Training & Discussion Session for Critical Environment Management Part I HVAC Systems in datacenter.pdf
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The document provides an introduction to HVAC chillers, explaining their function, operating principles, and types, including air-cooled, water-cooled, absorption, centrifugal, reciprocating, and screw-driven chillers. It details the key components of a chiller system such as compressors, evaporators, and condensers, as well as efficiency metrics like IKW and EER. Additionally, it highlights various applications and maintenance considerations for chillers in different industries.
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Chiller Efficiency
IKW (Kilowatts per Ton of Refrigeration):
IKW stands for Kilowatts per Ton of Refrigeration. It is a measure used in the field of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning).
Specifically, it represents the energy consumption in kilowatts required to produce one ton of refrigeration (TR).
The formula to calculate IKW/TR is: [ IKW/TR] where:
KW represents the actual power consumption (in kilowatts).
TR represents the refrigeration capacity (in tons).
The EER is a metric used to assess the energy efficiency of air conditioners, including chillers.
It focuses on the instantaneous efficiency at a specific operating point (usually a fixed outdoor temperature).
1. The calculation involves dividing the cooling capacity by the power input
EER Calculation Example:
1. Cooling capacity: 253.1 RT (refrigeration tonnage)
2. Power consumption: 164.9 kW
3. Now calculate the EER: [ text{EER} = frac{890 text{ kW}}{164.9 text{ kW}} = 5.86 ]
lower EER value indicates better efficiency because it means the chiller delivers more cooling capacity for the same power input.
IPLV is calculated as a weighted average of 4 loading points. The calculation presumes that a chiller or air conditioner operates (you will find the
equation below):
•12% of the time at 25% load (D in the equation).
•45% of the time at 50% load (C in the equation).
•42% of the time at 75% load (B in the equation).
•1% of the time at 100% load (A in the equation).
Here is the full IPLV formula:
IPLV = 0.01A + 0.42B + 0.45C + 0.12D](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/trainingdiscussionsessionforcriticalenvironmentmanagementpartihvacsystemsindatacenter-240504042214-312fa4b8/85/Training-Discussion-Session-for-Critical-Environment-Management-Part-I-HVAC-Systems-in-datacenter-pdf-6-320.jpg)
Training & Discussion Session for Critical Environment Management Part I HVAC Systems in datacenter.pdf
- 1. Public Training & Discussion Session for Critical Environment Management | Part I - HVAC Chillers play a critical role in maintaining optimal temperatures in various industries and buildings. Let's dive into the world of chillers and explore their importance. by Sumit Dharmarao
- 2. Public Introduction to Chillers Chillers are essential cooling systems used in a wide range of applications, from industrial processes to commercial buildings. Chillers are mechanical devices used to cool water or other fluids for various purposes. They work on the principle of transferring heat from the fluid being chilled to a separate medium, such as air or water. Chillers are commonly used in HVAC systems for controlling building temperatures, as well as in industrial processes, medical facilities, datacenters, and other applications that require precise cooling.
- 3. Public Chiller Operating Principles A.VCRC B.VARC 1.Compression: The cycle begins with the chiller's compressor, which pressurizes the refrigerant gas, causing its temperature to rise. 2.Heat Exchange: The high-pressure, high-temperature refrigerant gas flows to the condenser, where it releases heat and condenses into a high- pressure liquid. 3.Expansion: The high-pressure liquid refrigerant then moves through an expansion valve or device where it undergoes a significant pressure drop, leading to a decrease in temperature. 4.Evaporation: The low-pressure, low-temperature liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator, absorbing heat from the water or process fluid being chilled, causing it to evaporate into a gas once again.
- 4. Public Types of Chillers 1.Air-Cooled Chillers: These chillers use air to remove heat from the refrigerant. They are self-contained units with condensers that use ambient air to cool the refrigerant. 2.Water-Cooled Chillers: Water-cooled chillers use water to remove heat from the refrigerant. They typically involve a cooling tower to reject heat from the condenser water loop. 3.Absorption Chillers: This type of chiller uses heat energy to generate the cooling effect. Absorption chillers are often used in industrial and commercial applications and can be powered by waste heat or low-cost heat sources. 4.Centrifugal Chillers: Centrifugal chillers utilize centrifugal compressors to provide cooling. They are known for their high cooling capacity and energy efficiency. 5.Reciprocating Chillers: These chillers use reciprocating compressors to provide cooling. They are commonly used in smaller-scale applications. 6.Screw-Driven Chillers: They use screw compressors to provide cooling and are known for their efficiency and reliability.
- 5. Public Components of a Chiller System Get acquainted with the key components that make up a chiller system, such as the compressor, evaporator, condenser, and expansion valve, and understand their roles in the cooling process. The basic parts of a chiller typically include: Compressor: The compressor is responsible for circulating refrigerant through the chiller system. It compresses the low-pressure refrigerant vapor and raises its temperature and pressure before releasing it to the condenser. 1.Centrifugal 2. Screw 3.Reciprocating Type Condenser: The condenser receives the high-pressure, high-temperature refrigerant vapor from the compressor and removes heat from the refrigerant, causing it to condense into a liquid. Evaporator: The evaporator facilitates heat exchange between the chilled water or other cooling medium and the refrigerant. As the refrigerant absorbs heat from the water, it turns from a liquid into a vapor. Expansion Valve: The expansion valve regulates the flow of the refrigerant into the evaporator, maintaining the pressure difference between the high- pressure side and the low-pressure side of the chiller system. Control Panel: The control panel houses the controls and electronics that manage the operation and monitoring of the chiller, including temperature settings, safety features, and system diagnostics. Water Pump: In water-cooled chillers, a pump is used to circulate the chilled water through the chiller and the system it is serving.
- 6. Public Chiller Efficiency IKW (Kilowatts per Ton of Refrigeration): IKW stands for Kilowatts per Ton of Refrigeration. It is a measure used in the field of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning). Specifically, it represents the energy consumption in kilowatts required to produce one ton of refrigeration (TR). The formula to calculate IKW/TR is: [ IKW/TR] where: KW represents the actual power consumption (in kilowatts). TR represents the refrigeration capacity (in tons). The EER is a metric used to assess the energy efficiency of air conditioners, including chillers. It focuses on the instantaneous efficiency at a specific operating point (usually a fixed outdoor temperature). 1. The calculation involves dividing the cooling capacity by the power input EER Calculation Example: 1. Cooling capacity: 253.1 RT (refrigeration tonnage) 2. Power consumption: 164.9 kW 3. Now calculate the EER: [ text{EER} = frac{890 text{ kW}}{164.9 text{ kW}} = 5.86 ] lower EER value indicates better efficiency because it means the chiller delivers more cooling capacity for the same power input. IPLV is calculated as a weighted average of 4 loading points. The calculation presumes that a chiller or air conditioner operates (you will find the equation below): •12% of the time at 25% load (D in the equation). •45% of the time at 50% load (C in the equation). •42% of the time at 75% load (B in the equation). •1% of the time at 100% load (A in the equation). Here is the full IPLV formula: IPLV = 0.01A + 0.42B + 0.45C + 0.12D
- 7. Public Applications of Chillers ➢ Food & Beverages ➢ Commercial Buildings ➢ Processes Industries ➢ Metallurgy ➢ Space Industry ➢ Medical Facilities ➢ Data Centers
- 8. Public Chiller Maintenance and Operation Chiller SOP Common Problems Approaches Cooling Tower problems Concept of FMEA Technic
- 9. Public Comfort Cooling & Precision Cooling PAC/CRAC & PAHU/CRAH Comfort Cooling ➢ Precision Air Conditioning or Computer Room Air Conditioning ➢ Precision Air Handling Unit or Computer Air Handling Basic Difference
- 10. Public Trouble Shooting of PAHU/PAC ➢ Mother Board ➢ PID Valve Issues ➢ Loss of Air ➢ Cooling Coil Choke up/leakage ➢ WLD Alarm ➢ Vibrations ➢ Valve Failure