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What do we mean by "Smarter?"

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Thomas Erickson

The document discusses Cyclopath, a user-editable online map that allows people to collaboratively add and edit map data to find better bicycle routes. By tapping into people's local knowledge, Cyclopath is able to provide routes that consider factors not available in standard maps like avoiding busy streets or taking routes with bike lanes. The system works by allowing users to add points, tags, notes and ratings to streets and intersections on the map. This social intelligence is then used to compute optimal bicycle routes between locations.

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What do we mean by Smarter ? Tapping the Social Intelligence of Cities and Regions Talk delivered to the Smarter Planet Advisory Board, October 19, 2010 Thomas Erickson [email_address] Social Computing Group IBM T. J. Watson Research Center
Introduction What do we mean by a “smarter” planet? Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Introduction Two views of ‘smartness’ ‘ Smartness’ = technology Sensors and meters to collect data Aggregate and analyze the data And use that as input to dashboards, visualizations and control systems People treated as passive and compliant Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Introduction Two views of ‘smartness’ ‘Smartness’ = technology Sensors and meters to collect data Aggregate and analyze the data And use that as input to dashboards, visualizations and control systems People treated as passive and compliant ‘Smartness’ = people People can gather data People can analyze data People can act on data and they do this in ways that are qualitatively different from what digital systems do Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Introduction Two views of ‘smartness’ ‘Smartness’ = technology Sensors and meters to collect data Aggregate and analyze the data And use that as input to dashboards, visualizations and control systems People treated as passive and compliant ‘Smartness’ = people People can gather data People can analyze data People can act on data and they do this in ways that are qualitatively different from what digital systems do Both/And NOT either/or Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence Using the perceptual, cognitive and enactive abilities of large numbers of people to achieve purposeful ends Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence Social intelligence is the use of the perceptual, cognitive and enactive abilities of large numbers of people to achieve purposeful ends Examples grassroots crisis response (also see Usahidi) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence Social intelligence is the use of the perceptual, cognitive and enactive abilities of large numbers of people to achieve purposeful ends Examples grassroots crisis response von Ahn’s ESP game (also see “Games with a Purpose) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence Social intelligence is the use of the perceptual, cognitive and enactive abilities of large numbers of people to achieve purposeful ends Examples grassroots crisis response von Ahn’s ESP game Wikipedia Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence Social intelligence is the use of the perceptual, cognitive and enactive abilities of large numbers of people to achieve purposeful ends Examples grassroots crisis response von Ahn’s ESP game Wikipedia None of these examples – or anything like them – existed ten years ago Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions Social intelligence is particularly suited to being applied to make cities and regions smarter.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions Social Intelligence is especially appropriate for cities and regions That’s where the people are Inhabitants develop a deep knowledge of the places they live, work and socialize in Inhabitants have a practical motivation for participating: it impacts their daily lives Inhabitants identify with places , and have networks of family and friends Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions But, as yet, socially intelligent systems for cities are in their infancy Perhaps simply a matter of critical mass Let’s see what’s out there… Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Taxonomy Urban Systems: Informing* Making information accessible Crime maps Maps of the urban forest Tourist information Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. * Not social intelligence
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Taxonomy Urban Systems: Transacting Supporting 2-way private interactions Crime tip solicitation Expense report analysis Mass surveillance Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Taxonomy Urban Systems: Sharing Public sharing of knowledge Reporting potholes and other street problems GreenWatch: wearable pollution monitoring sensors FourSquare: checking into and registering tips about places Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Taxonomy Urban Systems: Co-producing People work closely together to produce a coherent product Community Wikis Cyclopath: a user-editable map for finding bicycle-friendly routes Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Example Problem: Finding bike-friendly routes around the Twin Cities Good bike routes differ from good driving routes Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Example Problem: Finding bike-friendly routes around the Twin Cities Good bike routes differ from good driving routes 1. Start out in opposite direction to avoid busy main street 2. Take side street that has lights at two busy crossings 5. Although greenway continues in right direction, take Park Ave due to bike lane 3. Enter greenway bike path via “intersection 4. This section of bike path goes through beautiful community gardens Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Example Problem: Finding bike-friendly routes around the Twin Cities Good bike routes differ from good driving routes Much of the information that makes this a good route isn’t on regular maps 1. Start out in opposite direction to avoid busy main street 2. Take side street that has lights at two busy crossings 5. Although greenway continues in right direction, take Park Ave due to bike lane 3. Enter greenway bike path via “intersection 4. This section of bike path goes through beautiful community gardens Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Solution: Cyclopath A user-editable map (a geowiki) with ‘official’ data (e.g., USGS, MNDoT) and user-entered data Notes: This is not by IBM, although it has a few small connections Cyclopath is open source, and a product of the GroupLens lab at the University of Minnesota Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath The User Interface Map and map key Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath The User Interface Map and map key Map controls edit, zoom, pan Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath The User Interface Map and map key Map controls Control panels request routes, adjust view, revert changes, etc. Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Block Point Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags ( points ) Notes ( points ) Tags Notes for this point Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags (points, blocks ) Notes (points, blocks ) Tags for this block Notes Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags (points, blocks) Notes (points, blocks) Ratings ( blocks only ) personal (private) estimated (from others) computed (from MN DoT data) Rating for this block Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags (points, blocks) Notes (points, blocks) Ratings (blocks only) Intersections How streets connect (or not) Intersection Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags (points, blocks) Notes (points, blocks) Ratings (blocks only) Intersections How streets connect (or not) Important for computing routes – data often missing or inaccurate for bikes Intersections? Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags (points, blocks) Notes (points, blocks) Ratings (blocks only) Intersections Regions (not shown) Public (neighborhoods) Private (watch regions) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Editing Users need to edit data because it might be missing it might be wrong it might be misaligned and users have a deep qualitative knowledge of places the is rarely found in official data sets Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Editing example Here’s a street I added. I gave it a name, a type, and a bikeability rating Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Editing example Here’s a street I added. I gave it a name, a type, and a bikeability rating And I can set a “watch region” so I can see if anyone changes it Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Editing example Here’s a street I added. I gave it a name, a type, and a bikeability rating And I can set a “watch region” so I can see if anyone changes it Later on, someone else added the tag “unpaved” Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Editing example Here’s a street I added. I gave it a name, a type, and a bikeability rating And I can set a “watch region” so I can see if anyone changes it Later on, someone else added the tag “unpaved” Later I added a note Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes Now we can use all this data to compute bike-friendly routes Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes Now we can use all this data to compute bike-friendly routes Enter From and To Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes Now we can use all this data to compute bike-friendly routes Enter From and To Decide whether to minimize distance or favor bikeability Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes Now we can use all this data to compute bike-friendly routes Enter From and To Decide whether to minimize distance or favor bikeability And select tags to avoid, bonus or penalize when computing route Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes Now we can use all this data to compute bike-friendly routes Enter From and To Decide whether to minimize distance or favor bikeability And select tags to avoid, bonus or penalize when computing route Notice that much of this data is user entered: point names, tags, bikeability Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Can be color-coded according to various dimensions (e.g., hills, bikeability) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Can be color-coded according to various dimensions (e.g., hills, bikeability) Has a cue sheet Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Can be color-coded according to various dimensions (e.g., hills, bikeability) Has a cue sheet Feedback can be provided Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Notice: my route starts out in the “wrong” direction – but that’s good because it avoids busy streets Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Notice: my route starts out in the “wrong” direction – but that’s good because it avoids busy streets And it has the other advantages I mentioned earlier Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Notice: my route starts out in the “wrong” direction – but that’s good because it avoids busy streets And it has the other advantages I mentioned earlier And the route is also half a mile shorter than that offered by Google Maps’ new bike routing feature Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Does it really work? Will people really use it? Will people go to the trouble of adding data? Will the added data make a difference? Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Does it really work? It’s used! (in season) 1,500 registered users in all daily: 15-30 registered logins; 150 unregistered 150 route requests per day Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Does it really work? Edits matter ~10,000 edits by 400+ users When routes requested during first 2 weeks were recomputed 9 months later (i.e. with 9 months of user-added data), the new routes were about 1K shorter (14.8  13.8L) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota For example: indicating “connectivity” between Como Ave and the Intercampus Transitway allowed computation of a new route that is .6 K shorter than the old route
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath An experiment: “Work Hints” Is it possible to elicit and focus social intelligence? Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Priedhorsky, Masli, Terveen CHI ‘10
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath An experiment: “Work Hints” Is it possible to elicit and focus social intelligence? Try asking people Cyclopath needs your help “… We have created a system which will automatically direct you to areas of the map that need work (more bikeability ratings entered or edits to the geography of the map itself)…” <link to “work hints” window> Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Priedhorsky, Masli, Terveen CHI ‘10
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath An experiment: “Work Hints” Is it possible to elicit and focus social intelligence? Try asking people Direct a person to an area that needs work let them work until they’re ‘done’ ask if they want to do another area Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Priedhorsky, Masli, Terveen CHI ‘10
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath An experiment: “Work Hints” Is it possible to elicit and focus social intelligence? Try asking people Direct a person to an area that needs work let them work until they’re ‘done’ ask if they want to do another area Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Priedhorsky, Masli, Terveen CHI ‘10
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath “ Work Hints” results: a surprise People did about the same amount of work per trial BUT they did three times as many trials: 17.7 vs 5.0 trials Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Priedhorsky, Masli, Terveen CHI ‘10
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath “ Work Hints” results: in general Visually highlighting work opportunities leads to more work Users do ‘extra’ work (beyond what is highlighted) Taking users to areas they are familiar with leads to more work of certain types Issuing a “call to action” and visually highlighting causes a broader range of users to do work (and moreover the “lead workers” are different) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Cyclopath Futures Cyclopath doesn’t have to be about bicyclists skiers (iceWiki) walkers disabled urban tourists local history garden clubs Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Cyclopath Futures Cyclopath doesn’t have to be about bicyclists Nor does it have to be just for route finding ‘ what if’ planning keeping inventories tracking change over time visualizing resources and resource use Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Closing Remarks Recap and takeaways… Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Closing Remarks Two types of smartness Technical AND social (complementary, not exclusive) … and IBM needs to pay more attention to the social part… Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Closing Remarks Social intelligence is old; what’s new is that digital systems enable it to take new and powerful forms None of these examples – or anything like them – existed ten years ago Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Closing Remarks Cyclopath is a neat example of an important new class of apps that combine human-sourced knowledge with digital data to create a common resource provide mechanisms for eliciting and focusing human work to enhance the resource enable computations that provide resource-based services offer the potential of providing a platform for community collaboration Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Closing Remarks Takeaways People have rich and nuanced knowledge of their habitats People are willing to do work to contribute this knowledge Systems can be designed so that they can elicit and focus such work If the elicited knowledge is in a form that digital systems can use, the knowledge can be used in computations and services Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Closing Remarks Takeaways People have rich and nuanced knowledge of their habitats People are willing to do work to contribute this knowledge Systems can be designed so that they can elicit and focus such work If the elicited knowledge is in a form that digital systems can use, the knowledge can be used in computations and services Two conjectures People who are collocated in cities and regions offer particularly fertile ground for social intelligence because of their deep knowledge and local motivation Smart systems that succeed in getting people to participate – in providing, analyzing and acting on knowledge – are more likely to be seen as acceptable and legitimate Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
Closing Remarks Credits and Connections The ESP Game is by Luis von Ahn and colleagues at CMU The Cyclopath project is by Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. at the University of Minnesota (Priedhorsky started at IBM Research in Cambridge, in September 2010) I can be reached at Thomas Erickson/Watson/IBM or [email_address] , and browsed at http://www.visi.com/~snowfall Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.

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What do we mean by "Smarter?"

  • 1. What do we mean by Smarter ? Tapping the Social Intelligence of Cities and Regions Talk delivered to the Smarter Planet Advisory Board, October 19, 2010 Thomas Erickson [email_address] Social Computing Group IBM T. J. Watson Research Center
  • 2. Introduction What do we mean by a “smarter” planet? Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 3. Introduction Two views of ‘smartness’ ‘ Smartness’ = technology Sensors and meters to collect data Aggregate and analyze the data And use that as input to dashboards, visualizations and control systems People treated as passive and compliant Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 4. Introduction Two views of ‘smartness’ ‘Smartness’ = technology Sensors and meters to collect data Aggregate and analyze the data And use that as input to dashboards, visualizations and control systems People treated as passive and compliant ‘Smartness’ = people People can gather data People can analyze data People can act on data and they do this in ways that are qualitatively different from what digital systems do Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 5. Introduction Two views of ‘smartness’ ‘Smartness’ = technology Sensors and meters to collect data Aggregate and analyze the data And use that as input to dashboards, visualizations and control systems People treated as passive and compliant ‘Smartness’ = people People can gather data People can analyze data People can act on data and they do this in ways that are qualitatively different from what digital systems do Both/And NOT either/or Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 6. Social Intelligence Using the perceptual, cognitive and enactive abilities of large numbers of people to achieve purposeful ends Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 7. Social Intelligence Social intelligence is the use of the perceptual, cognitive and enactive abilities of large numbers of people to achieve purposeful ends Examples grassroots crisis response (also see Usahidi) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 8. Social Intelligence Social intelligence is the use of the perceptual, cognitive and enactive abilities of large numbers of people to achieve purposeful ends Examples grassroots crisis response von Ahn’s ESP game (also see “Games with a Purpose) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 9. Social Intelligence Social intelligence is the use of the perceptual, cognitive and enactive abilities of large numbers of people to achieve purposeful ends Examples grassroots crisis response von Ahn’s ESP game Wikipedia Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 10. Social Intelligence Social intelligence is the use of the perceptual, cognitive and enactive abilities of large numbers of people to achieve purposeful ends Examples grassroots crisis response von Ahn’s ESP game Wikipedia None of these examples – or anything like them – existed ten years ago Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 11. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions Social intelligence is particularly suited to being applied to make cities and regions smarter.
  • 12. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions Social Intelligence is especially appropriate for cities and regions That’s where the people are Inhabitants develop a deep knowledge of the places they live, work and socialize in Inhabitants have a practical motivation for participating: it impacts their daily lives Inhabitants identify with places , and have networks of family and friends Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 13. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions But, as yet, socially intelligent systems for cities are in their infancy Perhaps simply a matter of critical mass Let’s see what’s out there… Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 14. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Taxonomy Urban Systems: Informing* Making information accessible Crime maps Maps of the urban forest Tourist information Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. * Not social intelligence
  • 15. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Taxonomy Urban Systems: Transacting Supporting 2-way private interactions Crime tip solicitation Expense report analysis Mass surveillance Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 16. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Taxonomy Urban Systems: Sharing Public sharing of knowledge Reporting potholes and other street problems GreenWatch: wearable pollution monitoring sensors FourSquare: checking into and registering tips about places Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 17. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Taxonomy Urban Systems: Co-producing People work closely together to produce a coherent product Community Wikis Cyclopath: a user-editable map for finding bicycle-friendly routes Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 18. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Example Problem: Finding bike-friendly routes around the Twin Cities Good bike routes differ from good driving routes Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 19. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Example Problem: Finding bike-friendly routes around the Twin Cities Good bike routes differ from good driving routes 1. Start out in opposite direction to avoid busy main street 2. Take side street that has lights at two busy crossings 5. Although greenway continues in right direction, take Park Ave due to bike lane 3. Enter greenway bike path via “intersection 4. This section of bike path goes through beautiful community gardens Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 20. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Example Problem: Finding bike-friendly routes around the Twin Cities Good bike routes differ from good driving routes Much of the information that makes this a good route isn’t on regular maps 1. Start out in opposite direction to avoid busy main street 2. Take side street that has lights at two busy crossings 5. Although greenway continues in right direction, take Park Ave due to bike lane 3. Enter greenway bike path via “intersection 4. This section of bike path goes through beautiful community gardens Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 21. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Solution: Cyclopath A user-editable map (a geowiki) with ‘official’ data (e.g., USGS, MNDoT) and user-entered data Notes: This is not by IBM, although it has a few small connections Cyclopath is open source, and a product of the GroupLens lab at the University of Minnesota Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 22. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath The User Interface Map and map key Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 23. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath The User Interface Map and map key Map controls edit, zoom, pan Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 24. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath The User Interface Map and map key Map controls Control panels request routes, adjust view, revert changes, etc. Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 25. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Block Point Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 26. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags ( points ) Notes ( points ) Tags Notes for this point Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 27. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags (points, blocks ) Notes (points, blocks ) Tags for this block Notes Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 28. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags (points, blocks) Notes (points, blocks) Ratings ( blocks only ) personal (private) estimated (from others) computed (from MN DoT data) Rating for this block Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 29. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags (points, blocks) Notes (points, blocks) Ratings (blocks only) Intersections How streets connect (or not) Intersection Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 30. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags (points, blocks) Notes (points, blocks) Ratings (blocks only) Intersections How streets connect (or not) Important for computing routes – data often missing or inaccurate for bikes Intersections? Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 31. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Map elements Blocks (street) Points Tags (points, blocks) Notes (points, blocks) Ratings (blocks only) Intersections Regions (not shown) Public (neighborhoods) Private (watch regions) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 32. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Editing Users need to edit data because it might be missing it might be wrong it might be misaligned and users have a deep qualitative knowledge of places the is rarely found in official data sets Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 33. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Editing example Here’s a street I added. I gave it a name, a type, and a bikeability rating Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 34. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Editing example Here’s a street I added. I gave it a name, a type, and a bikeability rating And I can set a “watch region” so I can see if anyone changes it Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 35. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Editing example Here’s a street I added. I gave it a name, a type, and a bikeability rating And I can set a “watch region” so I can see if anyone changes it Later on, someone else added the tag “unpaved” Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 36. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Editing example Here’s a street I added. I gave it a name, a type, and a bikeability rating And I can set a “watch region” so I can see if anyone changes it Later on, someone else added the tag “unpaved” Later I added a note Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 37. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes Now we can use all this data to compute bike-friendly routes Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 38. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes Now we can use all this data to compute bike-friendly routes Enter From and To Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 39. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes Now we can use all this data to compute bike-friendly routes Enter From and To Decide whether to minimize distance or favor bikeability Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 40. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes Now we can use all this data to compute bike-friendly routes Enter From and To Decide whether to minimize distance or favor bikeability And select tags to avoid, bonus or penalize when computing route Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 41. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes Now we can use all this data to compute bike-friendly routes Enter From and To Decide whether to minimize distance or favor bikeability And select tags to avoid, bonus or penalize when computing route Notice that much of this data is user entered: point names, tags, bikeability Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 42. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 43. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Can be color-coded according to various dimensions (e.g., hills, bikeability) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 44. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Can be color-coded according to various dimensions (e.g., hills, bikeability) Has a cue sheet Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 45. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Can be color-coded according to various dimensions (e.g., hills, bikeability) Has a cue sheet Feedback can be provided Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 46. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Notice: my route starts out in the “wrong” direction – but that’s good because it avoids busy streets Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 47. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Notice: my route starts out in the “wrong” direction – but that’s good because it avoids busy streets And it has the other advantages I mentioned earlier Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 48. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Computing routes The route Notice: my route starts out in the “wrong” direction – but that’s good because it avoids busy streets And it has the other advantages I mentioned earlier And the route is also half a mile shorter than that offered by Google Maps’ new bike routing feature Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 49. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Does it really work? Will people really use it? Will people go to the trouble of adding data? Will the added data make a difference? Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 50. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Does it really work? It’s used! (in season) 1,500 registered users in all daily: 15-30 registered logins; 150 unregistered 150 route requests per day Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota
  • 51. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Does it really work? Edits matter ~10,000 edits by 400+ users When routes requested during first 2 weeks were recomputed 9 months later (i.e. with 9 months of user-added data), the new routes were about 1K shorter (14.8  13.8L) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. ~ GroupLens Lab, University of Minnesota For example: indicating “connectivity” between Como Ave and the Intercampus Transitway allowed computation of a new route that is .6 K shorter than the old route
  • 52. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath An experiment: “Work Hints” Is it possible to elicit and focus social intelligence? Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Priedhorsky, Masli, Terveen CHI ‘10
  • 53. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath An experiment: “Work Hints” Is it possible to elicit and focus social intelligence? Try asking people Cyclopath needs your help “… We have created a system which will automatically direct you to areas of the map that need work (more bikeability ratings entered or edits to the geography of the map itself)…” <link to “work hints” window> Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Priedhorsky, Masli, Terveen CHI ‘10
  • 54. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath An experiment: “Work Hints” Is it possible to elicit and focus social intelligence? Try asking people Direct a person to an area that needs work let them work until they’re ‘done’ ask if they want to do another area Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Priedhorsky, Masli, Terveen CHI ‘10
  • 55. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath An experiment: “Work Hints” Is it possible to elicit and focus social intelligence? Try asking people Direct a person to an area that needs work let them work until they’re ‘done’ ask if they want to do another area Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Priedhorsky, Masli, Terveen CHI ‘10
  • 56. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath “ Work Hints” results: a surprise People did about the same amount of work per trial BUT they did three times as many trials: 17.7 vs 5.0 trials Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. Priedhorsky, Masli, Terveen CHI ‘10
  • 57. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath “ Work Hints” results: in general Visually highlighting work opportunities leads to more work Users do ‘extra’ work (beyond what is highlighted) Taking users to areas they are familiar with leads to more work of certain types Issuing a “call to action” and visually highlighting causes a broader range of users to do work (and moreover the “lead workers” are different) Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 58. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Cyclopath Futures Cyclopath doesn’t have to be about bicyclists skiers (iceWiki) walkers disabled urban tourists local history garden clubs Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 59. Social Intelligence in Cities & Regions: Cyclopath Cyclopath Futures Cyclopath doesn’t have to be about bicyclists Nor does it have to be just for route finding ‘ what if’ planning keeping inventories tracking change over time visualizing resources and resource use Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 60. Closing Remarks Recap and takeaways… Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 61. Closing Remarks Two types of smartness Technical AND social (complementary, not exclusive) … and IBM needs to pay more attention to the social part… Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 62. Closing Remarks Social intelligence is old; what’s new is that digital systems enable it to take new and powerful forms None of these examples – or anything like them – existed ten years ago Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 63. Closing Remarks Cyclopath is a neat example of an important new class of apps that combine human-sourced knowledge with digital data to create a common resource provide mechanisms for eliciting and focusing human work to enhance the resource enable computations that provide resource-based services offer the potential of providing a platform for community collaboration Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 64. Closing Remarks Takeaways People have rich and nuanced knowledge of their habitats People are willing to do work to contribute this knowledge Systems can be designed so that they can elicit and focus such work If the elicited knowledge is in a form that digital systems can use, the knowledge can be used in computations and services Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 65. Closing Remarks Takeaways People have rich and nuanced knowledge of their habitats People are willing to do work to contribute this knowledge Systems can be designed so that they can elicit and focus such work If the elicited knowledge is in a form that digital systems can use, the knowledge can be used in computations and services Two conjectures People who are collocated in cities and regions offer particularly fertile ground for social intelligence because of their deep knowledge and local motivation Smart systems that succeed in getting people to participate – in providing, analyzing and acting on knowledge – are more likely to be seen as acceptable and legitimate Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.
  • 66. Closing Remarks Credits and Connections The ESP Game is by Luis von Ahn and colleagues at CMU The Cyclopath project is by Terveen, Priedhorsky, et al. at the University of Minnesota (Priedhorsky started at IBM Research in Cambridge, in September 2010) I can be reached at Thomas Erickson/Watson/IBM or [email_address] , and browsed at http://www.visi.com/~snowfall Thomas Erickson, Social Computing Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.