Unit 2 building planning-final
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This document summarizes key principles of building planning, including aspect, prospect, privacy, grouping, roominess, furniture requirements, circulation, sanitation, elegance, economy, safety, and noise control. It also discusses building byelaws and their importance in regulating setbacks, building heights, floor space indices (FSI), and open space requirements to facilitate planning and ensure safety. Key factors in planning include positioning rooms for optimal sunlight, ventilation, and views while maintaining privacy. Proper grouping and circulation are also essential for functionality and comfort.
![Building Planning
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Cleanliness may be achieved by non-absorbent flooring materials with proper slope, provision of rain water
pipes for terrace, adequate slopes and dados in baths, water closets etc.
9) Elegance
a) A functionally well planned structure may not necessarily invite attention of user due to lack of elegance
b) Thus the principle of elegance deals with beautifying the structure outwardly.
c) Elegance may be improved by combination of the following depending on economy
Increasing the plinth height of structure
Use of arches for windows, doors etc
Different coloring patterns for walls
Combination of flat and sloped roofing
Use of decorative (building) materials
Integration of structure with surroundings by proper landscaping
10) Economy
a) Last but not the least, any planning would fail if the cost incurred is not considered
b) However, a structure requiring less investment initially may prove to be costlier in the long run due to
high maintenance cost.
c) Although one construct house during his life time, a costly structure may not be practically feasible. Hence
an optimum policy should be framed wherein the functional utility, comfort as well as cost of the
structure.
d) No general rules can be made to achieve economy
e) But it can be achieved by keeping the minimum dimensions of rooms, doors, windows, simple design etc.
11) Safety [Q: What Safety precautions are necessary in a building? Explain. // Write a short note on ‘General
Safety of Building’.]
a) Every building should be stable and durable. It should also be safe against fire and lightening.
b) Safety against fire: -
Every building should be well equipped with the first aid and fire extinguishers, heat and smoke
detectors, alarm system etc.
In addition to fire fighting equipment, water buckets, sand buckets should also be made available.
The electrical fittings should be checked from time to time to protect the building from fire due to
short-circuiting.
The building should be provided with emergency stair-case to escape from fire.
c) Safety against lightening: -
Generally residential buildings are subjected to the lightening danger.
Only the tall buildings are likely to be affected.
Proper lightening protection system should be provided on all important public buildings.
This system must form a continuous chain of conductors from the roof to the ground so that the stroke
of lightening should be discharged to earth within a short interval of time.
12) Noise control
a) Noise is defined as any undesirable sound of any frequency and any intensity other than the desired
sound.
b) Noise may be either indoor noise or outdoor noise. It may be air borne or structure borne.
Indoor Noise- caused due to radio, TV, conversation, banging of doors or windows, machinery etc.
Outdoor noise- caused due to traffic mainly, hawkers, loud speakers etc.
Air borne noise- carried through air and travel through openings.
Structure borne noise- carried by structure and difficult to control.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit-2buildingplanningfinal-180202113112/85/Unit-2-building-planning-final-5-320.jpg)
Unit 2 building planning-final
- 1. Building Planning 1 Model Answers to the University Exam questions Unit - 2 - Building Planning 1) Enlist the different principles of Planning. Explain two of them in detail.//Discuss the following principles of Planning i) Circulation, ii) Elegance, iii) Sanitation. // What is the Importance of ‘Aspect’ & ‘Prospect’ in the planning of building? // What is the orientation of i) Kitchen, ii) Bed Room, iii) Living Room in building Design? // What are the factors considered in planning of building? // Enlist the different principles of Planning. Explain in brief any three. // Answer: Following basic principles of planning should be considered while planning the building. 1)Aspect 2) Prospect 3) Privacy 4) Grouping 5) Roominess 6) Furniture Requirement 7) Circulation 8) Sanitation 9) Elegance 10) Economy 11) Safety 12) Noise Control 1) Aspect:- Aspect means a skillful arrangement of rooms, doors and windows in building in such a way that the occupants enjoy the natural gifts like sunshine, breeze, scenery etc. The aspect considers a proper placement of different rooms in the building according to their activities. Fig shows the “aspect diagram” which indicates general directional arrangement of various rooms. Aspect depends on climate conditions of sun, wind and rain in the region for different seasons. Aspect ensures comfort and proper hygienic conditions. Aspect Table: Room Desired Aspect Notation Purpose Study, Reading Room Northern N Diffused and evenly distributed lights is obtained from north Direct glare on eyes is eliminated Bed Rooms Western South-West W SW In winter chilled wind from NW cannot reach here In summer cool breeze reaches from SW Kitchen, Dining Eastern E Morning Sun rays purify and refresh kitchen air Kitchen is kept cool during later part of the day Living rooms Southern South-East S SE In winter direct sun rays from south enter to keep rooms warm and in summer north sun rays are avoided to enter in rooms Passages, corridors Western South-West W SW To avoid cold wind in winter In summer cool breeze reaches from SW 2) Prospect It is about locating and selecting types of doors and windows so as to reveal pleasant features and conceal undesirable features of the buildings from a person viewing from outside. (i) Aspect and prospect, both are primary considerations determined by the disposition of doors and windows in the external walls of the building but there is a difference between two. Study Room KitchenBed Room Living Hall Entrance Dining N S EW Breeze Winter Wind Aspect Diagram View Desired Outside Inside Less View Outside Inside Observer Observer Outside Inside Observer Concealment of unwanted view ViewView Outside Inside Observer ViewView View (a) (b) (c) (d)
- 2. Building Planning 2 (ii) Prospect is the arrangement of windows in the external walls which allows the inside viewer to enjoy the outside pleasant view such as garden scenery etc. and at the same time, conceal the undesirable views outside. (iii) Thus prospect is decided by the views derived by the occupant from the certain part of the building. Prospect depends on the surroundings of the building. (iv) Good prospect can be provided by projecting windows, inclined breakers, blind walls, galleries etc. (v) The figures show how to achieve best possible prospect from window projections. Desireable views are made visible by projecting windows in that directions and undesirable views are kept hidden by using concealment walls. 3) Privacy (i) Proper privacy is one of the primary needs. (ii) Privacy of the entire building from the surrounding buildings, streets and byways is necessary. (iii) It is provided by keeping windows at high levels from outside road or ground and by growing plants and trees around the building. (iv) Privacy within the different rooms of the same building is also equally important. (v) This internal privacy can be provided by screens, shelters, shutters, partitions, lobbies etc. (vi) The internal privacy can be achieved by providing doors at proper places and hanging shutters. (vii) Figure shows effect of door placement on privacy. A double leaf door placed at the center of short wall provides no privacy because a viewer in front of the door can see almost everything inside the room. On the other hand a single leaf door placed on one side of long wall provides very good privacy because very small part of the room is visible from outside the door. (viii)Thus privacy can be obtained by a) Correct disposition of doors and windows. b) Nontransparent glasses fitted to windows and partitions c) Curtains of windows and doors d) Providing windows at high levels e) Providing separate entrance to every room through the passage. 4) Grouping:- a) Grouping means disposition of various rooms in the building for the convenience of users and their utility. b) A dining room should be close to the kitchen, white sanitary block should be away from kitchen, but convenient to bedrooms. In case of offices, administrative department is located centrally. In factories, various sections are located such that product moves in one direction to get finally assembled after least movement. c) In residential buildings grouping is to achieve comfort, privacy and efficiency while in the case of other buildings it is to achieve economical service. d) Generally any building has many rooms, units or apartments having different but definite functions. Arrangement of different rooms according to their functions known as grouping. e) Grouping should be such that the function of each room is performed smoothly. The movement should be easy. f) Figure (a) shows a good example of grouping of residential building. The sanitary blocks should be near the bedroom as well as kitchen. It should be connected to each room independently. Kitchen and dining room should be adjacent. Living room should be next to reception room. Kitchen and bedroom should have approach from living room. Passage should be minimum and staircase should be near to maximum rooms. g) Figure (b) shows bad grouping of residential building. The drawbacks are obvious. The entrances through kitchen, sanitary blocks away from room are some of the inconveniences. h) Figure (c) shows a general grouping of industrial building. The movement of the material from raw state to the finished product through various shops should be continuous without any interruption. The common facilities and necessities like canteen, offices etc. are easily accessible to all units of the factory. The watch and ward units are at the gate of the factory. Observer NO PRIVACY (A) Observer GOOD PRIVACY (B)
- 3. Building Planning 3 5) Roominess a) An apparent feeling of spaciousness or extra space created by the shape of the room is known as roominess b) Increase in room area requires more expenditure. Instead of this, the roominess is produced from the minimum dimensions of the room by proper shape and arrangement of doors and furniture in it. If the wall cupboards, lofts, shelves etc. are provided, sufficient floor area is available for use. c) A rectangular room is felt larger than the square room of the same area. A rectangular room is felt larger in respect of its utility also. d) In general, roominess depends on: a. Dimensions of room b. Disposition of doors and windows c. Color system of the room e) In figure, a ratio of length to breadth (L/B) of 1.2 to1.5 provides desirable roominess but for the ratio exceeding 2, undesirable roominess creates a bad feeling of tunnel in the room. Small room of large height produces cave effect and appears to be small. 6) Furniture Requirement a) The furniture requirement and their sizes can be predetermined considering the type of building, functions of various rooms and the maximum number of persons using the rooms. Then the sizes and shapes of various rooms can be planned to provide sufficient space around the furniture placement for easy movement. b) Furniture requirement for various rooms may be listed as follows Study room: - tables, chairs, benches, cupboards etc. Bedrooms: - bed, easy chairs, dressing table Living Reception Bed Room KitchenS (a) Good Grouping Residential Building Living Reception Bed Room Kitchen S (b) Bad Grouping Residential Building A B C DEF K J I H G A Raw material stores- B Foundry- C Rough Machining- D Machine Shop- E Assembly- F Stores & Dispatch- G Recreation- H Sanitary- I Canteen- J Offices- K Watch & ward- (c) Good Grouping Industrial Building Roominess Effect due to Shape of Room 4 m 6 m 5 m 5 m Area = 24 sqm Area = 25 sqm size of room appears to be greater than room "B" Room "A" Room "B"
- 4. Building Planning 4 Kitchen: - cooking platform, cupboards, shelves, fridge, dining table & chairs Living room: - table, chairs, sofa, showcase, TV set etc. c) The furniture arrangement can be determined by the position of doors and windows. 7) Circulation a) Circulation means the access or the internal thoroughfare from room to room and from floor to floor. b) There are two types of circulations (i) horizontal and (ii) vertical c) The horizontal circulation means the movement on the same floor such as from room to room or within same room. d) Horizontal circulation is provided by passages, verandahs, corridors, lobbies, halls etc. e) The vertical circulation means the movement from floor to floor f) Vertical circulation is provided by staircase, lifts, elevators etc. g) Desirable circulation must be short, easy to access, lighted, ventilated and independent of other elements of building with proper privacy. h) The following points should be considered in planning circulation: a. It should be straight. b. It should be sufficient. c. It should be sufficiently lighted and ventilated. d. Stairs should be easily accessible to all the users. e. Sanitary services should have access for every user through passage lobby. 8) Sanitation Sanitation considers provisions of ample light, ventilation, sanitary units and cleaning facilities. For healthy and happy living natural light and ventilations are required. Diffused light and good cross ventilation should be available inside the building. (i) Light Light is necessary for illumination and destroying germs in the rooms. Lighting may be natural or artificial or combination of both. Natural light can be provided by windows, doors like openings, ducts, etc. Use of reflecting colors on walls, tiles along with artificial light also helps in illumination of building For industrial building provision of saw tooth roof, north light roofing techniques can be used (ii) Ventilation This is prime requirement to maintain the hygiene of any occupant as lack of fresh air produces illness. Natural ventilation may be sought through windows and ventilators. As far as possible cross ventilation should be achieved. Artificial ventilation may be sought by way of air-conditioning, use of fans, exhaust fans etc. (iii) Sanitary Units & cleaning facilities Ample water supply facilities by way of underground sumps, overhead tanks with pumping facility are primary requirement of any building Sanitary amenities like bathroom, water closets, lavatories, urinals etc. are essential part of concern for any building. Desirable (A) Undesirable (B) Kit Liv Bed Bed Desirable (C) Undesirable (D) Kit Liv Bed Bed Horizontal Circulation Vertical Circulation Saw tooth roof Glazed sheet on north Fan Artificial Ventilation Exhaust Fan North Light Roofing
- 5. Building Planning 5 Cleanliness may be achieved by non-absorbent flooring materials with proper slope, provision of rain water pipes for terrace, adequate slopes and dados in baths, water closets etc. 9) Elegance a) A functionally well planned structure may not necessarily invite attention of user due to lack of elegance b) Thus the principle of elegance deals with beautifying the structure outwardly. c) Elegance may be improved by combination of the following depending on economy Increasing the plinth height of structure Use of arches for windows, doors etc Different coloring patterns for walls Combination of flat and sloped roofing Use of decorative (building) materials Integration of structure with surroundings by proper landscaping 10) Economy a) Last but not the least, any planning would fail if the cost incurred is not considered b) However, a structure requiring less investment initially may prove to be costlier in the long run due to high maintenance cost. c) Although one construct house during his life time, a costly structure may not be practically feasible. Hence an optimum policy should be framed wherein the functional utility, comfort as well as cost of the structure. d) No general rules can be made to achieve economy e) But it can be achieved by keeping the minimum dimensions of rooms, doors, windows, simple design etc. 11) Safety [Q: What Safety precautions are necessary in a building? Explain. // Write a short note on ‘General Safety of Building’.] a) Every building should be stable and durable. It should also be safe against fire and lightening. b) Safety against fire: - Every building should be well equipped with the first aid and fire extinguishers, heat and smoke detectors, alarm system etc. In addition to fire fighting equipment, water buckets, sand buckets should also be made available. The electrical fittings should be checked from time to time to protect the building from fire due to short-circuiting. The building should be provided with emergency stair-case to escape from fire. c) Safety against lightening: - Generally residential buildings are subjected to the lightening danger. Only the tall buildings are likely to be affected. Proper lightening protection system should be provided on all important public buildings. This system must form a continuous chain of conductors from the roof to the ground so that the stroke of lightening should be discharged to earth within a short interval of time. 12) Noise control a) Noise is defined as any undesirable sound of any frequency and any intensity other than the desired sound. b) Noise may be either indoor noise or outdoor noise. It may be air borne or structure borne. Indoor Noise- caused due to radio, TV, conversation, banging of doors or windows, machinery etc. Outdoor noise- caused due to traffic mainly, hawkers, loud speakers etc. Air borne noise- carried through air and travel through openings. Structure borne noise- carried by structure and difficult to control.
- 6. Building Planning 6 c) Why Noise control:- Noise is unpleasant. It reduces comfort and peace of mine. It seriously affects concentration. & it produces heavy strain on brain and nervous system. d) Noise Control:- Site selection- building should be located away from industrial areas, aerodromes, railways and crowded streets. Internal Planning- orientation of building should be such that minimum noise should reach inside the building. Sound Insulation- Sound insulation materials like rubber, felt, corks etc. should be used to fill up the unwanted holes, small opening and ventilating ducts in wall which otherwise transmit the noise. Transmission of noise can also be avoided by using discontinuous and non-homogeneous building structure Noise reduction at sources- one can reduce the noise by knowing the cause of noise. Generally noise due to impact, friction, turbulence can be reduced up to certain limits by proper lubrication, handling, use of sound absorbing materials etc. 2) Explain of bye-Laws of building line and open spaces. //Write short note on Building Bye-laws. // What do you Know by Building Bye-Laws? Write down the specific Bye-Laws for i) Open space requirement, ii) height of Building, iii) FSI // What is meant by ‘Building Bye-Laws’? Write down the specific bye-laws for FSI. // What do you know about ‘Building Bye-Laws’? Explain in brief any one. // Give typical values of space requirements around a building.// Write a short on Building Bye-Laws and their importance. // Explain Necessity of Building Bye-Laws. Necessity & Object of Bye Laws- a) To control haphazard growth in particular area. b) To facilitate future use of land, widening of roads, to have hygienic environment c) To ensure proper air, light, ventilation, parking, sanitation and safety of structures d) To give guide lines to the designer, architect or engineer e) To control land development f) To specify the type of materials to be used g) To afford safety against fire, noise and smoke etc. Building and Control Line Setback Line- It is the front line up to which a building is allowed to extend as compared to the road there Building Line- In case of residential building the setback line is termed as building line Control Line - In case of industrial building the setback line is termed as control line Setback Distance- a minimum distance of setback line from the centre of the occupany road is set down as a limit by the bye-laws. This limit is called setback distance. Road Type Minimum setback distance from building line in meter Minimum setback distance from control line in meter 1 National Highway (NH) & State Highway (SH) 30 45 2 Major District Roads (MDR) 15 24 3 Other District Roads (ODR) 9 15 4 Village Roads (VR) 9 15 Advantages- setback have following advantages (i) can be used for future road widening (ii) keep noise and dust away from building (iii) improves visibility and safety to traffic (iv) Better light, air and ventilation for building.
- 7. Building Planning 7 Open Space Requirements- Certain open space should be left around the building depending upon air and light requirement of the building It also considers parking, future expansion and good approach or access to the other amenities Industrial building has some other additional points consideration for open space Open space for front, rear and side yards depends upon the height of the building and canbe calculated by using the following formula Width of open space in meter =W = 3 + (h-10)/3; Where, h = height of building in meters < 25 m Open space for rear yard for building of height less than 10m should be 3m average but in no case less than 1.8m Minimum space around the building is given table below: Height of building in meter 5 6 9 12 15 18 20 24 Width of open spaces in meters 3 3.3 4 4.7 5.4 6.1 7.4 9 Built-up Area:- Plot Area- It is the total area purchased for the proposed building plan Carpet Area- This is the floor area of the usable rooms at any floor level. It is the area of construction excluding wall thickness area. Built-up Area- It is the area of construction of building including wall thickness. It is the sum of the construction areas on all floors of the building. Built up area is restricted due to open space requirements. It can be increased to some extent by multistoried construction Regulation on built-up area Locality Max. permissible Built-up area covered in percent of plot area Remark 1) Market area 75 % With Sufficient parking 2) Industrial area 60 % 3) Residential area (a) Plot less than 200 sq.m. 60 % Up to two storied structure (b) Plot 200 sq.m. to 500 sq.m. 50 % (c) Plot 500 sq.m. to 1000 sq.m. 40 % (d) Plot greater than 1000 sq.m. 33.33 % Floor Space Index (FSI) or Floor Area Ratio (FAR):- It is defined as the ratio of total built-up area of all the floors to the plot area. FSI = ( Total Built-up Area ) / (Plot area ) FSI values are as under Gaothan areas => residential areas FSI = 2.0 Gaothan Areas =.> Shops = 2.5 Town planning Schemes => FSI = 1.0 Illustration:- An owner have a plot of 500 sq.m. He has constructed 150sq.m. at ground level and 100sq.m. at first floor level. Then the FSI is calculated as, FSI = ( 100 + 150 ) / (500) = 250 / 500 = 0.5
- 8. Building Planning 8 Height of Building:- Maximum height of building depends upon limitation on (a) width of street on which building fronts (b) minimum width of rear space (c) vicinity of aerodromes For buildings in the vicinity of aerodromes, maximum height of building is decided in consultation with Civil Aviation Authorities. In general height if building depends upon width of road and then it should be such that an inclined line drawn from the rear boundary at an angle of 63.5O to the horizontal should not be obstructed by the building height. Limits on height of the building Width of road Up to 8 m 8 to 12 m Over 12 m Max. height of building 1.5 x road width 12 m Road width ( max. up to 21 m) Accommodation Requirements:- For good health and ventilation, the minimum accommodation requirements should be as listed in the following table. Sr No. Description Minimum Requirements 1 Habitable room- area 9.5 sq.m. 2 Habitable room- width 2.4 m 3 Room height 2.75 m 4 Window area for wall on open side 10 % of floor area 5 Total door and window area 1/7th of room area 6 Total ventilation area 0.1 sq.m. for 10 cu.m. of room space Sanitation Requirements:- For good hygiene, the minimum sanitation requirements should be as listed in Sr No. Description Minimum Requirements 1 Single room tenement Nahni or sink area 0.9m x 0.9m 2 Kitchen with separate bath & washing place Small area for sink 3 Residential Building for every 5 single rooms or every 3 double rooms 1 WC = 1.2 sq.m. 1 bath = 1.8 sq.m. 1 urinal = 0.9 sq.m. 1 washing place = 2.4 sq.m. 4 Industrial Building For 1 person For every 25 person For every 100 persons For either sex 5sq.m. floor area 1 WC 1 Urinal 1 WC & 1 Urinal 3) What are the functional requirements of a building in its design and construction? a) A modern building provides aesthetic view along with the primary needs of shelter. Following functions should be performed satisfactorily by the building. (i) Utilities of the building (ii) Structural safety (iii) Fire safety (iv) Good hygienic conditions (v) Sanitation (vi) Ventilation (vii) Day-light requirements b) Requirements of occupants, as regards the number and sizes of rooms, as per the living standards and amenities required for any building planning. c) The building should have fine elegance and aesthetic view d) The building should be economic, safe, serviceable and durable.
- 9. Building Planning 9 e) The building design and planning should provide minimum expected standards of hygiene, sanitation, ventilation and day light. f) The design should assume the correct loads on the structure. g) Thus there are many assumptions and variable factors. So there is no unique solution for building design and planning. There can be many alternatives for building design, planning and construction. 4) Explain how planning of a residential building differs from that of an Industrial building. Answer: The following factors explain how the planning of residential building differs from industrial building. Criteria Residential building Industrial building Owner’s requirements- It includes building elements like living rooms, kitchen, dining hall, bed rooms, porches, other facilities etc The living standards of the owner is taken into account to know his habits, likes and dislikes about the utilities of various parts of the building. It includes building elements like office, storage places, machinery area, loading – unloading places, sanitary units for labors, canteen, watch & ward area etc The standards and type of the company is taken into account to know what actual functions to be carried out in which manner. Scope of building- Scope is depend on the main purpose of building and facilities to be provided in the building for its user e.g.- In Residential building, owner mainly emphasis on privacy of rooms and building. e.g.1- In industrial building, owner mainly emphasis on feasibility, use of room or building as compare to privacy e.g.2- Factory requires more light than office i.e. north-light roof trusses required Financial features- Cost of residential building is lesser than industrial building It includes the cost of construction, finish works etc. High cost involved as compare to residential building It includes the cost of construction, machine foundation, erection cost etc. Building site- Away from industrial area All the amenities like schools, bus & railway stations, hospitals, banks etc. should be nearby places Size of plot, nature of ground etc. to be considered in planning stage. Must be located in industrial zone All the amenities required for industry like raw material depot, transportation facility, water, disposal plants etc. should be nearby places Size & location of plot, waste disposal, mode of transportation etc. to be considered in planning stage. Rules and regulation- Laid by municipal authorities, town planning departments etc. FSI, side margins, plinth heights, open space requirements etc are some of the measures that are used to control the haphazard growth. Laid by industrial development co. authorities, town planning departments etc. Control lines, height of building, zones, waste disposal & treatment, environmental concern etc. are some of the regulation point’s w.r.t. industrial buildings.