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AN 11.2 Identify & describe origin, course, relations,
branches (or tributaries), termination of
important nerves and vessels in arm
11.2.2 At the end of the session the phase I student
shall be able to describe origin, course, relations,
branches of radial, ulnar & median in arm.
AN 12.2 Identify & describe course, relations,
branches, termination of important nerves of
forearm
shall be able to describe origin, course, relations,
branches of radial, ulnar & median in forearm.
Prof. Saeed Abuel Makarem 2

AN 12.4 Explain anatomical basis of carpal tunnel
syndrome
shall be able to Explain anatomical basis of carpal
tunnel syndrome
12.7 Identify & describe course and branches of
important blood vessels and nerves in hand
shall be able to describe course and branches of
ulnar, median and radial nerves in hand.

AN12.8 Describe anatomical basis of Claw hand
12.8.1 At the end of the session the phase I
student shall be able to Describe anatomical
basis of Claw hand of various types

5
MEDIAN NERVE
C5,6,7&T1
• Origin:
• By 2 roots from the medial and
lateral cords of brachial plexus.
• The medial root crosses the 3rd
part of axillary artery to join the
lateral root.
• It runs downward on the lateral
side of the brachial artery.
• At the middle of the arm, it
crosses the brachial artery from
lateral to medial and continues
downward on its medial side.
• At the elbow, it lies medial to
the tendon of biceps & it is
crossed by the bicipital
aponeurosis.
• It has no branches in the arm.

MEDIAN
NERVE
 In the cubital fossa it lies deep
to the bicipital aponeurosis.
 It leaves the fossa between the
2 heads of the pronator teres.
 Then it descends between the
flexor digitorum superficialis &
the flexor digitorum profundus.
 It passes to the palm deep or
through the carpal tunnel
lateral to the tendon of flexor
digitorum superficialis, and
deep to the tendon of palmaris
longus.
6

BRANCHES OF THE MEDIAN
NERVE IN THE FOREARM
• Muscular: To
• Pronator teres,
• Flexor carpi radialis,
• Palmaris longus,
• Flexor digitorum superficialis.
• Palmar cutaneous branch:
• It arises at the distal part of
forearm.. It descends superficial
to flexor retinaculum to supply
skin of the lateral 2/3 of the
palm.
• Articular: To elbow joint.
• Anterior interosseous nerve:
• Descends between flexor pollicis
longus and flexor digitorum
profundus, anterior to the
interosseous membrane.
• It supplies : FPL+PQ+ lateral half
of FDP.
• It gives an articular branches to
wrist & distal radioulnar joint.
7

Median nerve in the palm • It enters the palm through the carpal
tunnel, deep to the flexor
retinaculum.
• Then it divides into lateral & medial
branches.
• Lies a fingerbreadth distal to the
tubercle of scaphoid.
• Branches:
• Muscular: To ( 5 Muscles).
• Abductor pollicis brevis.
• Flexor pollicis brevis.
• Opponens pollicis
(deep to the above 2 ms.).
• Lateral 2 lumbrical (1st & 2nd ).
• Digital cutaneous branches :
• Cutaneous branches to the palmar
aspect of the lateral 3 ½ fingers
8
Thenar
Eminenece
Ms.

LESION OF MEDIAN NERVE
I- ABOVE THE ELBOW
• Weakness of flexion of wrist due to
paralysis of flexor carpi radialis &
palmaris longus.
• Loss of pronation due to paralysis of
pronator teres & pronator quadratus.
• Loss of flexion of middle phalanges
of medial 4 fingers due to paralysis
of flexor digitorum superficialis.
• Loss of flexion of terminal phalanges
of index & middle fingers due to
paralysis of lateral ½ of the
flexor digitorum profundus.

• Loss of flexion of thumb due to
paralysis of flexor pollicis longus &
brevis
• Loss of opposition of thumb due to
paralysis of opponens pollicis.
• Flatting of the thenar eminence due to
atrophy of thenar muscles.
• The characteristic deformity in the
hand ‘APE HAND’ because the thenar
eminence is flattened and the thumb
is hyperextended.
• Loss of cutaneous sensations on the
hollow of palm of hand + palmar
surfaces of lateral 3 ½ fingers.
I- ABOVE THE ELBOW (Continued)

• Loss of opposition of thumb due
to paralysis of opponens pollicis.
• Flattening of the thenar
eminence due to atrophy of
thenar muscles.
• The characteristic deformity ‘APE
HAND’ is present.
• Loss of cutaneous sensations on
the palmar surfaces of the lateral
3 ½ fingers.
II- ABOVE THE WRIST

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
• It results from compression of median
nerve in the carpal tunnel.
• Slight flattening of thenar eminence due
to wasting of ms. of thenar eminence
supplied by median nerve.
• This is accompanied by burning pain or
‘pin and needles’ and diminished
cutaneous sensations on palmar aspect of
lateral 3 ½ fingers.
• No paresthesia occurs over the thenar
eminence (because this area of skin is
supplied by palmar cutaneous branch of
median N. arises in the distal part of
forearm and descends superficial to the
flexor retinaculum..

13
ULNAR NERVE
C 7, 8 &T1
• Origin:
• From the medial cord of the
brachial plexus.
• It runs downward on the
medial side of the brachial
artery as far as the middle of
the arm.
• At the insertion of the
coracobrachialis, it pierces the
medial intermuscular septum
and, accompanied by the
superior ulnar collateral artery,
to enter the posterior
compartment of the arm.
• At the elbow, it passes behind
the medial epicondyle.
• It has no branches in the arm.

ULNAR NERVE
in the Forearm
• It continues downward to
enter the forearm between
the two heads of the flexor
carpi ulnaris.
• It runs down the forearm
between FCU and FDP.
• In the lower half of the
forearm it lies medial to the
ulnar artery.
14

ULNAR NERVE in the
Forearm
• Branches:
• Muscular: To 1 ½ muscles.
• Flexor carpi ulnaris.
• Medial ½ of FDP
• Articular: To elbow joint.
• Dorsal or posterior
cutaneous branch:
• To the dorsal surface
medial 1/3rd of the hand
and 1½ fingers.
• Palmar cutaneous branch :
to supply skin of palm of
hand.
15

ULNAR NERVE in the
Hand
• Enters the palm
superficial to the flexor
retinaculum, close to
the lateral border of
pisiform bone.
• Then it divides into
superficial & deep
branches.
• Superficial branch:
• It supplies palmaris
brevis & palmar aspect
of the medial 1½
fingers.
16

ULNAR NERVE in the
Hand
• Deep branch:
• Runs between abductor digiti
minimi & flexor digiti minimi.
• It pierces opponens digiti
minimi.
• Then passes laterally within
the concavity of deep palmar
arch.
• It lies deep to the flexor
tendons.
• It supplies 14 muscles :
• Three hypothenar muscles.
• Adductor pollicis.
• All dorsal & palmar interossei.
• Medial 2 lumbrical.
17

LESION OF ULNAR NERVE ABOVE ELBOW
• Weakness of flexion of wrist due to paralysis of
flexor carpi ulnaris.
• Loss of flexion of terminal phalanges of ring &
little fingers due to paralysis of medial ½ of flexor
digitorum profundus.
• Paralysis of all interossei & medial 2 lumbricals
(3rd &4th ).
• The characteristic deformity is called ‘
partial claw hand’.
• Atrophy of hypothenar muscles.
• The fingers are hyperextended at
metacarpophalangeal joints and flexed at
interphalangeal joints in the ring & little finger.
• Loss of adduction of hand & thumb due to
paralysis of flexor carpi ulnaris & adductor pollicis.
Atrophy of
hypothenar
muscles

• Loss of cutaneous
sensations on the
front & dorsum of
medial 1/3 of hand +
medial 1 ½ fingers.
LESION OF ULNAR NERVE ABOVE ELBOW

• It leads to paralysis of
intrinsic muscles of hand as
described above.
• The deformity is called
‘claw hand’
• Loss of cutaneous sensations
of medial 1 ½ fingers.
LESION OF
ULNAR NERVE
ABOVE WRIST
Test for Palmar interossei
for adduction of fingers.
Test for adductor &
opponens pollicis.

22
1. Which one of these nerves is concerning with the carpal tunnel
syndrome ?
a.The ulnar nerve.
b.The radial nerve.
c.The median nerve.
d.The axillary nerve.
2. Which muscle has double nerve supply ?
Biceps.
Extensor digitorum superficialis.
Rflexor digitorum profundus.
Triceps.
3. Ape hand is the characteristic deformity due to lesion of :
Radial nerve.
Ulnar nerve.
Median nerve.
Axillary nerve.

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