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Viirre, E., Pryor, H., Nagata, S., Furness, T. A. (1998). The Virtual Retinal Display: A New
Technology for Virtual Reality and Augmented Vision in Medicine. In Proceedings of Medicine
Meets Virtual Reality, San Diego, California, USA, (pp. 252-257), Amsterdam: IOS Press and
Ohmsha.
The Virtual Retinal Display: A New
Technology for Virtual Reality and
Augmented Vision in Medicine.
Erik Viirre M.D. Ph.D. Homer Pryor, Satoru Nagata M.D. Ph.D.
and Thomas A. Furness III Ph.D.
Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington.
Box 352142 Seattle WA 98195-2142
Abstract
Introduction: The Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) is a new technology
for creating visual images. It was developed at the Human Interface
Technology Laboratory (HIT Lab) by Dr. Thomas A. Furness III.
The VRD creates images by scanning low power laser light directly
onto the retina. This special method results in images that are bright,
high contrast and high resolution. In this paper, we describe how
the VRD functions, the special consequences of its mechanism of
action and potential medical applications of the VRD, including
surgical displays and displays for people with low vision. A
description of its safety analysis will also be included. In one set of
tests we had a number of patients with partial loss of vision view
images with the VRD. There were two groups of subjects: patients
with macular degeneration, a degenerative disease of the retina and
patients with keratoconus. Typical VRD images are on the order of
300 nanowatts. VRD images are also readily viewed superimposed
on ambient room light. In our low vision test subjects, 5 out of 8
subjects with macular degeneration felt the VRD images were better
and brighter than the CRT or paper images and they were able to
reach the same or better level of resolution. All patients with
Keratoconus were able to resolve lines of test several lines smaller
with the VRD than with their own correction. Further, they all felt
that the VRD images were sharper and easier to view. The VRD is a
safe new display technology. The power levels recorded from the
system are several orders below the power levels prescribed by the
American National Standard. The VRD readily creates images that
can be easily seen in ambient roomlight and it can create images that
can be seen in ambient daylight. The combination of high brightness
and contrast and high resolution make the VRD an ideal candidate
for use in a surgical display. Further, tests show strong potential for
the VRD to be a display technology for patients with low vision.

1. Introduction
The Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) is a new technology for creating visual images. It was
developed at the Human Interface Technology Laboratory (HIT Lab) by Dr. Thomas A. Furness
III. The VRD creates images by scanning low power laser light directly onto the retina. This
special method results in images that are bright, high contrast and high resolution. Current
prototypes of the system produce full color images at a true 640 by 480 resolution.
The technologies of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are the new paradigm
for visual interaction with graphical environments. The features of VR are interactivity and
immersion. To achieve these features, a visual display that is high resolution and wide field of
view is necessary. For AR a visual display that allows ready viewing of the real world, with
superimposition of the computer graphics is necessary. Current display technologies require
compromises that prevent full implementation of VR and AR. A new display technology called the
Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) has been created. The VRD has features that can be optimized for
the human computer interfaces.
The VRD is a visual display device that uses scanned light beams. Instead of viewing a
screen, the user has the image scanned directly into the eye. A very small spot is focused onto the
retina and is swept over it in a raster pattern. The VRD uses very low power and yet can be very
bright. The technology has been developed such that the scanning element will cost only a few
dollars in mass production. Low cost light sources, optics and controllers will make up the rest of
the system. Ultimately, the overall device should be very inexpensive yet it will be small enough to
mount on a spectacle frame.
The development of this device has been driven by the need for a ubiquitious display that is
lightweight, full color and high resolution. In particular, the demands for displays for virtual
environments and augmented vision are most pressing. In the past, virtual environments displays
have been very heavy, low resolution and have a small field of view. To create compelling virtual
environments, the opposite is needed. The demands of displays for augmented reality, where the
computer graphics image is superimposed on the real world, include a bright, high contrast image,
and color that is appropriate. For example, an augmented vision display for a surgeon, which
might provide him anatomic navigation information, would need to be unobtrusive during most of
the procedure, produce bright enough images to be seen under the lights of the operating theatre
and have color matched images that correspond to what the surgeon is seeing. The special
characteristics of images from the VRD may make it very useful for people with partial loss of
vision.
Figure 1 is a block diagram of the VRD. Laser sources are introduced into a fiber optic
strand which brings light to the Mechanical Resonance Scanner (MRS) (patent pending). The MRS
is the heart of the system. It is a lightweight device approximately 2 cm X 1 cm X 1cm in size and
consists of a polished mirror on a mount. The mirror oscillates in response to pulsed magnetic
fields produced by coils on the system mounting. It oscillates at 15 KHz and rotates through an
angle of 12 degrees. The high frequency of scanning allows the fine resolution in the images
produced. As the MRS mirror moves, the light is scanned in the horizontal direction. Because the
mirror of the MRS oscillates sinusoidally, the scanning in the horizontal direction has been
arranged for both the forward and reverse direction of the oscillation. The scanned light is then
passed to a mirror galvanometer or second MRS which then scans the light in the vertical
direction.The horizontally and vertically scanned light is then introduced to the eye. The light can
be sent through a mirror/combiner to allow the user to view the scanned image superimposed on
the real world.

LASER
Horizontal
Scanner
Vertical
Scanner
Delivery
Optics
VGA
Input
Controlling Electronics
Modulator
Figure 1. Block Diagram of VRD systems
VRD versus Pixel Based Displays
The mode of illumination of the retina by the VRD is quite different from conventional
screens. The scanning mechanism rapidly sweeps a spot of light over the retina. The spot passes
over the retinel (an area analogous to the retinal area where a pixel is focused ). Thus the retinel is
not illuminated uniformly in time. Further, the actual time of illumination is extremely brief (40
nanoseconds). There is only a brief spike of illumination of a portion of the retina for each refresh
cycle of the display. The light from the VRD is coherent and very narrow band in wavelength. The
VRD can be configured such that the spot actually overlaps retinels or is smaller than a retinal area.
Table 1 summarizes the differences between the pixel based display and the VRD.
Table I
Pixel Based Display VRD
Illumination constant over whole pixel Light scanned across retina
persistent light emission Short transient light emission
non coherent light coherent light
broadband color narrow band color
pixels separated by mask Spot can overlap retinels in scans
Aids for the Partially Sighted: The Need
People with partial vision constitute approximately 2% of the population in King County
according to an internal study by Seattle Community Services for the Blind and
Partially Sighted. Other centers around the country find similar population numbers[1-3]. The
partially sighted have several major needs. According to CSBPS, sufferers with low vision most
often request aids to allow them to read text or watch television and they may also require aids for
navigation or other activities of daily living. Current visual aids include simple glass magnifiers,
video magnifiers and custom computer display enhancers. However current devices use old
display technologies. The old displays have inherent limitations in resolution, brightness, contrast,
and field of view[4-8]. Further, the older display technologies are generally not portable and have
inherent characteristics that make them clumsy for use by the partially sighted.

In this paper, we will describe potential medical applications of the VRD, including
displays for people with low vision and surgical displays. A description of its safety analysis will
also be included.
2. Methods
For our safety analysis, we measured the light power output of the VRD when it was
creating images. We had subjects adjust the brightness of the VRD images in a see through
configuration that allowed them to see an image on a conventional CRT screen. The VRD image
brightness was adjusted so that it appeared equal to the brightness of the CRT images.
The tables below show the results of some trial tests of low vision subjects with the VRD.
In these tests subjects were brought in and gave informed consent. They were shown a series of
vision test images on paper, a computer screen and with the VRD. Their visual acuity was tested
with a standard office vision chart. For each display they were then shown test images to determine
their resolving ability (acuity) and if any distortions were present (astigmatism or linear distortions
on an Amsler grid) The performance on each medium was recorded and the subject’s subjective
impression of the visual image was also determined. The prototype VRD system was used for
these tests.
In our pilot study we did a straightforward comparison of image quality of images from the
VRD and a CRT and a images on paper. We controlled angular size of the images to be able to
compare best visual acuity. Image intensity was not controlled.
Acuity measures: Landolt C’s.
Image distortion Measures: Astigmatism stars and Amsler grids.
Subjective impressions of the images.
Subjects: Normal, Macular Degeneration, Keratoconus
3. Results
In our safety analysis, all subjects were readily able to match the VRD brightness to the
bightness of the control images. Power output values of the VRD varied from 50 to 1200
nanowatts. Typical VRD images are on the order of 300 nanowatts. Typical VRD images are also
readily viewed superimposed on ambient room light. Normal subjects are all able to see VRD
images clearly. All 8 formally tested subjects were able to resolve VRD targets within one line of
CRT or paper targets. 4 were able to resolve targets at the same resolution. 5 of 8 normal subjects
reported VRD images to be “as sharp” or “sharper” than CRT or paper targets. There was no
distortion detected with astigmatism stars or Amsler grids.
Macular Degeneration Subjects
MD subjects generally saw VRD targets as well subjectively and objectively as the CRT and
paper targets. Macular degeneration is a degradation of the visual receptors in the central part of the
retina resulting in a decreased ability to read or recognize objects such as faces.Their visual acuity
was sharper with the VRD in some cases due to the pinhole effect on refractive error. Localization
of the small pinhole was difficult for some subjects.
Keratoconus Subjects
Keratoconus is a distortion of the cornea. It results in blurred, defocussed images. All
keratoconus subjects reported that they saw VRD images more sharply than any other visual targets
and in any viewing condition: no correction, glasses correction or contact lens correction (which
normally provides the best vision). All subjects had equal or higher visual acuity with the VRD
targets, again even when wearing a gas permeable contact lens.

Subject Visual Acuity Vision Disorder Paper CRT VRD
OS OD OD OS OD OS OD OS
1 20/400 20/200 Macular Degeneration 1/2 4 2/3 3 2/3 4
2 20/200 20/400 Macular Degeneration 3/4 1 3/4 1 5/6 1/2
3 20/800 20/800 Optic Neuritis 1 3 1 3 1 2
4 20/200 20/80 Macular Degeneration 1 6 1 6 0 6
5 20/400 20/400 Keratoconus 1 1 1 1 6 7
6 20/400 20/400 Keratoconus 1 1 1 1 6 7
7 20/400 20/400 Keratoconus 1 1 1 1 7 7
8 20/20 20/20 Retinal Pigmentosa 6 6 6 6 6/7 6/7
Note: Legend
Vision test accomplished using Landolt C charts. 1 20/400
Snellen Chart used to determine visual acuity. 2 20/200
Amsler grid and Astigmatism tests showed no difference between
three conditions.
3 20/160
4 20/120
5 20/80
6 20/40
7 20/30
Augmented Reality.
One of the leading applications for the VRD will be augmented vision and
augmented reality. Because of the bright images that can be produced by the VRD it will be
possible to use it in conditions as bright as ambient daylight. No current displays technology can
produce a portable image this bright. In augmented reality applications, images from the display are
overlaid on the real world for task enhancement. In augmented vision the images move with the
subject's head. In augmented reality, the images are held in registration with the real world as the
subject moves. For example, in an augmented reality application, a worker could see an instruction
manual or diagram overlaid on a part that is being repaired. Another use would be for people
working in environments with poor lighting conditions. The real world image could be enhanced
electronically and presented for better viewing with the VRD. In the elderly, opacities in the optical
media of the eyes increase glare as they view objects in sunlight or lighting conditions for night.
The VRD could be used to image the world and then display it without the glare.
Understanding of how the perception of images from the VRD interact with images from
the real world is crucial for these applications. The test set ups for the beam characterization studies
and color perception studies will be ideal for augmented reality tests. In these tests the VRD will
produce images that will be superimposed on real world textures and backgrounds in a series of
lighting conditions. The same image quality tests acuity, contrast, color and saturation
discrimination will be performed while viewing the images with various backgrounds. The beam
intensity will be varied by the subject to maximize viewing quality. Beam characteristics and color
sources will be reconfigured to maximize color contrast and hue matching with real world objects.
4. Conclusions
The VRD is a safe new display technology. The power levels recorded from the system are several
orders below the power levels prescribed by the American National Standard. The VRD readily
creates images that can be easily seen in ambient roomlight and it can create images that can be seen
in ambient daylight. The combination of high brightness and contrast and high resolution make the
VRD an ideal candidate for use in a surgical display. Further, tests show strong potential for the
VRD to be a display technology for patients with low vision.

Our future projects are:
1.) Study the basic psychophysical processes of image perception from scanned lasers
including resolution, contrast and color perception
2.) Study the interaction of VRD images with images from the real world to enhance the
augmented reality applications of the technology.
3.) study VRD image perception in partially sighted users.
4.) design VRD light scanning paradigms to optimize image resolution, contrast in low
vision subjects.
5.) Design text, image and computer icon representations for low vision users and test speed and
accuracy of recognition of those representations in the Seattle low vision population.
5. Acknowledgements
The development work for the VRD was funded by Microvision Inc. of Seattle. WA. Virtual
Retinal Display and VRD are registered trademarks of Microvision. Perceptual research funding is
being provided by the National Science Foundation Grant # IRI-9703598.
6. References
[1] R. Robinson, J. Deutsch, H. S. Jones, S. Youngson Reilly, D. M. Hamlin, L. Dhurjon,
and A. R. Fielder, “Unrecognised and unregistered visual impairment,” Br J Ophthalmol, vol. 78,
pp. 736-40, 1994.
[2] M. Yap and J. Weatherill, “Causes of blindness and partial sight in the Bradford
Metropolitan District from 1980 to 1985,” Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, vol. 9, pp. 289-92, 1989.
[3] J. M. Gibson, J. R. Lavery, and A. R. Rosenthal, “Blindness and partial sight in an
elderly population,” Br J Ophthalmol, vol. 70, pp. 700-5, 1986.
[4] J. Brabyn, “Problems to be overcome in high-tech devices for the visually impaired,”
Optom Vis Sci, vol. 69, pp. 42-45, 1992.
[5] B. Collins and J. Silver, “Recent experiences in the management of visual impairment in
albinism,” Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet, vol. 11, pp. 225-8, 1990.
[6] C. C. Krischer, M. Stein Arsic, R. Meissen, and J. Zihl, “Visual performance and reading
capacity of partially sightedpersons in a rehabilitation center,” Am J Optom Physiol Opt, vol. 62,
pp. 52-8, 1985.
[7] A. G. Mathur, I. N. Raizada, R. Maini, and A. K. Maini, “Partially sighted--their
management with low vision aids,” Indian J Ophthalmol, vol. 34, pp. 350-2, 1986.
[8] O. Overbury, W. B. Jackson, and C. Hagenson, “Factors affecting the successful use of
low-vision aids,” Can J Ophthalmol, vol. 22, pp. 205-7, 1987.

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