[Maths] 2.5.1 matrices y determinantes mpf

Notas del editor

• #4: Sylvester was born James Joseph in London , England . His father, Abraham Joseph, was a merchant. James adopted the surname Sylvester when his older brother did so upon emigration to the United States —a country which at that time required all immigrants to have a given name, a middle name, and a surname . At the age of 14, Sylvester started attending the University of London , where he was a student of Augustus De Morgan . His family withdrew him from the University after he was accused of stabbing a fellow student with a knife. Following this, he attended the Liverpool Royal Institution . Sylvester began his study of mathematics at St John's College , Cambridge in 1831, [1] where his tutor was John Hymers . Although his studies were interrupted for almost two years due to a prolonged illness, he nevertheless ranked second in Cambridge's famous mathematical examination, the tripos , for which he sat in 1837. However, Sylvester was not issued a degree, because graduates at that time were required to state their acceptance of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England , and Sylvester - who was of Jewish origin - refused to do so. For the same reason, he was unable to compete for a Fellowship or obtain a Smith's prize . In 1838 Sylvester became professor of natural philosophy at University College London . In 1841, he was awarded a BA and an MA by Trinity College, Dublin . In the same year he moved to the United States to become a professor at the University of Virginia for about six months, and returned to England in November 1843. On his return to England he studied law, alongside fellow British lawyer/mathematician Arthur Cayley , with whom he made significant contributions to matrix theory while working as an actuary . One of his private pupils was Florence Nightingale . He did not obtain a position teaching university mathematics until 1855, when he was appointed professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich , from which he retired in 1869, because the compulsory retirement age was 55. The Woolwich academy initially refused to pay Sylvester his full pension, and only relented after a prolonged public controversy, during which Sylvester took his case to the letters page of The Times . One of Sylvester's lifelong passions was for poetry ; he read and translated works from the original French , German , Italian , Latin and Greek , and many of his mathematical papers contain illustrative quotes from classical poetry. Following his early retirement, Sylvester (1870) published a book entitled The Laws of Verse in which he attempted to codify a set of laws for prosody in poetry. In 1877 Sylvester again crossed the Atlantic Ocean to become the inaugural professor of mathematics at the new Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland . His salary was $5,000 (quite generous for the time), which he demanded be paid in gold . In 1878 he founded the American Journal of Mathematics . The only other mathematical journal in the U.S. at that time was the Analyst , which eventually became the Annals of Mathematics . In 1883, he returned to England to take up the Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University . He held this chair until his death, although in 1892 the University appointed a deputy professor to the same chair. Sylvester invented a great number of mathematical terms such as discriminant . He has given a name to Euler's totient function φ( n ). His collected scientific work fills four volumes. In 1880, the Royal Society of London awarded Sylvester the Copley Medal , its highest award for scientific achievement; in 1901, it instituted the Sylvester Medal in his memory, to encourage mathematical research after his death in Oxford , Oxfordshire , England . Sylvester House, a portion of an undergraduate dormitory at Mason Cleveland , is named in his honour.
• #18: Arthur Cayley ( Richmond , Reino Unido , 16 de agosto de 1821 - Cambridge , 26 de enero de 1895 ) fue un matemático británico . Es uno de los fundadores de la escuela británica moderna de matemáticas puras. Además de su predilección por las matemáticas, también era un ávido lector de novelas, le gustaba pintar, apasionado de la botánica y de la naturaleza en general, y aficionado al alpinismo . Fue educado en el Trinity College de Cambridge . Estudio durante algún tiempo la carrera de leyes con lo que trabajó de abogado durante 14 años, a la vez que publicaba un gran número de artículos. Luego pasó a ser profesor en Cambridge . Fue el primero que introdujo la multiplicación de las matrices . Es el autor del teorema de Cayley-Hamilton que dice que cualquier matriz cuadrada es solución de su polinomio característico. Dio la primera definición moderna de la noción de grupo . Recibió la Royal Medal en 1859 y la Medalla Copley en 1882 . En combinatoria , su nombre está unido a la fórmula n n − 2 que enumera los árboles decorados con n picos. Se llama a veces octavas de Cayley o números de Cayley a los octoniones . Es el tercer matemático más prolifico de la historia, sobrepasado tan solo por Euler y Cauchy , con aportaciones a amplias áreas de la matemática. Cayley es autor de una colección de artículos suyos llamado " Collecterd Mathematica Papers of Cayley ", que contiene 966 artículos en trece grandes volúmenes.