Transaction analysis in orgnisation behavior
- 2. Introduction:- Transactional analysis, commonly known as TA to its adherents, is an integrative approach to the theory of psychology and psychotherapy . It is described as integrative because it has elements of psychoanalytic, humanist and cognitive approaches. TA was developed by Canadian-born US psychiatrist, Eric Berne, during the late 1950s. Definitions “Transactional analysis is a technique used to help people better understandtheir own and other’s behaviour, especially in interpersonal relationship.
- 4. Level of self awerness Open Self: Open Self is known as Public area. This quadrant indicates informationabout self is known to oneself and also to others. The information relates to feelings,motiv ation and behaviour of an individual, which he is willing to share with thosewhom he comes in contact. The indi vidual behaves in a straight forward mannerand is sharing. In an organizational setting, because of the openness of the individualthe chances of conflict are re duced to minimum.
- 5. Blind Self: This quadrant is related to information is not known to self but knownto others, who interact with you, know more about you. This is known as blindarea. It is important that an individual should reduce blind area to the minimumby interacting with people more intimately and by asking questions about self. Forexample, an individual may not be aware of the fact that he is extremely taskoriented and employees do not like it. In other words, others know and perceive the individual a s a hard task master and dislike him because of this. This is blind areathat a person is blind to the fact that he interacts with others in the professionalmanne
- 6. Hidden Self: Certain aspect of personality has formed this quadrant. Self knowsinformation but others do not know it. There are certain aspects, which are private.Individual therefore does not want to sh are it with subordinates and wants to keephidden. The area is also called Private Area. Unknown Self: This area is characterized by facts unknown to the self and toothers. This is dark area, which is not pregnable. There is nothing much that canbe done about it. It should be an endeavor to improve upon one self by obtainingfeed back from others about self. Individual should carry out improvement andperceive one self correctly so that one perceives each person in the right manner
- 7. EGO STATE Ego state is an important part of transactional analysis, it explains psychological behaviour pattern of an individual. Study of ego state is related to the way an individualthinks, his feelings and subsequent behaviour. People interact with each other in terms of psychological positions of behaviour known as ego stat e. Sigmund Freud was the first toadvocate that in every individual there are three ego states residing within him i.e. parentego, adult ego and child ego. They stimulate, monitor and control individual behaviour.The ego state is not related to the a ge of an individual. He further states that a person canchange ego state depending upon situation and modify his behaviour.
- 8. Parent Ego Parent Ego refers to the personality attributes like value, attitude and behaviour of parentlike people, inherited by a person when he was child. This behavioural pattern becomesbasics for behaviour as individual copy parent fig ures like teacher, father, mother, brotheror any other person who is elderly and displays an advisory behaviour, which is copied bya child and subsequen tly displayed in his lifetime when such situations arise. Parent egocan be of tw o types. (a)Nurturing parents Nurturing parent ego is characterized by over protectiveness, helpful, distant, dogmatic,indispensable and upright parent behaviour. When such behaviour is displayed to a child,he inherits the same pattern of behaviour. (b)Critical parents Critical parents ego state is characterized with the behaviour, which is hurtful, wagingfinger at the other and conveys displeasures. The behaviour is strict which usually quotesrules, laws and has great reliance on successful people.
- 9. Adult Ego Adult Ego is based on reasoning, seeking from subordinates and providing information. Aperson having adult ego views people equal, worthy of undertaking any job and responsible.They behave rationally and think logically. Physical signs can identify their behaviour,which displays controlling type. People with adult ego, verify their behaviour and updatetheir parent and child ego continuously. They block parent and child ego state based onexperience. The person updates data to determine what is valid thus he controls emotionalexpression. Adult ego is considered to be valid ego state comparatively
- 10. Child Ego Child ego state is inner feelings, experience and adaptation. Person having child egogenerally displays creativity in his action. He conforms to the situation and people whointeract with him and displays anxiety, depression, dependence, fear and hate. .T hese are:- (a)Natural Child Natural child generally displays following behavioural pattern•Affectionate•Does what come in the way•Fearful•Self-indulgent•Self-centered (b)Adaptive child Adaptive child is psychologically trained in obeying instructions from parents though notto his liking and does whatever because parents insist to do so. It has the tendency to getinvolved in NOT OK transaction. Rebellion, frustration becomes part of his personality. (c)The little professoar The little professor is intuitive, creative and manipulative. He believes in magic and usesthis ego state with adult ego state and achieves good interpersonal relationship. He respondsto non-verbal communication and play hunches. He is imaginative
- 11. Life Positions Child develops life philosophy by experience. As child grows he tries to develop philosophyfor itself based on self-identity, sense of worth and an ability to perceive people in the rightsense. Harris identified life positions where individual knows about himself and theperception of people about him. T ransactional analysis constructs the following four lifepositions. e) I am Okay you are Okay. b ) I am Okay you are not Okay. c ) I am not Okay you are Okay. d ) I am not Okay you are not Okay
- 12. 1. I am Okay your Okay (C) This is an ideal life position because this position is rationally chosen one. In this positionindividual behaves rationally and accept significance of others. People feel happy and lifeis worth living. Individual with this life position expresses confidence in his subordinates,work with high level of delegatation of authority, and believes in give and take. Managesenjoys good c ommunication network, work with confidence and there is work sharing andpositive attitude towards work. People remain happ y and have high level of job satisfaction.People work with adult ego state. There is no conflict situation and there is totalunderstanding among subordinates and peer group. An Ideal life position
- 13. 2.I am Okay, you are not okay (B) This is distrustful psychological life position taken by individual who feel that others arewrong. They blame others for their failure. People who have been neglected by parents intheir childhood tak e this position. They generally operate from rebellion child ego stat ethat feel victimized and blame others for their miseries. Mangers l ack trust, confidence inthe intellectual level, skills and talent in their subordinates and do not believe in delegationof authority. They perceive delegation as threat to their personal existence. Managers arecritical, oppressive and point out flaws in the workin g of subordinates. They operate fromcritical parent ego state and rarely give positive remarks. They feel their workers lazy,irrespons ible and find them as stated in theory X of Mc Gregor.
- 14. I am not okay, you are okay This life position is common to persons who feel powerless in comparison to others. Personsin this life position always grumble and feel at the mercy of others . They have tendency towithdraw and at times experien ce depression that may lead to suicide in extreme case s.People with this life position operate from child ego state. Managers tend to give andreceive bad feelings. T hey are unpredictable and display erratic behaviours. It is not agood life position. People are diffident in this life position
- 15. 4.I am not okay, you are not okay This is the worst life position in which individual feel defeated and sees whole world asmiserable. It is a desperat e life position where people loose interest in living. In extrem cases people commit suicide or homicide. This position is caused due to children havingbrought up by servants and very scant or no attention having been paid by the parents. At managerial level, no decision is taken in time and manag ers make mistakes.Manager with this position look to others for final decision and often delegate in-appropriately. “I am okay your are okay”is the best life position All- individual must try and modify life position in various situations.
- 16. 1. Adult – Adult Transaction Both individuals are transacting from adult ego state. The stimulus and response are based on logical thinking and rationale. This type of communication is considered mo stideal in any organization. There is least chance of conflict among the workers. See figures 2.Adult – Parent Transaction In adult – parent ego state, manager speaks from adult ego state which is rational andbacked by rules and regulations while the employees speak from the parent ego statewhich is authorization, is not likely to smooth in the long run. Parent ego state (workers)will try to control and dominate the manager. T he employees may develop hostile attitudetowards the boss. See figure belo 3. Adult – Child ego state Transactions This type of transaction is effective if child ego is of little professor category whereemployees can work with certain amount of creativity. Manager in this type of situationhas to keep guiding and tolerating childlike behaviour of employees which is characterizedby loose control, and lot of fun and enjoyment, which is not productive for the organization
- 17. 4. Parent–Parents transactions Parent ego state is characterized by admonitions, rewards, and work by rule, praise andpunishment. If both i.e., the manager and employees have the above characteristics of egostate, the stimuli and response will be dominating from either side . While manager wouldput forward his ideas, the employees would reject it and put up a fresh idea and wouldwant to be accepted by the manager. 5. Parent – Adult ego state The boss is transacting from parent ego while he subordinate is responding from adult egostate. Such type of relationship may not last long. Employees rational and logical thinkingwill be marred by parent ego state , which may diminish good working relationship parties. 6. Parent – Child ego state This transaction is workable in the organization where the manager will get the workdone from subordinates by advising, guiding, and by assigning rewards for good work andpunishment for non-performance. The subordinates (Child ego) will listen to manager andlook forward for advice, guidance, and assistance at each stage of production cycle.