Week 4.2 semantic relationship student copy
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This document discusses different types of semantic relationships between words, phrases, and sentences. It defines semantic relationships at the word level such as synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, polysemy, and metonymy. It provides examples and explanations of each relationship. The document also discusses semantic relationships at higher levels, including hyponymy, metaphor, idioms, and slang.
![Homonymy
Homonymy is the relationship that exits between two (or more) words which
belong to the same grammatical category, have the same spelling, may or
may not have the same pronunciation, but have different meanings and origins.
Examples:
to lie (= to rest, be, remain, be situated in a certain position) and to lie (= not to
tell the truth);
to bear (= to give birth to) and to bear (= to tolerate);
bank (= the ground near a river) and bank (= financial institution);
lead [li…d] (= the first place or position, an example behavior for others to copy)
and lead [led] (= heavy metal);
bass [beIs] (= musical instrument) and bass [bœs] (= edible fish).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/week4-200329083337/85/Week-4-2-semantic-relationship-student-copy-9-320.jpg)
![Homonymy
It can also give rise to lexical ambiguity.
For example, in the following sentences it is almost
impossible to know the intended meanings of bank
and bear. Notice the following sentences.
1. John went to the [bœnk] (the financial institution or the
ground by the river?)
2. Mary can’t [be´r] (have or tolerate?) children.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/week4-200329083337/85/Week-4-2-semantic-relationship-student-copy-10-320.jpg)
Week 4.2 semantic relationship student copy
- 1. LIN101 Week 4.2 Semantic Relationships DR. RUSSELL RODRIGO
- 2. Semantic Relationships Semantic relationships are the associations that there exist between the meanings of words (semantic relationships at word level), between the meanings of phrases, or between the meanings of sentences (semantic relationships at phrase or sentence level).
- 3. Semantic Relationships at Word Level 1. Synonymy 2. Antonymy 3. Homonymy 4. polysemy 5. metonymy.
- 4. Synonymy is the semantic equivalence between lexical items. big = large hide = conceal small = little couch = sofa to begin = to start kind = courteous beginning = start to cease = to stop fast = quickly = rapidly
- 5. Antonymy Antonymy is the semantic relationship that exists between two (or more) words that have opposite meanings. Antonymous pairs of words usually belong to the same grammatical category (i.e., both elements are nouns, or both are adjectives, or both are verbs, and so on).
- 6. There are three major types of antonyms: 1. Complementary or contradictory antonyms They are pairs of words in which one member has a certain semantic property that the other member does not have. Therefore, in the context(s) in which one member is true, the other member cannot be true. E.g., male/female, married/unmarried, complete/incomplete, alive/dead, present/absent/ awake/asleep. It is said that these pairs of antonyms exhibit an either/or kind of contrast in which there is no middle ground.
- 7. There are three major types of antonyms: 2. Relational antonyms They are pairs of words in which the presence of a certain semantic property in one member implies the presence of another semantic property in the other member. In other words, the existence of one of the terms implies the existence of the other term. For example: over/under, buy/sell, doctor/patient, teacher/pupil, stop/go, employer/employee, taller/shorter, cheaper/more expensive.
- 8. There are three major types of antonyms: 3. Gradable or scalar antonyms They are pairs of words that are contrasted with respect to their degree of possession of a certain semantic property. Each term represents or stands for an end-point (or extreme) on a scale (e.g., of temperature, size, height, beauty, etc.); between those end-points there are other intermediate points (i.e., there is some middle ground) E.g., hot/cold, big/small, tall/short, good/bad, strong/weak, beautiful/ugly, happy/sad, fast/slow.
- 9. Homonymy Homonymy is the relationship that exits between two (or more) words which belong to the same grammatical category, have the same spelling, may or may not have the same pronunciation, but have different meanings and origins. Examples: to lie (= to rest, be, remain, be situated in a certain position) and to lie (= not to tell the truth); to bear (= to give birth to) and to bear (= to tolerate); bank (= the ground near a river) and bank (= financial institution); lead [li…d] (= the first place or position, an example behavior for others to copy) and lead [led] (= heavy metal); bass [beIs] (= musical instrument) and bass [bœs] (= edible fish).
- 10. Homonymy It can also give rise to lexical ambiguity. For example, in the following sentences it is almost impossible to know the intended meanings of bank and bear. Notice the following sentences. 1. John went to the [bœnk] (the financial institution or the ground by the river?) 2. Mary can’t [be´r] (have or tolerate?) children.
- 11. Hyponymy We say that the term whose meaning is included in the meaning of the other term(s) is the general term. Linguists usually refer to it as a superordinate or hypernym. The term whose meaning includes the meaning of the other term is the specific term; linguists usually refer to it as a hyponym. If the meaning of a superordinate term is included in the meaning of several other more specific words, the set of specific terms which are hyponyms of the same superordinate term and are called co-hyponyms.
- 12. Polysemy Polysemy is the semantic relationship that exists between a word and its multiple conceptually and historically related meanings. foot = 1. part of body; 2. lower part of something plain = 1. clear; 2. unadorned; 3. obvious. nice = 1. pleasant; 2. kind; 3. friendly; etc. The different meanings of a word are not interchangeable; in fact, they are context-specific.
- 13. Metonymy Metonymy is the semantic relationship that exists between two words (or a word and an expression) in which one of the words is metaphorically used in place of the other word (or expression) in particular contexts to convey the same meaning. Examples: "The pen is mightier than the sword," The "pen" stands in for "the written word." The "sword" stands in for "military aggression and force."
- 14. Metonymy Examples 1. The suits - in place of business people 2. Silver fox - for an attractive older man 3. The name of a church - used in place of its individual members 4. The name of a sports team - used in place of its individual members 5. The White House - in place of the President or others who work there The White House will be announcing the decision around noon today.
- 16. Metaphor a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.
- 17. Metaphor Ambiguity 1. Dr. Jones is a butcher. 2. John is a snake in the grass.
- 18. Idioms Idioms and idiomatic expressions are phrases or sayings that do not have a literal meaning. Examples: 1. Maria felt like a fish out of water on the first day of school. 2. He didn't have his coat on, and he caught a cold. 3. Last night my mom lost her temper. 4. I think that you will get a kick out of the movie. 5. I let the cat out of the bag and told her that I was moving.
- 19. Slang a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people. "Chicken" is slang for someone who isn't very brave.
- 20. Examples of Old-Fashioned Slang Wallflower: shy Don’t have a cow: To tell someone to calm down, The Simpsons 19802. “Don’t have a cow, mom! I didn’t eat all the ice cream.” Examples of Evolving Slang Busted: Old: getting caught doing something wrong, Now: “ugly.” Hip: (very fashionable in 20th century, jazz and beatnik culture in 40s & 50s, “hipster,” meaning a self-aware artsy person.
- 21. Portmanteau Slang Frenemy: “gigantic” and “enormous” Bromance: “brother” and “romance” Ginormous: “gigantic” and “enormous” Modern Slang Basic: A put-down describing someone or something that’s not very interesting or highly evolved. Bae: A term of endearment, usually for romantic partners, but possibly for close friends as well. On point: outstanding, perfectly executed Dead: Overwhelmed, unable to keep up Salty: Angry or bitter about something Fam: A group of close friends. Throw shade: To insult or say something unkind about someone.