Gajus Berhad should recognize a foreign currency loan at the exchange rate on the settlement date, which differs from the initial recognition rate. This will result in an exchange loss that must be recognized by increasing the loan and debiting a loss account. Darusan Bhd recognizes gains or losses on its foreign currency building by adjusting the carrying value before calculating depreciation for the period. Balkan Bhd's financial statements must be translated to the reporting currency using the closing rate method, which applies the year-end exchange rate to non-monetary items and the average rate to income statement items.