01 - Introduction to Computer
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This document provides an introduction to computers, including: - A brief history of calculating devices from ancient abacuses to modern computers, highlighting milestones like Babbage's Analytical Engine and the inventions of the programmable loom and punched card machines. - An overview of the four generations of computers defined by their underlying technology: vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. - Descriptions of important early computers like ENIAC, the first all-electronic programmable computer, and UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer. - Discussions of the development of memory technologies, operating systems, and graphical user interfaces.
01 - Introduction to Computer
- 1. Introduction to Computer 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 1
- 2. Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Introduction What is a Computer ? History The Shapes of Computers Today Computer Systems Hardware Software Data Users Networks 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 2
- 3. What is a Computer ? There are many points of view to be discussed about the definition, e.g., Electronics ? Digital ? Programmable ? Manipulate data ? Automated calculation ? In this course, we define a computer as an electronic device used to process data according to a list of instructions. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 3
- 4. History ~ Ancient calculators Antikythera mechanism is known as the 1st mechanical calculator/computer used for astronomical calculation. 2700-2300 BC 150-100 BC 14th century A sumerian abacus was capable to add and subtract by counting With appropriate procedures, a chinese abacus could calculate multiplication, division, square root, and cube root. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 4
- 5. History ~ Mechanical calculators Pascaline - A John Napier invented mechanical Napier's bone. (He calculator also discovered invented by logarithms in 1614) Blaise Pascal. 1617 1622 1643 1694 Invented by William Oughtred, can calculate log, exp, Stepped Reckoner, trigonometry. invented by G. W. Leibniz, can compute + - x / 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 5
- 6. History ~ Programmable machines Charles Babbage attempted to build the Analytical Engine, a general-purpose computer, controlled by a list of instruction. 1801 1837 1887 Joseph Marie Jacquard “programmable” loom Herman Hollerith developed a punched card tabulating machine, capable to sort over 200 cards per minute. He founded TMC, merged with CTR which renamed IBM. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 6
- 7. st History ~ 1 Gen. (Vacuum Tubes) Konrad Zuse's Z3 – the 1st programmable (punched film) turing-complete digital computer, used relay switches. 1941 Atanasoff-Berry Computer - the 1st electronic (vacuum tube) digital computer. It was not programmable, and not turing-complete. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 7
- 8. (cont'd.) ENIAC – the 1st all-electronic turing- complete programmable (wiring, then punched card) computer. It weighted 30 tons, took 63 sq.m. contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, and consumed 150 kW. Performance ~ 300 operations per sec. 1944 Havard Mark I (IBM ASCC) – the 1st large-scale automatic digital computer, used relays, can be programmed by punched paper tape, contained 72 storage registers. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 8
- 9. nd History ~ 2 Gen. (Transistors) Bell Lab invented the transistor – function like vacuum tubes but smaller, lower power consumption, more reliable. 1947 1951 UNIVAC I – the 1st commercial computer. Original priced at US$ 159,000 then rose to US$ 1,500,000. Totally 46 systems installed. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 9
- 10. (cont'd.) 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 10
- 11. (cont'd.) Mercury Delay Line Memory used in UNIVAC I Magnetic Core Memory used in later models of UNIVAC 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 11
- 12. rd History ~ 3 Gen. (Integrated Circuits) Jack Kilby DEC PDP-8 – started invented the from US$ 16,000, it is Miniaturized the first successful Electronic minicomputer. Circuit 1958 1964 1965 IBM introduced System/360 – a highly configurable, highly backward compatible, mainframe computer system. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 12
- 13. th History ~ 4 Gen. (Microprocessors) Apple I – the 1st PC of Apple, with the price tag of US$ 666.66 1971 1975 1976 MITS Altaire 8800 – the 1st microcomputer, based on intel Intel 4004 – The 8080, sold as 1st commercial mail-ordered kit. microprocessor 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 13
- 14. (cont'd.) Apple II – The beginning of PC era. It's the 1st highly successful mass-produced PC. 1977 1981 IBM PC – Because of the name of IBM, business adopted using a PC for the office work. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 14
- 15. (cont'd.) Apple Macintosh – the 1st commercially successful computer that uses a GUI. 1982 1984 1985 Compaq Portable – The first 100% compatible IBM PC. Microsoft Windows – GUI for IBM PC & Compatible. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 15
- 16. (cont'd.) Tim Berners Lee invented WWW. Deep Blue defeated the world #1 G. Kasparov. 1989 1990 1991 1997 Linux – a free/open source alternative OS originally written by Linus Torvalds. Microsoft Windows 3.0 - de facto GUI for PC. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 16
- 17. (cont'd.) AMD Athlon 64 X2 – the 1st 64-bit dual-core processor for PCs 2001 2005 2007 Windows XP released. Windows Vista released 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 17
- 18. Moore's Law 1.00E+09 Intel Core 2 Quad Intel Core 1.00E+08 Intel Pentium 4 1.00E+07 Intel Pentium III #transistors Intel Pentium 1.00E+06 Intel 80486 Intel 80386 Intel 80286 1.00E+05 Intel 8086 1.00E+04 Intel 8080 Intel 4004 1.00E+03 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 18
- 19. US$ per GFLOPS 1.00E+13 IBM 1620 1.00E+11 1.00E+09 Cray XMP/48 1.00E+07 Cray 1 1.00E+05 Beowulf 2x16xPentium Pro US$ Gordon Bell Prize “Less than US$ 1 1.00E+03 per MFLOPS” Bunyip KLAT2 KASY0 1.00E+01 ATI X1900 Ambric AM2045 1.00E-01 Sony PS3 US$ 0.2 per MFLOPS 1.00E-03 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 19
- 20. The Shapes of Computers Today Although the capabilities and type of computer have changed quickly. There are the terms describing: Supercomputers Mainframes Minicomputers Microcomputers All these types of computers can be connected together to form networks of computers, but each individual computer, whether it is on a network or not, falls into one of these four categories. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 20
- 21. Supercomputers Supercomputers are the most powerful computers. They are used to process huge amounts of data, model of complex processes and simulate the processes. Nuclear fission Air pollution Weather forecast Astrophysics Fluid dynamics Genetic Chess Breaking ciphers 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 21
- 22. Mainframes Mainframe computer is the largest type computer in use. Large memory, storage, I/O. They are used where many people in a large organization need frequent access to the same information which is organized into one or more huge databases. Transactions Accounting ERP 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 22
- 23. Minicomputers The capabilities of a minicomputer lies somewhere between those of mainframes and those of microcomputer. But they can handle more I/O and/or more terminals. Obsoleted by microcomputer. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 23
- 24. Microcomputers The least powerful, but most widely used. The term microcomputer and personal computer are interchangeable. PCs are intented to be operated by end users. Size, price, capabilities are right for individuals. Fastest growing ~ microprocessors, memory chips, and storage devices keep making gains in speed and capacity, while physical size and price remain stable or in some cases are reduced. 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 24
- 25. Microcomputer – Desktop 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 25
- 26. Microcomputer – Notebook 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 26
- 27. Microcomputer – Tablet 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 27
- 28. Microcomputer – Handheld 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 28
- 29. Phone + Computer 188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 29