Wireless underground Sensor Network based on IOT water saved agriculture
- 1. State of the Art Seminar Presentation on IOT-WUSN(Wireless Underground Sensor networks ) Presented by Yohannes Bishaw EmailJohn.fhy@gmail.com
- 2. Contents Covered Introduction Types of WUSN Current technology for WUSN WUSN design challenges Conclusion Application of WUSN Communication Architecture WUSN
- 3. Introduction The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data.
- 4. Introduction… In WUSN the node is completely underground. WUSN consist of wireless devices that operate below the ground surface. These devices are buried completely under dense soil. The main difference between WUSN and the terrestrial wireless sensor network is the communication medium. Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSN) have the potential to impact a wide variety of new applications including intelligent irrigation, soil information monitoring, etc, the internet of tings for water-saving agriculture.
- 5. Types of WSN Terrestrial WSN Distributed in given area either in ad-hoc manner Under Ground WSN Sensors buried underground , agriculture or in cave or mines that monitors underground conditions. Under Water WSN Sensors are located under water. Multimedia WSN sensors are equipped with cameras and microphones.
- 6. Types of WSN
- 7. Application of wireless underground sensor network Environmental monitoring of the water-saving agriculture Safety detection of mine Quality monitoring of underground facilities Navigation of ground vehicle Intelligent mines
- 8. Current technology for underground sensing The current system consists of a buried sensor and a data logger on the surface Very useful for a variety of applications Suffer from several shortcomings when compared to wireless underground sensor networks Concealment Ease of deployment Timeliness of data Reliability Coverage density
- 9. Concealment In current systems the data loggers are deployed on surface Communication is easier as no underground communication is involved Above ground equipment is vulnerable to agricultural and landscaping equipment or unacceptable for aesthetic reasons In WUSN the equipment is underground secure from any theft and protected from damage
- 10. Ease of deployment Current technology uses wired system Tough to add new sensors or data loggers No scalability issues with WUSN as its fully wireless Timeliness of data Due to wireless nature the data from sensors is forwarded in real time to sink In data loggers the data may be stored for later retrieval
- 11. Reliability Current systems are fully dependent on data loggers Data logger failure means whole network failure WUSN eliminate the need of data logger Each sensor can forward sensor readings independently WUSN’s are self healing
- 12. Coverage density Current systems require the sensor to be deployed close to the data logger. It results in less coverage. WUSN eliminate the need of data logger. Sensors can be deployed anywhere , hence increasing the coverage area.
- 13. WUSN design challenges Power Conservation Topology design Antenna design Environmental extremes
- 14. Power conservation Underground sensor nodes require more power as attenuation is more Difficult to recharge or replace batteries Solar or any alternate energy form also can’t be used Power conservation is the key Should be implemented by using power efficient hardware and communication protocols
- 15. Topology design Considerations Application-The density of sensor deployment is dictated by the application. Security application require dense whereas soil monitoring less dense deployment. Power usage minimization-Power usage can be minimized by designing a topology with a large number of short-distance hops rather than a smaller number of long-distance hops. Cost-Deeper and Denser deployments result in more costs. Establish trade offs.
- 16. Underground topology All sensor devices underground Sink may be underground or above it Can be single depth or multi depth Provides maximum concealment of network Ground air ground path can be used
- 17. Hybrid topology Mixture of underground and aboveground sensor devices Power intensive underground hops can be traded for less expensive hops in a terrestrial network. Terrestrial devices can be easily recharger or replaced Network is not fully concealed
- 18. Antenna design Issues to be considered Variable requirements-Devices near the surface air interface have different requirements from those deeper inside as they suffer from reflection. Size-Lower frequencies require larger antennas, this is a challenge as sensor device size should be small. Directionality-The antennas should be oriented for both horizontal and vertical communication.
- 19. Environmental extremes Underground environment is not ideal for electronic devices Protection from water, animals, insects etc. is needed. Devices should be resistant to pressure of people or objects moving overhead
- 20. Communication architecture of sensor networks
- 21. Physical layer Lower frequencies are ideal for WUSN They face less attenuation but the antenna size becomes large Lower frequencies result in lesser bandwidth Due to this the data rate in WUSN is very less
- 22. Data link layer In WUSN the focus should be on less retransmissions Traditional link layer protocols are contention based or TDMA based Collision avoidance using CTS/RTS involves too much overhead In TDMA based scheme the synchronization may be lost between nodes
- 23. Network layer Ad hoc routing protocols may be proactive, reactive or geographical Both proactive and reactive are not applicable to WUSN due to signaling overhead and synchronization issues Geographical routing can be helpful for WUSN only in some cases Routing protocols should be dynamic as link costs change due to soil conditions, water etc.
- 24. Transport layer Performs function of flow control and congestion control Congestion control can be done by routing data to terrestrial relays which are capable of a higher data rate Window based mechanism for flow control may not be applicable to WUSN as retransmissions are more In WUSN retransmission should be less to save energy
- 25. Conclusion We introduced the concept of WUSNs in which sensor devices are deployed completely below ground. There e are existing applications of underground sensing, such as soil monitoring for agriculture. Sensor Networks are emerging as a great aid in improving agricultural productivity, quality and resource optimization. Very application dependent and close interaction between agriculture scientist and ICT researchers will help. Several challenges like underground wireless channel, less bandwidth, power conservation etc.