Virtualization (Distributed computing)
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Virtualization allows resources like processors, memory, storage and machines to be divided into multiple isolated virtual instances that can each run their own operating systems and applications. This is done through virtualization software that manages the underlying physical resources and presents a separate virtual environment to each virtual instance. Popular virtualization platforms include Xen, VMWare, and Microsoft Virtual Server which allow multiple virtual machines to run simultaneously on a single physical server.
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Virtualization (Distributed computing)
- 1. Virtualization Paul Krzyzanowski [email_address] [email_address] Distributed Systems Except as otherwise noted, the content of this presentation is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.
- 2. Virtualization Memory virtualization Process feels like it has its own address space Created by MMU, configured by OS Storage virtualization Logical view of disks “connected” to a machine External pool of storage CPU/Machine virtualization Each process feels like it has its own CPU Created by OS preemption and scheduler
- 3. Storage Virtualization Dissociate knowledge of physical disks Software between the computer and the disks manages the view of storage. Examples: Make four 500 GB disks appear as one 2 TB disk Make one 500 GB disk appear as two 200 GB disks and one 100 GB disk, with each of the 200 GB virtual disks available to different servers while the 100 GB disk can be shared by all. Have all writes get mirrored to a backup disk Virtualization software translates read-block/write-block requests for logical devices to read-block/write-block requests for physical devices
- 4. Virtualization Storage virtualization Logical view of disks “connected” to a machine Separate logical view from phyisical storage External pool of storage Virtualization appliance Fibre-channel switch Host 1 Host 2 Host n ... Replication Snapshots Pooling Partitioning
- 5. Virtual CPU Each process feels like it has its own CPU But cannot execute privileged instructions (e.g., modify the MMU or the interval timer, halt the processor, access I/O) Created by OS preemption and scheduler
- 6. Virtual CPUs Pseudo-machine with interpreted instructions 1966: O-code for BCPL 1973: P-code for Pascal 1995: Java Virtual Machine Run anywhere
- 7. Virtual Machines Machine virtualization Partition a physical computer to act like several real machines Migrate an entire OS + applications from one machine to another 1972: IBM System 370
- 8. Machine Virtualization Privileged vs. unprivileged instructions Regular applications use unprivileged instructions Easy to virtualize If regular applications execute privileged instructions, they trap VM catches the trap and emulates the instruction
- 9. Intel Ugliness Intel x86 arch doesn’t support trapping privileged instructions Two approaches Binary translation (BT) Scan instruction stream and replace privileged instructions with something the VM can intercept. (VMware approach) Paravirtualization Don’t use non-virtualizable instructions (Xen approach)
- 10. Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) Program in charge of virtualization Aka Hypervisor Arbitrates access to physical resources Presents a set of virtual device interfaces to each host Guest OS runs until: Privileged instruction traps System interrupts Exceptions (page faults) Explicit call: VMCALL (intel) or VMMCALL (AMD)
- 11. Architectural Support Intel Virtual Technology (Intel Core 2 Duo) AMD Opteron Certain privileged instructions are intercepted as VM exits to the VMM Exceptions, faults, and external interrupts are intercepted as VM exits Virtualized exceptions/faults are injected as VM entries
- 12. Popular VM Platforms Xen Runs under an OS and provides virtual containers for running other operating systems. Runs a subset of x86. Routes all hardware accesses to the host OS. Altris Software Virtualization Services Windows registry & directory tweaking Allows multiple instances of applications to be installed Microsoft Virtual Server Parallels VMWare
- 13. Security Threats Hypervisor-based rootkits A system with no virtualization software installed but with hardware-assisted virtualization can have a hypervisor-based rootkit installed. Rootkit runs at a higher privilege level than the OS. It’s possible to write it in a way that the kernel will have a limited ability to detect it.
- 14. Muiltiprocessor Virutalization 3Leaf Systems Custom ASIC to allow networked processors to act like one SMP system Cache-coherent links between servers A connection between servers keeps memory coherent and makes a remote processor look like it’s on the same system bus Planned for 2010
- 15. The end