Theories and paradigms of development
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The document discusses various theories and paradigms of development, primarily focusing on why some countries remain underdeveloped and how they can evolve. It categorizes development theories into unilinear and non-unilinear approaches, highlighting mainstream and counter-revolution paradigms, as well as structuralist and populist perspectives. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for different development strategies tailored to the unique contexts of less developed countries.
Theories and paradigms of development
- 1. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 Affiliated Institution of G.G.S.IP.U, Delhi Development Communication Theories and Paradigms of Development Paper ID-24201 Paper code-BJMC201
- 2. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 Unit I Topic - II Theories and Paradigms of Development
- 3. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 Theories and Paradigms of Development 3 • The central task of the development theory is to explain why some countries are underdeveloped and how these countries can develop. • These theories have been grouped on the basis of vision and direction of development, i.e. the world view of development, visualized by these theories. • These theories can be sub-divided on the basis of certain shared analytical approaches, i.e. paradigms common to these theories.
- 4. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 4 The world view of development Dev. is Harmonious Unilinear Mainstream Or Interventionist Paradigm Development is Contentious Non - Interventionist or Counter – Revolution Paradigm Structuralist Paradigm Orthodox Paradigm Non- Unilinear Neo – Marxist Paradigm Populist Paradigm
- 5. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 Unilinear Word view of Development It means that underdevelopment is a condition preceding development. All developed countries are late comers to the process of development, which had already taken place in the developed West. The Western developed countries followed some kind of processes, and, they have achieved a kind of standard of living. Due to these reasons, the Western Countries have become the role models of development for the underdeveloped and developing countries. Therefore, the development is becoming more like the West or like the already developed countries.
- 6. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 Types of Unilinear Theories Theories follow under the unilinear world view can be divided into two categories: a) Development is Harmonious and non - contentious and b) Development is contentious. a) Dev. is Harmonious: According to this perspective, development process benefits all rich as well as poor people, and rich as well as poor countries. There is more harmony between different groups of people and different countries. b) Dev. is contentious: These theories refer to the rich exploiting the poor as much as the rich countries exploiting the poor. 6
- 7. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 Mainstream Paradigm: This perspective advocates state intervention or active role of the Government as an essential requirement for development. Most of the modern theories of development that have emerged during the post war years come under this paradigm. This may be called as the ‘Mainstream Paradigm’. Counter-Revolution Paradigm: It emphasizes on non-intervention by the state or non involvement of the government, and advocates the efficiency of market (the forces that determine demand, supple and the cost, pricing, and production of goods, commodities and services) in promoting development, which favours free market for developments. 7 Types of Unilinear Theories
- 8. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 Types of Unilinear Theories The Structuralist Paradigm: It suggests that under- development is a consequence of the internal as well as the international structure (system of production). Internally, the less developed countries are totally dependent upon the production and export of primary products (raw materials like oil, sugar, tea, rubber etc.). On the international front, developed countries (capitalist West) produce and export “manufactured” goods. • These theories suggest that if the less developed countries want development, they are required to change the structure (system) of production increasingly in favour of manufactured goods through capital based technology and industrialization.
- 9. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 Types of Unilinear Theories • The Orthodox Marxist Paradigm: It considers that conflict and contradictions in the development of capitalism are inevitable, and that these can only be resolved through a revolution, which will then lead to the next phase of development.
- 10. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 Types of Non-Unilinear theories • Populist Paradigm: The theories under the “populist” approach question either the need or possibility of the less developed countries developed countries developing on the lines of the already developed capitalist countries. The Gandhian thinking on appropriate development for country like India, and some contributions from some one like E.F. Schumacher wrote Small is Beautiful, may be considered as part of the ‘populist paradigm’. Gandhi emphasized the importance of Gram Swaraj and said that development in a country like India should make the village as the centre, and provide employment and livelihood through a network of cottage and village industries.
- 11. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 Types of Non-Unilinear theories Neo – Marxist Paradigm: The essence of paradigm lies in the fact that, at present, the less developed countries cannot develop like the west. It stresses the interconnectedness of development and under development, of traditional and modern, and indeed many other social and political and economic factors.
- 12. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75 THANK YOU By Shruti Chopra