Vactrain an insight into Hyperloop
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The document describes the concept of a vactrain, which is a magnetically levitated train that would run inside an evacuated tunnel or pipe with no air resistance. This would allow the train to consume very low power and travel at extremely high speeds of up to 5000 mph. The document provides a history of related concepts like pneumatic tube transport and discusses modern proposals like the Hyperloop. It also describes the working principles, potential advantages like speed and energy efficiency, and disadvantages like risks of puncturing the tunnel. Simulation results are presented showing the aerodynamic challenges of high-speed travel in a tube.
Vactrain an insight into Hyperloop
- 1. VACTRAIN Train that runs inside a vacuum pipe! 1 SEMINAR BY : AVIN GANAPATHI
- 2. VAC = VACUUM + TRAIN= A SERIES OF CONNECTED VEHICLES 2
- 3. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY WORKING ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES CASE STUDY CONCLUSION REFERENCE
- 4. INTRODUCTION Magnetically levitated train will run inside a tunnel or pipe that contains no air. No drag or friction, so low power consumption and high speeds. Use gravity to assist their acceleration. 4
- 5. Principle of VACTRAIN Pneumatic Tube . Magnetic Levitation. 5
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- 7. HISTORY 7 Pneumatic Tube Transport. Aeolian : George Medhurst. Crystal Palace pneumatic railway. Beach Pneumatic Transit Company. Vactrain : Robert Goddard Swissmetro. The Very High Speed Transit System. Evacuated Tube Transport Technologies (ET3). Hyperloop.
- 8. Pneumatic Tube Transport These are the systems that propel cylindrical containers through a network of tubes by compressed air or by partial vacuum. They are used for transporting solid objects, as opposed to conventional pipelines, which transport fluids. 8
- 9. Aeolian On September 1827 George Medhurst a Mechanical Engineer in his book titled “Machinery for the rapid Conveyance of Goods and Passengers by Air” proposed the idea pneumatic transport. 9
- 10. The Crystal Palace pneumatic railway was an experimental atmospheric railway that was designed by Thomas Webster Rammell in 1864 10
- 11. In 1869, Alfred Ely Beach began constructing a subway line beneath Broadway in which air pressure in the tube pushed the cars. 11
- 12. In the 1910s, vacuum train were first described by rocket pioneer Robert Goddard. 12
- 13. During the 1970s Robert M Salter of RAND published an article about Very High Speed Transit System (VHST). 13
- 14. The ET3 Global Alliance was founded by Daryl Oster in 1997 with the goal of establishing a global transportation system . 14
- 15. The Hyperloop is a conceptual high –speed transportation system put forward by Elon Musk of Tesla corporation. 15
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- 18. Rand Corporation The Vactrain is a magnetically levitated, or magnetically powered, train system running in evacuated or partly evacuated tubes or tunnels. The lack of air resistance could permit vactrains to use little power and to move at extremely high speeds, up to 4000-5000 mph (6400-8000 km/h, 2 km/s), or 5-6 times the speed of sound (Mach 1) at standard conditions. It explained there is the extremely important matter of the use and conservation of immense amounts of energy needed to move the vehicles at such great speed. 18
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- 20. Evacuated Tube Transport Technologies(ET3) Car sized passenger capsules travel in 1.5m (5') diameter tubes on frictionless maglev. Air is permanently removed from the two-way tubes that are built along a travel route. Airlocks at stations allow transfer of capsules without admitting air. Linear electric motors accelerate the capsules, which then coast through the vacuum for the remainder of the trip using no additional power. Most of the energy is regenerated as the capsules slow down. ET3 can provide 50 times more transportation per kWh than electric cars or trains. 20
- 21. Speed in initial ET3 systems is 600km/h (370 mph) for in state trips, and will be developed to 6,500 km/h (4,000 mph) for international travel that will allow passenger or cargo travel from New York to Beijing in 2 hours. ET3 is networked like freeways, except the capsules are automatically routed from origin to destination. 21
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- 23. HYPERLOOP The Hyperloop concept is proposed to operate by sending specially designed "capsules" or "pods" through a continuous steel tube maintained at a partial vacuum. Each capsule floats on a 0.5- to-1.3-millimetre (0.02 to 0.05 in) layer of air provided under pressure to air-bearing "skis", similar to how pucks are suspended in an air hockey table, thus avoiding the use of maglev while still allowing for speeds which wheels cannot sustain. Linear induction motors located along the tube would accelerate and decelerate the capsule to the appropriate speed for each section of the tube route. With rolling resistance eliminated and air resistance greatly reduced, the capsules are theorized to be able to glide for the bulk of the journey. In the Hyperloop concept, an electrically driven inlet fan and air compressor would be placed at the nose of the capsule in order to "actively transfer high pressure air from the front to the rear of the vessel," resolving the problem of high speed transport in a tube that is not a hard vacuum, wherein pressure builds up in front of the vehicle, slowing it down. 23
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- 25. Capsule The capsules, which are proposed to be 2.23 metres (7 ft 4 in) in diameter for the passenger-only version, are projected to reach a top speed of 760 mph (1,220 km/h) so as to maintain aerodynamic efficiency, and the design proposes that passengers will experience a maximum inertial acceleration of 0.5 g, about 2 or 3 times that of a commercial airliner on takeoff and landing. At those speeds there would not be a sonic boom; with low-pressure warm air inside the tubes, Musk hypothesizes that the pods could travel at high speeds without crossing the sound barrier. 25
- 26. Design Process The simulation showed that the capsule design would need to be significantly reshaped to avoid creating supersonic airflow, and that the gap between the tube wall and capsule would need to be larger. In October 2013, the development team of the OpenMDAO software framework released an unfinished, conceptual open-source model of parts of the Hyperloop's propulsion system. The team asserted that the model demonstrated the concept's feasibility, although the tube would need to be 13 feet (4 m) in diameter, significantly larger than originally projected. In November 2013, MathWorks published a blog post with analysis of the route in the initial proposal. The analysis focused on acceleration forces that would be experienced by passengers along the journey and the necessary deviations from public roadways in order to keep the accelerations reasonable. 26
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- 28. In September 2013, Ansys Corporation ran computational fluid dynamics simulations to model the aerodynamics of the capsule and shear stress forces that the capsule would be subjected to. The simulation showed that the capsule design would need to be significantly reshaped to avoid creating supersonic airflow, and that the gap between the tube wall and capsule would need to be larger. Sandeep Sovani said the simulation showed that Hyperloop has challenges but that he is convinced it is feasible. 28
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- 31. Hyperloop Passenger Capsule Hyperloop capsules will float above the tube’s surface on an array of 28 air bearing skis that are geometrically conformed to the tube walls. The skis, each 4.9 ft (1.5 meters) in length and 3.0 ft (0.9 meters) in width, support the weight of the capsule by floating on a pressurized cushion of air 0.020 to 0.050 in. (0.5 to 1.3 mm) off the ground. Peak pressures beneath the skis need only reach 1.4 psi (9.4 kPa) to support the passenger capsule (9% of sea level atmospheric pressure). The skis depend on two mechanisms to pressurize the thin air film: external pressurization and aerodynamics. 31
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- 33. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES Safer. Faster. Lower cost. More convenient. Immune to weather. Sustainably self powering. Resistant to Earthquakes. Not disruptive to those along the route. 33
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- 35. DISADVANTAGES Punctured tunnel could cause shock- waves. High speed might cause dizziness in some passengers. High speed might cause dizziness in some passengers. 35
- 36. CASE STUDY Artificial Vacuum. Design & Design Practice. Design Process . 36
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- 39. CONCLUSION I analyzed the practicability of a Vactrain and how it would impact the world. In the world of today, where distances are no longer a constraint to communication, the next expected step is high speed travel. The Vactrain outweighs the current modes of transport in several ways, making it a ground-breaking idea. It has a clear edge over present airplanes, trains and automobiles as it causes no pollution and does not operate with gas or petroleum. 39
- 40. 40 REFERENCES George Medhurst, A New method of conveying letters and goods with great certainty and rapidity by air. London: 1810. George Medhurst, Calculations and remarks tending to prove the practicability ... of a plan for the rapid conveyance of goods and passengers upon an iron road through a tube of 30 feet in area, by the power and velocity of air. London: 1812. Musk, Elon (August 12, 2013). "Hyperloop Alpha" SpaceX. Retrieved August 13, 2013. "Beyond the hype of Hyperloop: An analysis of Elon Musk's proposed transit system" Gizmag.com. August 22, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
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