Urbanization: A Theoretical View (Perspectives, growth, cause and problems)
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This document discusses perspectives on urbanization, including causes and problems associated with urban growth. It covers several theories of urbanization, such as the demographic transition theory and concentric zone theory. Functionalism views urbanization as both functional and dysfunctional for society. Conflict theory emphasizes how power and wealth influence urban development under capitalism. The document also outlines current urban problems in developing areas, such as uncontrollable growth, pollution, unemployment, and shortage of housing and land.
Urbanization: A Theoretical View (Perspectives, growth, cause and problems)
- 1. Urbanization: A Theoretical View Perspectives, Growth, Cause and Problems Rajendra P Sharma Kathmandu, Nepal, 2014 rpsharma@mailcity.com
- 2. Contents • Urbanization • Causes of Urban Growth • Perspectives on Urbanization • Problems of Urban Areas
- 3. URBANIZATION • Transformation of a society from a rural to an urban one. • Urban population - Persons living in cities or towns of 2,500 or more residents. • Urbanized area - One or more places and the adjacent densely populated surrounding area that together have a minimum population of 50,000.
- 4. • Megacities - Cities with 10 million residents or more.
- 5. Metropolitan Area • A metropolitan area is a densely populated core area together with adjacent communities. • The . largest city in each metropolitan area is designated the central city.
- 6. Urban and rural population of the world (1950-2030)
- 7. Causes of Urban Growth Better food supply Good medical care Education Jobs Entertainment Specialization of professions Terms of trade
- 8. Functionalist View • Focuses on how changes in one aspect of the social system affect other aspects of society. • Human Ecology • Urban Ecology
- 9. Functionalist View • The development of urban areas is functional for societal development. • Urbanization is also dysfunctional, because it leads to increased rates of anomie as the bonds between individuals and social groups become weak.
- 10. Human Ecology • Human ecology is an area of study that is concerned with the interrelationships between people and their environment.
- 11. Urban Ecology • An area of study that focuses on the interrelationships between people and their environment in urban areas.
- 12. Functionalist View • There are different theories: • Concentric-zone theory • Demographic transition theory • Multiple-nuclei theory
- 13. Demographic transition theory • The demographic transition theory of population describes how industrialization has affected population growth. • There are different stages in this theory:
- 14. • Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates. • Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.
- 15. • Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low. • Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.
- 16. Growth of World’s population
- 17. Concentric Zone Theory • Ernest Rurgess • Theory of urban growth • Growth in terms of a series of rings radiating from the central business district.
- 18. Multiple Nuclei Theory • Chauncy D.Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945 • A theory of urban growth. • Growth as emerging from many centers of development, each of which reflects a particular urban need or activity.
- 20. Symbolic View Simmel’s view of city life The intensity of city life causes people to become insensitive to individuals and events around them. Urbanism as a way of life Size, density, and heterogeneity of urban population result in elaborate division of labor and space.
- 21. Conflict View • Emphasizes the role of power, wealth and profit motive in development of urban areas. • Capitalism contributes to migration of rural inhabitants to cities. • Individuals and groups with wealth and power influence decisions that affect urban populations.
- 22. Conflict View Capitalism and urban growth The capitalist class chooses locations for skyscrapers and housing projects, limiting individual choices by others. Gender regimes in cities Different cities have different ideologies regarding access to social positions and resources for men and women.
- 23. New Urban Sociology • An approach to urbanization that considers the interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their effect on local space, with special emphasis on the impact of global economic activity.
- 24. World System Analysis Wallerstein was a person who gave this view. He argued that global economic system as one divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited.
- 25. Current Urban Problems • For Developing world 1-uncontrollable growth 2-trraffic noise 3-pollution 4-dirty water 5-increase in unemployment 6-shortage of land (housing)
- 26. THANK YOU Q/A for few minutes