Presentase discourse analysis group 1
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Discourse analysis is the study of language use beyond the sentence level. It examines how stretches of language take on meaning and coherence for communication. There are structural and functional definitions of discourse. Structurally, discourse is a linguistic unit above the sentence, while functionally it is a particular use of language. Historically, discourse analysis originated in classical rhetoric and linguistics over 2000 years ago, but emerged as a modern discipline in the 1960s-1970s across various fields including linguistics, sociolinguistics, psychology, and anthropology. It draws from theories such as speech act theory, sociolinguistics, and the study of language variation.
Presentase discourse analysis group 1
- 1. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS GROUP I RIFYAL MUKARRAM(14) JUVRIANTO CJ(9) CHAERUL FARDA(2) ENGLISH DEPARTMENT GRADUATE PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR 2016
- 2. WHAT IS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS The word discourse is taken from Latin “discursus”, which means conversation or speech. Crystal (1992:25) stated that discourse is a continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or narrative.
- 3. According to Keith Johnson (1999: 99-105), Discourse Analysis is the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose, and unity for their users; the quality of coherence. WHAT IS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 4. • Structural or textual definition of discourse: Discourse is a particular unit of language (above the sentence). • Functional definition of discourse: Discourse is a particular focus of language use. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DEFINITIONS OF DISCOURSE
- 5. Widdowson (1979:135) gives the following inferred, readily comprehendible but non-cohesive: Example: - That’s the telephone. - I’m in the bath. - OK Functionally, the three utterances relate coherently to each other as request, refusal, and acceptance. THE MEANING OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 6. 1. The first approach described may be characterized as the British-American school (Penny Cook, 1994), and has been the most significant in applied linguistics and in language teaching. It is, broadly speaking, an approach which has emerged from detailed study of language. APPROACHES TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 7. 2. The second approach is an approach which may be characterized as moving in opposite direction derives as theoretical base from the work of French philosopher, Michael Foucolt, who intuitively identifies orders of discourse (medicine, law, natural history, etc.) defined the textual expression of ideology and social; relationships (Foucolt, 1970) APPROACHES TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 8. 3. The third approach is critical discourse analysis. While making use of insights from both the Anglo-American and Foucoultian traditions of discourse analysis, it draws particularly upon the Hallidayan view of language as a social semiotic (Halliday, 1973). APPROACHES TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 9. According to Van Dijk (1985: 1-9), discourse analysis is an old as well as a new discipline. It originated from the study of language, public speech, and literature more than 2000 years ago. Its historical sources are classical rhetoric, the art of good speaking, and the grammatica, the historical antecedent of linguistics. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 10. In the 1960s various scattered attempts to apply semiotic or linguistic method had been brought to the study of texts and communicative events; in the early 1970s the publication of the first monographs and collection was seen wholly and explicitly dealing with systematic discourse analysis as an independent orientation or research within and across several disciplines. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 11. The discovery in linguistics of the philosophical work by Austin, Grice, and Searle about speech acts was a second important development in the early 1970s. This approach considered verbal utterances not only as sentences, but also as specific forms of social context, while sociolinguistics stressed the role of language variation and the social contact. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 12. At the same time, discourse was rediscovered by psychology and the new field of artificial intelligence, after the early, and later influential, work on memory for stories by Bartlett (1932). Psychology and sociolinguistics developed in the shadow of transformational grammar, so that much work was concerned with the experimental testing of the psychological reality of syntactic rules. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 13. At the same time artificial intelligence, the computer simulation of language understanding started its important work about knowledge representations in memory. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 14. And finally, the circle of these independent beginnings of contemporary discourse analysis can be closed by returning again to anthropology, the discipline where much of it had started in the first place. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- 15. The study of “real” language use in the socio-cultural context no longer stopped at form of address, ritual or myth, but also began to pay attention to the mundane forms of talk in different culture, such as greetings, spontaneous storytelling, formal meetings, verbal dueling, and other forms of communication and verbal interaction. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS