C++ programming Unit 5 flow of control

C++ Language
By:-AAKASH KAUSHIK
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Email-theaakashkumar@gmail.com

FLOW OF CONTROL
IT REFERS TO THE FLOW IN WHICH A
PROGRAM EXECUTION TAKES PLACE.
AAKASH KAUSHIK
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FLOW OF CONTROL
1.)Sequential
IN this each statement of a program is executed
sequentially i.e, one after another
2.)Conditional/Decision Making
3.)Iterations/Looping
AAKASH KAUSHIK
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IF
IF-ELSE
ELSE IF LADDER
NESTED IF
SWITCH
CONDITIONAL OPERATOR
TYPE OF CONDITIONS
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It takes a condition in parenthesis and a code block .If
the condition will results into true the code block will
execute or if the condition will false the code block will
be skipped.
The general form of a simple if statement is
if (test expression)
{
statement-block;
}
statement-x;
IF CONDITION
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It is the extension of simple if statement. It contains an
additional else block also. If the condition will results into
true the if code block will execute or if the condition will
false the else code block will execute.
if (test expression)
{
True-block statement(s)
}
else
{
False-block statement(s)
}
statement-x
IF ELSE CONDITION
AAKASH KAUSHIK
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EXAMPLE
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num;
cout<<"Enter any number : ";
cin>>num;
if(num>0)
cout<<num<<" is Positive.";
else
cout<<num<<" is Negative.";
}
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971

There is another way of putting ifs together when
multiple decisions are involved. A multipath decision
is a chain of ifs in which the statement associated
with each else is an if. It takes the following general
form:
if (condition 1)
statement 1 ;
else if (condition 2)
statement 2;
else if (condition n)
statement n;
else
default statement;
statement x;
THE ELSE IF LADDER
AAKASH KAUSHIK
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If the condition-1 is true statement-1 will be
executed; otherwise it continues to perform the
other test condition-2 then condition-3 and so on
Until any condition results into true otherwise by
default else block i.e, default-statement will get
executed and control will be transferred to
statement –X.
The else block is Optional and Default.
THE ELSE IF LADDER
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971

EXAMPLE
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int amt,discount;
cout<<"Enter amount : ";
cin>>amt;
if(amt>20000)
discount=15;
else if(amt>15000)
discount=10;
else if(amt>10000)
discount=5;
else discount=0;
cout<<"You will get "<<discount<<"% discount.";
}

Nested if also known as if within if or
condition within condition. When a series
of decisions are involved, we may have to
use more than one if...else statements in
nested form i.e., body of an if or else part
will also be a condition(if..else).
NESTED IF
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if (test condition1)
{
if (test condition 2)
{
statement-1;
}
else
{
statement-2;
}
}
else
{
statement-3;
}
statement-x;
NESTED IF
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971
If condition-1 will true
then its body will execute
and condition-2 is tested
if it will true statement-1
will execute otherwise
statement-2 will execute
or if condition-1 will false
then as a result
statement-3 will execute
and in all the cases
control will be transferred
to statement-X.

AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971
EXAMPLE
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
cout<<"nEnter value of A ,B,C ";
cin>>a>>b>>c;
if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
cout<<"nnA is Greatest";
else
cout<<"nnC is Greatest";
}
else
{
if(b>c)
cout<<"nnB is Greatest";
else
cout<<"nnC is Greatest";
}
}

C++ Provides a multiple-branch selection
statement known as SWITCH. This selection
statement tests the value of an expression against
a list of integer or character constants. When a
match is found, the statement associated with that
constant are executed if no match is found then
the default statement gets executed.
THE SWITCH STATEMENT
AAKASH KAUSHIK
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switch(expression)
{
case constant 1: statement sequence 1;
break;
break;
break;
case constant n-1: statement sequence n-1;
break;
default : statement sequence n;
}
//default statement is optional
SYNTAX:-
AAKASH KAUSHIK
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AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int dow;
cout<<"Enter weekday number(1-7)";
cin>>dow;
switch(dow)
{
case 1:cout<<"MONDAY";
break;
case 2:cout<<"TUESDAY";
break;
case 3:cout<<"WEDNESDAY";
break;
case 4:cout<<"THURSDAY";
break;
case 5:cout<<"FRIDAY";
break;
case 6:cout<<"SATURDAY";
break;
case 7:cout<<"SUNDAY";
break;
default:cout<<"wrong number of day";
break;
}
getch();
}
Example of switch

The break statement used under switch is one of
C++ jump statements . whenever a case
constant is matched with expression in the
switch that particular part starts execution and
lasts until any break statement is encountered or
until the end of switch. Due to break statements
the program execution jumps to line following
the switch i.e., outside the body of the switch
statement otherwise it will execute all the
statements following the matched case in the
switch.
Usage of break in switch
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971

#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int num;
cout<<“enter any num”;
cin>>num;
switch(num)
{
case 1:cout<<“Onen”;
case 2:cout<<“Twon”;
break;
case 3:cout<<“Threen”;
case 4:cout<<“Fourn”;
break;
default:cout<<“wrong entry”;
}
getch();
}
Example of Usage of break in switch

Switch v/s if-else..
If else..
It can handle logical or
relational expressions i.e.,
multiple conditions.
If else is more versatile
as it can handle ranges.
If else can work upon int
, char & floating point
data also.
If else construction lets
you use a series of
expressions that may
involve unrelated
variables
Switch
Switch can only test for
equality
Switch case label must be
only a single value.
Switch works only with
int & char data types.
The switch statement
selects its branches by
testing the value of same
variable(against a set of
constants)
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971

ITERATIONS/LOOPING
AAKASH KAUSHIK
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Same block/set of statements is
executed repeatedly (again & again)
until a specific condition is fulfilled.

PARTS OF LOOP
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1.)Initialization Expression- It is the initialization
Statement of the Control variable( variable used to
control the loop) .i.e., The value from which loop will
start it’s execution
2.)Test Expression/Condition - the condition up to which
loop will keep on execution. If the condition results true
loop-body will execute again otherwise the loop is
terminated
3.)Updation- the loop variable is incremented or
decremented according to the needs for which the next
iteration will be performed.
4.)Body of loop- Code Block/Statements need to be
executed repeatedly until the conditions results true.

FOR loop
WHILE loop
Do-WHILE loop
Nested loops
Type of LOOPS
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971

Syntax:-
for(intializtion ; condition ; updation)
{
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
}
FOR LOOP
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971
BODY OF LOOP

FOR LOOP EXECUTION SEQUENCE
AAKASH KAUSHIK
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INTIALIZATION
CONDITION
CHECKING
TERMINATE
LOOP
BODY
EXECUTION UPDATION
FALSE
T
R
U
E
START

Syntax:-
Initialization
While(condition)
{
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
}
WHILE LOOP
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971
BODY OF LOOP
+
UPDATION

WHILE LOOP EXECUTION SEQUENCE
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971
INTIALIZATION
CONDITION
CHECKING
TERMINATE
LOOPFALSE
T
R
U
E
START
BODY
EXECUTION
+
UPDATION

Syntax:-
Initialization
do
{
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
}
While(condition)
DO WHILE LOOP
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971
BODY OF LOOP
+
UPDATION

DO-WHILE LOOP EXECUTION SEQUENCE
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971
INTIALIZATION
BODY
EXECUTION
+
UPDATION
CONDITION
CHECKING
START
TERMINATE
LOOP
F
A
L
S
E
T
R U E

THANK
YOU
AAKASH KAUSHIK
9891983083,9289817971

C++ programming Unit 5 flow of control

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C++ programming Unit 5 flow of control