAP)-Director • University of Minnesota - Visiting Professor (Educ. Psych.) • Interactive Metronome - Director of Research and Science (External Consultant) * • Darhma Berkmana Foundation (YDB; Indonesia) – Intelligence expert for development of first Indonesian CHC-based intelligence battery for children * Conflict of interest disclosure: Financial relationship and interest in IM; Coauthor of WJ III and WJ IV (royalty interest)
- 4. The New Ga Auditory Processing (Ga) abilities should no longer be considered the Rodney Dangerfield of CHC abilities © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14
- 5. The WJ IV Auditory Processing (Ga) cluster is not your father’s Ga measure. WJ IV still has the Oldsmobile Ga (Phonetic Coding) in OL: COG now has more cognitively complex Ga measures The WJ IV has taken a broader contemporary view of the domain of Ga © Institute for Applied © Institute for Applied P Pssyycchhoommeettrricicss;; K Keevvinin M MccGGrreeww 0 066--1280--1144
- 6. There has been an explosion of research on auditory abilities since Carroll’s (1993) seminal work (Schneider & McGrew, 2012). A wide-ranging collection of Ga characteristics have been related to disorders of reading, speech, and language. For example, Ga abilities are now recognized as playing a pivotal scaffolding role in the development of language and general cognitive abilities (Conway, Pisoni, & Kronenberger, 2009). © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-18-14
- 7. Auditory Processing (Ga) Phonetic Coding (PC) PHNPRO* NWDREP * Test in GIA Short-Term Working Memory (Gwm) Memory for Sound Patterns (UM) SEGMNT SNDBLN (Phonetic Coding cluster-PC) (Ga cluster) Author/expert CHC narrow factor classifications © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14 Memory Span (MS)
- 8. Auditory Processing (Ga) Phonological Processing (PC/Glr-LA) Sound Awareness (PC) Segmentation (PC) Nonword Repetition (PC/UM-MS) Sound Blending (PC) Short Term Wrk Mem (Gwm) Most complex Least complex An auditory processing battery ? COG OL © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14
- 9. New WJ IV Ga tests
- 10. COG Test 5: Phonological Processing • Ga (PC) / Glr (LA/FW) •3 subtests (Word Access; Word Fluency; Substitution • Measures three aspects of speech sound processing that requires the efficient construction of sound-based lexical representations • High in cognitive complexity and g. Best single Ga test predictor of achievement. High loading on Ga and secondary low loading on Gc (accessing the lexicon). Also loaded on narrow LA factor in broard+narrow bottom-up CFA models. • In GIA, Ga, and all reading and writing scholastic aptitude clusters © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 6-20-14
- 11. Ga (UM) COG Test 12: Nonword Repetition Examinee listens to a nonsense word and then must repeat the word exactly. Requires temporary storage of phonological segments in immediate awareness. Significant body of research has found such tasks to be significantly related to (and be possible “markers” of) reading disabilities, dyslexia and SLI (specific language impairment) © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 6-20-14
- 12. OL Test 3: Segmentation • Ga (PC) • Examinee listens to words and identifies word parts • In OL Phonetic Coding (PC) cluster • Highest loading test on Ga factor across all ages • A moderate measure of g and predictor of ach. across all ages; much more so (and more cognitively complex) than Sound Blending. • Such tasks have been reported to be strong predictors of early reading (Bouwmeester et al, 2011; Geuden & Sandra, 2003) © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 6-20-14
- 13. g-loadings of WJ IV COG tests across 5 norming age groups CHC Ages Ages Ages Ages Ages Tests Factor 6 thru 8 9 thru 13 14 thru 19 20 thru 39 40 thru 90+ Median n = 823 1572 1685 1251 1145 Object Number Seq. Gwm 0.72 0.69 0.74 0.75 0.79 0.74 Oral Vocabulary Gc 0.66 0.67 0.72 0.75 0.75 0.72 Phonological Processing Ga 0.73 0.63 0.68 0.71 0.77 0.71 Concept Formation Gf 0.63 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.67 0.66 Numbers Reversed Gwm 0.63 0.59 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.65 Analysis-Synthesis Gf 0.64 0.63 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.64 Verbal Attention Gwm 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.65 0.70 0.64 Number Series Gf 0.62 0.61 0.64 0.59 0.65 0.62 Memory for Words Gwm 0.60 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.61 Visualization Gv 0.60 0.57 0.61 0.66 0.67 0.61 General Information Gc 0.44 0.52 0.59 0.63 0.65 0.59 Story Recall Glr 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.54 0.62 0.58 Letter-Pattern Matching Gs 0.57 0.55 0.60 0.57 0.65 0.57 Number-Pattern Matching Gs 0.56 0.53 0.54 0.53 0.59 0.54 Nonword Repetition Ga 0.55 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.56 0.52 Visual-Auditory Learning Glr 0.52 0.47 0.49 0.59 0.60 0.52 Pair Cancellation Gs 0.45 0.47 0.52 0.51 0.54 0.51 Picture Recognition Gv 0.52 0.43 0.36 0.45 0.47 0.45 Shading indicates tests in GIA cluster. © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14
- 14. Comparison of WJ III and WJ IV CHC cluster g-loadings in respective norm samples (first unrotated principal component) Fluid Reasoning (Gf) 0.78 Auditory Processing (Ga) 0.77 Short-Term Working Memory (Gwm) 0.76 Comprehension-Knowledge (Gc) 0.74 Long-Term Retrieval (Glr) 0.72 Visual Processing (Gv) 0.68 Cognitive Processing Speed (Gs) 0.62 Fluid Reasoning (Gf) 0.79 Comprehension-Knowledge (Gc) 0.79 Long-Term Retrieval (Glr) 0.78 Auditory Processing (Ga) 0.69 Short-Term Working Memory (Gsm) 0.69 Processing Speed (Gs) 0.62 Visual Processing (Gv) 0.60 Note changes in relative g-loadings for Ga and Gwm © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14
- 15. Gs g-loading LETPAT 0.58 NUMPAT 0.55 PAIRCN 0.52 Ga PHNPRO 0.75 SNDAWR 0.71 SEGMNT 0.64 SNDBLN 0.59 NWDREP 0.58 Glr STYREC 0.59 RETFLU 0.58 VAL 0.56 RPCNAM 0.51 Gv VISUAL 0.63 PICREC 0.48 g-loadings of WJ IV COG/OL tests across ages 6-90+ Gc g-loading ORLVOC 0.76 ORLCMP 0.71 PICVOC 0.67 GENINF 0.63 Gf CONFRM 0.67 ANLSYN 0.64 NUMSER 0.63 Gwm OBJNUM 0.72 UNDDIR 0.67 VRBATN 0.67 MEMWRD 0.65 NUMREV 0.64 SENREP 0.62 © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14
- 16. Yet to be published preliminary cross-battery g-loading and cognitive complexity analysis of primary WJ IV/external IQ battery special studies g T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 (1a) Spearman’s general Factor model Spatial position from center of MDS Guttman radex analysis “maps” g-loadings based on factor/principal component analysis © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14
- 17. 1-factor (unrotated) common-factor solution for WJ IV COG / WISC-IV composite scores (n=173) Loadings on first unrotated common factor Communality Estimates © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14 Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) 0.809 0.654 Auditory Processing (Ga) 0.804 0.646 Fluid Reasoning (Gf) 0.804 0.646 Perceptual Reasoning Index (PR) 0.800 0.639 Comprehension-Knowledge (Gc) 0.779 0.607 Short-Term Work. Memory (Gwm) 0.764 0.584 Working Memory Index (WMI) 0.749 0.562 Long-Term Retrieval (Glr) 0.683 0.466 Visual Processing (Gv) 0.604 0.365 Processing Speed Index (PSI) 0.569 0.323 Cog. Processing Speed (Gs) 0.537 0.288
- 18. GWM PRI WMI -2 -1 0 1 2 2 1 0 -1 -2 GIA GC GF GS GA GLR GV VCI PSI 2 MDS solution for WJ IV / WISC-IV composite and g-scores (n=173) •The WJ IV GIA score is as good (better?) a measure of general intelligence (g) as the WISC-IV FS IQ when defined by g-loadings and MDS cognitive complexity analysis. • The WJ IV Ga cluster is a measure of complex cognitive abilities; comparable to WJ IV & WISC-IV Gf/PRI composites. •The WJ IV measures cognitive abilities not represented in the WISC-IV (Ga, Glr, and possibly Gv). Measures closer to the center of the radex are more cognitively complex FSIQ © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14
- 19. Component Ldgs. PHNPRO 0.83 AR 0.81 VOC 0.80 ORLVOC 0.80 INF 0.78 SNDAWR 0.78 CONFRM 0.76 SIMS 0.75 MR 0.74 VRBATN 0.73 SPLSND 0.72 NUMSER 0.71 NUMREV 0.70 GENINF 0.69 SEGMNT 0.69 BD 0.69 CMP 0.68 LNQ 0.68 DS 0.65 SNDBLN 0.63 NWDREP 0.63 OBJNUM 0.63 PCCN 0.63 VAL 0.62 SS 0.61 ANLSYN 0.61 NUMPAT 0.59 RETFLU 0.58 STYREC 0.58 PAIRCN 0.57 VISUAL 0.54 PICREC 0.48 LETPAT 0.47 COD 0.46 RPCNAM 0.43 CAN 0.42 First (unrotated) principal component for WJ IV COG/OL WISC-IV tests (n=173)
- 20. Remember that there was a paucity of Ga factor studies when Carroll completed his 1993 treatise © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14
- 21. Auditory Processing (Ga) abilities should no longer be considered the Rodney Dangerfield of CHC abilities School psych. and SLD have had a myopic “lamp post-search ” blinder focus on only one part of the very broad domain of Ga There has been an explosion of research (since Carroll’s 1993 treatise) that has identified potentially new important and cognitively complex Ga narrow abilities © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 06-20-14
- 22. Visual-Spatial Processing (Gv) Comprehension- Knowledge (Gc) (Adapted slide from original Gv genius slide of Dr. Joel Schneider) Resistance to auditory stimulus distortion (UR) Reading- Writing (Grw) Short-Term Memory (Gwm) Phonetic coding (PC) Musical Discrimination & Judgment (U1 U9) Language Development (LD) Speech sound discrimination (US) Maintaining & Judging Rhythm (U8) Absolute Pitch (UP) Spelling Reading (SG) Decoding (RD) Memory Span (MS) Memory for Sound Patterns (UM) Sound Localization (UL) Auditory Processing (Ga) School psych. and SLD have had a myopic “lamp post-search ” blinder focus on only one part (phonetic coding) of the very broad domain of Ga Click to activate animation
- 23. Long-term retrieval (Glr) Visual-Spatial Processing (Gv) Comprehension- Knowledge (Gc) (Adapted slide from original Gv genius slide of Dr. Joel Schneider) Resistance to auditory stimulus distortion (UR) Reading- Writing (Grw) Short-Term Memory (Gwm) Phonetic coding (PC) Musical Discrimination & Judgment (U1 U9) Language Development (LD) Speech sound discrimination (US) Maintaining & Judging Rhythm (U8) Absolute Pitch (UP) Spelling Reading (SG) Decoding (RD) Memory Span (MS) Memory for Sound Patterns (UM) Sound Localization (UL) Auditory Processing (Ga) There has been an explosion of research that has identified potentially new important Ga and related (LA) narrow abilities Click repeatedly to activate animation Speed of Lexcial Access (LA) Auditory Imagery ? Auditory gap Detection ? ?
- 24. Sampling of range of Ga abilities being studied: © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 01-23-14
- 25. © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 01-23-14 Sampling of range of Ga abilities being studied:
- 26. Sampling of range of Ga abilities being studied: © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 01-23-14
- 32. Dr. Nina Kraus
- 34. Auditory Processing (Ga) abilities, when properly measured, should have a prominent chair at the roundtable of cognitive CHC abilities © Institute for Applied Psychometrics; Kevin McGrew 6-20-14