Ch 8 building planning
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The document discusses the principles of planning buildings, including aspect, privacy, roominess, grouping, circulation, orientation, and economy. It provides definitions and guidelines for each principle. For example, it states that aspect refers to positioning rooms according to functional requirements and sun exposure. Privacy can be achieved through window placement, plants, and door location. Circulation considers horizontal and vertical movement within a building. Orientation involves placing long walls north-south for climate control. Overall the document offers guidance on applying various planning concepts to suit a building's purpose and environment.
Ch 8 building planning
- 2. The term planning of building by an engineer is used to mean the arrangement of all the units of a building on all floors and at all levels and it not only includes the horizontal layout but also it takes into consideration the height and level to accommodate the space enclosed by walls, floors and roofs. During building planning, it is important to keep in mind, the general purpose of the building. Each type of building has its own requirement to suit its purpose in the best possible manner. There should be proper thinking on the functional or utility aspect of building. Main consideration of planning are: Human habitation and their requirements Climatic condition and effects Bye-laws for planning and construction Available finance Comfort, safety and economy 2
- 3. Principles of Planning • These are the guidelines for planning the buildings to suit their functional requirements. • Various principles of planning:- 1. Aspect 2. Prospect 3. Privacy 4. Roominess 5. Grouping 6. Circulation 7. Elegance 8. Sanitation 9. Orientation 10. Economy 11. Flexibility 12. Furniture requirement 3
- 4. 1. Aspect: • It is the positioning of different rooms in the house according to their functional requirements. • Aspect of any room is decided by following sun diagram 4
- 5. • It can be seen that eastern aspect will be most suitable for kitchen i.e. a room receiving light from a particular direction is said to have that aspect. • Similarly with climate point of view, and as per the requirement of light, air, etc decides the position of the room. • Aspects for various types of rooms are enlisted in following table: 5
- 6. 2. Prospect: • It is the arrangement of windows in the external walls of the buildings so as to reveal certain desired views and conceal undesired views from inside. • This can be done by putting inclined brackets or by providing blind walls. • The prospect can be achieved by projecting windows as shown: 6
- 7. 3. Privacy: •Privacy can be of a part or all parts of a building from another building or one room from another room. •Privacy of the building can be achieved by providing windows at higher level than the adjoining road or ground as well as by growing plants and trees around the building for example privacy for swimming pool. •Privacy inside a room can be achieved by providing door on one side of the longer wall so that minimum portion of the room is visible. 7
- 8. 4. Roominess: • It is the “feel of speciousness” obtained in the room when one enters it. • This is achieved by adjusting length to breadth ratio between 1.2 to 1.5. • Light colors and also different colors on each wall depending on light direction can also improve the roominess. 5. Grouping: • It can be defined as the arrangement of various rooms to coordinate functions of rooms and movement of users. • For example kitchen and dining room should be adjacent ,the stair should have approach from maximum rooms. • In case of industries, hospitals, schools, the rooms are to be arranged according to their sequence of operations. 8
- 9. 6. Circulation • It is the movement inside the building in horizontal or vertical direction. • Horizontal circulation can be provided by passages. The passages should be short, wide and well illuminated. The doors should not open in corridor, as it will obstruct the movement. • For vertical circulation, centrally located staircases, ramps, lifts, escalators are most suitable. Following fig. shows good and bad circulation. 9
- 10. 7. Elegance • It is the effect produced by the elevation. It depends upon proportion of width and height of the building and choice of material and colour scheme. • Elegance can also be achieved by using proper cladding material to the face of the building. It can also be improved. • The beautification process need not be costly. 8. Sanitation • It includes provision of light, ventilation, cleanliness, water supply and sanitary amenities. • The minimum window area should not be less than 1/10th of floor area to allow maximum sunlight to enter the room , which destroys the germs. • The doors and windows should be positioned in such a way that hot air, foul odours are removed from the room and fresh cool air is admitted in the room. • This is achieved by providing ventilators near the roof in addition to windows. Cross ventilation should be employed for proper circulation of air. • The sanitary units should be provided with non-absorbent flooring materials with proper slopes and continuous water supply. 10
- 11. • Factors influence sanitation are • Lighting • Ventilation • Cleanliness • Lighting : natural sunlight or artificial • Intensity of natural light is affected by pollutants like smoke, dirt, dust, gases and clouds • Min window area = 1/7th floor area (hot-humid climate) • Min window area = 1/10th floor area (dry climate) 11
- 12. • Ventilation: a system of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable condition • Orientation of building and location of windows help in providing proper ventilation. Basic requirements in ventilation Sensation of comfort Reduction in humidity Removal of heat Proper supply of oxygen Reduction of dust 12
- 13. Dust: 1. Creates health problems 2. Makes surfaces dull 3. Floors shall be mooth, impervious, non- absorbing, uniformly sloping Dampness (wetness): 1. Root cause of infection 2. Walls and floors shall be damp-proof 3. Kitchen, bath and w/c shall be drained off quickly Cleanliness 13
- 14. 9. Orientation : • It means fixing major axis of the building to achieve maximum natural gifts. • In India, the long walls should be provided towards North and South and short walls in East and West direction to reduce the area exposed to sunrays. • In hot climate verandahs, chajjas and sun breakers should be provided to protect the building from sunrays. Rooms occupied through out the day should be placed on north. 10. Economy : • It is the last but not the least principle of planning. All efforts are in vein if the cost is not considered. • In any case aspect and circulation . On the other hand, prospect can be sacrificed for aspect. • Simple building plans along with minimum doors and windows with simple designs will reduce the cost. • In any case, functional utility, structural stability of the construction should never be sacrificed. • Economy can also achieved by making maximum use of locally available materials to suit the local environmental conditions and use of locally available labour. 14
- 15. 11. Flexibility • The plan of building should be prepared by keeping mind the future requirement 12. Furniture Requirement • During building planning the size of furniture to be require for functional utility of the rooms should be considered Kitchen has platform, cupboard, dining table, refrigerator, mill etc. • Bedroom has bed, cupboard, side tables, dressing table etc. • Children’s room has bed, study table, cupboard, dressing etc. 15
- 16. ORIENTATION OF BUILDING •The settings of plan of building on its sites with reference to the directions is known as orientation. •Direct sunlight, wind and rainfall its intensity and type of surroundings are taken into consideration while deciding orientation of the building. •The long walls of the building should be placed towards north and south. •The short walls should be placed towards east and west. 16
- 17. 1. Site should preferably be situated on an elevated and levelled ground. 2. It should not be located in a flood prone area. 3. The soil at site should have good value of bearing capacity. 4. The site should not be irregular in shape. 5. The site should be rectangular or square in shape. 6. The site should be located in developed area. 7. The site should be located away from quarries, kiln, industrial plants etc. SITE SELECTION 17
- 18. FACTORS OF SELECTING SITE FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING : 1) It must be clear title and in residential zone. 2) As far as possible rectangular plot should be selected. 3) It must be near to market, school, hospital, commercial area, transportation. 4) The plot should have a separate approach road. 5) The land should be such that hard strata shall be available at minimum excavation. 6) If the plot is in the vicinity of river then it must be above the high flood level. 7) Plot in low-lying areas should be avoided as rainwater may get accumulated in the plot. 18
- 19. What is meant bye ‘Building bye-laws’? 1. These are the restrictions laid down by the municipal,town planning or revenue authorities on construction and planning of different types of buildings. 2. Building byelaws differ from place to place . For example building byelaws for Mumbai will not be same as that of some district or taluka place having municipality or a village having grampanchayt. BUILDING BYELAWS
- 20. Necessity of Building Byelaws 1. To curb the haphazard growth of towns or cities. 2. To facilitate future use of land, widening of streets, controlling the ribbon development in an area. 3. To reduce pollution in area by restricting population density in an area there by providing hygienic environment 4. To ensure that every citizen will receive facilities like water supply, sanitation, ventilation, electric supply, parking and safety. Some Important Building Byelaws are as follows :- 1) For Open space requirement : o The open space around the building is required to be provided to meet requirements regarding lighting , ventilations , future expansion , and approach. o Open space for front , rear and side yards depend upon height of building and can be calculated by the formula W = 3 + (h/10)/3 where W = width of the open space in .m h = height of the building in. m < 25 m o Open space for rear yard for the building of height less than 10m . Should be 3m average but in no case less than 1.8 m. 20
- 21. 2.) Floor area : It is the usable covered area of the building at any floor level. Thus, Floor area = Plinth area – Walls Following areas shall be included : Doors and other openings Internals pillar and supports Plaster along the wall exceeding 300 m^2. Following areas shall not be included: Plaster along the wall less than 300 m^2. Fire places projecting beyond face of walls. 3.) Built up area : o It is the area covered by all floor in the building. o It includes everything covered under roof. Area occupied by balcony, staircase is excluded from the built up area. 4.) Carpet area : o It is defined as actual area of usable room at any floor level. o It does not include sanitary accommodation , verandahs , corridors and passages , stores in domestic building , stair cases and shafts from lifts , garages , air condition ducts and plant . 21
- 23. Building Drawings Building projects require several types of specialised drawings. These include. •Location Plans •Site Plans •Floor Plans •Elevations •Sectional Views 23
- 24. Location (Block) Plan The location plan identifies the location of the building or construction site in relation to its surroundings. Location Plans Include: •All neighbouring buildings and their plot boundaries •Street names •Roads, pavements, footpaths etc. •A north direction arrow •The scale of the drawing. The scale of a Location plan is normally 1:1250 24
- 25. Site Plan Site plans show a larger view of a plot, normally highlighted in the location plan. The builder needs to know exactly where the plot of the building is to be constructed. A site plan may include: •Boundaries of the plot •The position of the building within the plot •Access paths •Drainage information; pipe runs, manholes etc. •Contour lines, indicating the slope of the ground •A north direction arrow •The scale of the drawing The scale is of a site plan is normally 1:200 25
- 26. Floor Plan The floor plan is an internal view of a house from above. It is used by all trades to plan their work. It gives information to trades people but also used to show the client or customer the layout and dimensions of the house before it is built. A floor plan may include: •The layout and dimensions of rooms •Positions and sizes of windows and doors. •Layout of the kitchen and bathroom fixtures and fittings •Lamps, switches, sockets etc. •The scale of the drawing The scale of a floor plan is normally 1:100 or 1:50 26
- 27. Elevations Elevations are orthographic views of the outside of the building that enable clients and customers to see what the finished building will look like. Elevations show: •The style of the building •The external proportions of the building •The external features of the building; windows styles and wall finishes. •The type of roof •The position of the doors and windows from the outside. The scale of an elevation is normally 1:100 or 1:50 27
- 28. Sectional Views Sectional views are detailed technical drawings showing a slide through a wall. The section is normally taken through a part of the building that will show most detail. Sections show: •The materials used: brick, timber, concrete etc. •Construction details. •Dimensions •The scale of the drawing. The scale of a section is normally 1:20 28
- 29. Building symbols and signs 29
- 30. Plan Symbols drawing No. A-4. drawing No. A-5. drawing No. A-6. A-6 ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS Symbol Definition Wall section No. 2 2 can be seen on A-4 Detail section No. 3 3 can be seen on L-5 Building section A-A AA can be seen on Main object line Hidden or invisible line Indicates center line 3" 3' 4" Dimension lines Extension lines Symbol indicates center line Indicates wall suface N Indicates north direction 30
- 31. Hose bibbthermostatic gate Shockswitch Aquastat waste below gradeAir vent above grade Meter M F&T PIPING SYMBOLS (cont.) Float and trap Elbow Thermometer Tee Pressure gauge 'Y' Flow FS OS & Y switch Pressure P absorber Pressure House trap reducing valve Temperature ‘P’ trap and pressure relief valve Humidistat H Floor drain A Indirect IW Sanitary S Sanitary S 31
- 32. PLUMBING FIXTURE SYMBOLS Baths Corner Recessed Angle Whirlpool Institutional or island Showers Stall Corner Stall Wall Gang Water Closets Tank Flush Valve Bidet Urinals Wall Stall Trough Lavatories Vanity Wall Counter Pedestal 32
- 33. Floor or wall Recessed Semirecessed W F W F Heater Tank PLUMBING FIXTURE SYMBOLS (cont.) Kitchen Sinks Single basin Single drainboard Twin basin Double drainboard Drinking Fountains or Electric Water Coolers DF DF DF Dishwasher Laundry Trays DW LT L T Single Double Service Sinks Wash Fountains SS SS Wall Floor Circular Semicircular Hot Water Separators HW HWT G O Gas Oil 33
- 34. left blank plan view MATERIAL INDICATION SYMBOLS Material Plan Elevation Section Wood Floor areas Siding Panel Framing Finish Brick Face Common Face or common Same as Stone Cut Rubble Cut Rubble Cut Rubble 34
- 35. plan view Concrete Same as Concrete block Same as plan view Earth None None Glass Large scale Small scale Insulation Same as section Insulation Loose fill or batt Board 35
- 36. section contour MATERIAL INDICATION SYMBOLS (cont.) Material Plan Elevation Section Plaster Same as Plaster Stud Lath and plaster Structural steel Indicate by note Sheet metal flashing Indicate by note Show 36
- 37. 9-17 Tile Floor Wall Porous fill None None Plywood Indicated by note Indicated by note 37
- 38. MATERIAL INDICATION SYMBOLS (cont.) Material Plan Elevation Section Batt insulation None Same as plan Rigid insulation None Same as plan Glass Small scale Large scale 38
- 39. Gypsum wallboard Same as plan Acoustical None Ceramic wall tile Same as plan Floor tile None 39
- 40. Door Gravel rando m LANDSCAPE SYSTEMS AND GRAPHICS Property Fence line Center line Concrete Building Sand Window Brick Paving — pattern Rock Wall Water Stone wall Hedge Swamp 40
- 41. Ground Contour lines —plants Same proposed LANDSCAPE SYSTEMS AND GRAPHICS (cont.) Slope up Grass down Steps up cover down Benchmark EI.00.0 Trees — Topographic contours deciduous evergreen 10 Shrubs — 5 deciduous evergreen Herbaceous (flowers) unaltered altered variety 41
- 42. MATERIALS SYMBOLS Earthworks Earth/compact fill Porous fill/gravel Rock Concrete Cast-in-place/precast Lightweight Sand/mortar/ plaster/cut stone Masonry Adobe/rammed earth Common/face Fire brick Concrete block Gypsum block Structural facing tile 42
- 43. Stone Bluestone/slate/ Rubble Marble soapstone/flagging Metal Aluminum Brass/bronze Steel/other metals Wood Finish Rough Blocking Hardboard Plywood – large scale Plywood – small scale 43
- 44. MATERIALS SYMBOLS (cont.) Glass Glass Structural Glass block Insulation Batt/loose fill Rigid Spray/foam Finishes Acoustical tile Ceramic tile – large scale Ceramic tile – small scale Carpet and pad Gypsum wallboard Metal lath and plaster 44
- 45. Finishes (cont.) Plastic Resilient flooring/plastic laminate Terrazzo Plan and Section Indications Partition Indications Wood stud Metal stud Special finish face Elevation Indications Brick Ceramic tile Concrete/plaster Glass Sheet metal Shingles/siding 45
- 46. WINDOW AND DOOR SYMBOLS Type Double hung windows Casement windows Slider Plan Elevation indicates window hinge 46
- 48. Accent 4'0" 6'2" 2' 8" 8' 1 /2" 63 / DRAWING CONVENTIONS AND SYMBOLS (cont.) Dash and dot Center lines, projections, existing elevations lines Dash and double dot line Property lines, boundary lines Dotted line Hidden, future or existing construction to be removed Break line To break off parts of drawing Linework 4' 0" 8" Slash 4" Arrow 4" 26' 8" 2" Dot 5' 4" 1 /2" Horizontal Vertical Dimension Lines 48
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