Topic01 (1w) - Overview of System Concept.pdf
- 1. ICT 400 TOPIC 1 : INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS CONCEPT
- 2. Outline • What is a System • System View • Type of System • Organization as a system
- 3. Learning Outcomes Demonstrate an understanding of system concept.
- 4. 1.1 – WHAT IS A SYSTEM
- 5. 1.1 What is a System? • As stated before, a system is defined as a group of elements that work together to achieve an objective. • Organisations such as a firm, institution or department is an example of a system. • An organisation is established from several elements such as humans, hardware, software and devices which work together to achieve the organisation’s objective.
- 6. What is a System? A system is a set of interrelated components that must work together to achieve some common purpose. A system is an entity which maintains its existence through the mutual interaction of its parts.
- 9. What are System Elements? • Every system has a different combination of elements. • In general, a system has basic elements such as objectives, control mechanisms, input, transformation and output as shown in Figure 1.1
- 10. Figure 1.1
- 11. What are System Elements? (cont.) • For a system, input resources are transformed to output resources. The control mechanism monitors the transformation process to ensure the system achieves the process objectives. • For example. The human body has several systems which possess control mechanisms. Note how our respiratory systems make us sweat in the hot weather so that our skin becomes cooler, while our hair rises to trap more heat in the cold weather. Have you ever experienced food poisoning before? If yes, you will remember how frequently you had to go to the toilet, or how you vomited all day as your digestive system flushed out the toxins in the body. The reaction occurs because the control mechanism in our body system changes the normal transformation process. • In automobile manufacturing for example, if there were a deficiency/shortage in the car inventory, the management would inform the input system to take action to resolve the identified problem. • Now, look back at Figure 2.1. In a system, the control mechanism is connected by a feedback loop (as shown in the arrow flow). The control mechanism monitors the system’s performance by comparing the feedback signal with the system’s objective. If the system output achieves the objective, then the system will be in a stable condition. In the unlikely event that the system output does not meet the system’s objective, a signal is sent to the system input so that necessary action can be taken to change the system operations.
- 13. mechanical biological What is a System?
- 14. What is wrong with the picture?
- 15. Subsystem • A system has many stages. For instance, the human body has many systems such as the respiratory system and the digestive system, which, in turn, have many subsystems that can be further divided to a single cell. • For example, a system in a clinic has many subsystems, which can be divided into the simplest form. A system in a clinic may have the registration, appointment and medical treatment subsystems for instance. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUtIFJVdW-I
- 19. Super System • A super system is a bigger system which consists of many subsystems. • For example, a department subsystem is part of the university’s super system. • A faculty system also makes up part of the university super system.
- 21. The Problem • Managing two or more projects simultaneously is a problem that can be solved using problem-solving (creative thinking) tools. • Let’s zoom out and take a look at the whole picture, including the System, Subsystem, and Supersystem. • Subsystem contains a part of the System, while Supersystem contains the System (as one of its parts). • For example: If tree is a System, then leaves, trunk, and roots belong to the Subsystem, while the forest is Supersystem. • In our case, as shown below, projects are the System, tasks from the Subsystem, the goal is a Supersystem.
- 26. Physical System and Conceptual System • Physical system - a system that originates from tangible physical elements • An example of a physical system is the business firm which consists of humans, building materials, hardware and office equipment. • Conceptual system - a system that uses conceptual resources which cannot be seen physically to represent the physical system. • Conceptual resources are data and information. The conceptual system exists as an idea in the manager’s mind, graphs, papers or data statements captured on the screen.
- 27. Physical System and Conceptual System (cont.) • Let us take manufacturing for instance. Manufacturing is a physical system. It consists of humans, raw materials and machines which work together to create a product. • However, data and information which are stored in the system are the conceptual system which reflects the physical system. • Through the manufacturing conceptual system, managers can identify the quantity of raw material used, transformation process sequences, workers who handle the manufacturing operation, quantity and destination of finished products on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. (data and information)
- 32. Example of Physical System in a Smart Home
- 33. 1.2 – SYSTEM VIEW
- 34. 1.2 System View • What is system view? System view is the way on how we look at an issue, problem or event in the context of a system. The view looks at business operations as a system that is part of a bigger environment. A system view benefits managers by: (a) Elaborating on the structural (when it has many stakeholders, workstreams or other elements. There is a lot for the project manager to manage and control, with many variables) and functional complexity (The functional complexity quantifies the organizational structure by analysing the variety of relationships between system entities and roles that these entities have in the topology) of organisations with the concept of super system and subsystem; (b) Identifying the objectives and the directions of the organisation; (c) Determining how the components of the system need to collaborate with each other in order to achieve the organisational objectives; (d) Identifying the relationship between organisation and its environment; and (e) Prioritising the value of feedback information which is achievable from the closed-loop system.
- 36. 1.3 – TYPES OF SYSTEM
- 37. 1.3 Type of System • Open-loop system • Closed-loop system
- 38. Open-loop and Closed-loop Systems • Not all systems have the control mechanism, feedback loop and objective to control their operations. Systems with no control mechanism are known as open-loop systems. • An example is an IS that automatically generates reports on a regular basis without monitoring the input, performance or activities.
- 39. Open Loop System
- 40. Open-loop and Closed-loop Systems (cont.) • Meanwhile, the closed-loop system has three control components, namely, control mechanism, feedback loop (comprising input, transformation and output) and objective, as illustrated in Figure 2.1. • An example of this system is the budgetary control system in an organisation in which during the budget presentation, the issues are communicated through the feedback system and each expenditure is compared with the objectives through the control mechanism.
- 42. Open and Closed Systems (cont.) • A system that is connected to its environment through the flow of resources. • Most of the systems that exist are open systems. • An example is the election voting system which counts voting input from voters around the country and declares the results back to them. • A closed system is a system that is not connected to its environment. • It was conducted separately and in isolation to produce controlled results. • You might have conducted a science experiment in the laboratory during your school days. • Was the experiment connected to any environmental elements outside the laboratory? • If the answer is no, then the system conducted in the closed and remote laboratory is a good example of a closed system.
- 43. What is System Theory? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHL-l_Iz_sA
- 44. 1.4 – ORGANIZATION AS A SYSTEM
- 45. 1.4 Organization as A System
- 46. Organizations as Systems • Based on Leavit diamond diagram, graphically depicts four fundamental components in an organization that must work in concert (together) for the whole organization to be effective. • IT • Business Process • Organization Structure • People • Organizations and their members are usefully conceptualized as systems designed to accomplish predetermined goals and objectives through people and other resources that they employ. • Organizations are composed of smaller, interrelated systems (departments, units, divisions, etc.) serving specialized functions. • A change in IT is made in an organization—such as the introduction of a new software application — this change is likely to affect the other three components. For example, • people will have to be retrained/reeducated, • business processes like methods of work will have to be redesigned, and • old reporting relationships involving organization structure will have to be modified.