6. lecture no. intro to lang. dictionary, v+adv
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This document discusses the development of dictionaries. It covers the following key points: - Lexicography is the theoretical and practical work of writing dictionaries. Theoretical lexicography studies principles and analysis, while practical lexicography focuses on actual dictionary composition. - Dictionaries come in many types, including bilingual, multilingual, subject-specific, historical, and biographical dictionaries. They contain elements like headwords, definitions, pronunciations, parts of speech, and etymological notes. - One of the earliest English dictionaries was Robert Cawdrey's 1604 "Table Alphabeticall". Samuel Johnson's 1755 "Dictionary of the English Language" was also influential. Noah Webster popular
6. lecture no. intro to lang. dictionary, v+adv
- 1. 6. Development of Dictionary Verb-adverb combination Lecture No. 6 Zafar Ullah, zafarullah76@gmail.com
- 2. Lexcicography • Lexicography • Theoretical lexicography: scholarly discipline to theorize principles and ways to analyze it. • Practical lexicography: to write dictionary practically. 2
- 3. Types of Dictionaries • ESP, EOP • Bilingual • Multilingual • Historical • Biographical • Geographical dictionaries • Dictionaries of each discipline, dictionary of computer science, medical science etc • Register, Glossaries, terms 3
- 4. Internal Structure of a Dictionary • Headword, lemma • Pronunciation • POS • Semantic • Cross reference • collocation • usage • Etymological, historical notes • image 4
- 5. Introduction of Dictionaries • One of the first dictionaries, entitled The Dictionary of Syr Thomas Eliot Knyght (1538), was actually bilingual. • It was followed by others, such as the Dictionarie French and English (1593) by Claudius Hollyband. • In 1582, a man named Richard Mulcaster wrote The Elementarie, a spelling guide with undefined words. • 5
- 6. Cont… • In 1604, Robert Cawdrey compiled the first 'authentic' English dictionary, entitled Table Alphabeticall, which contained just 2,543 words and their definitions. Cawdrey is to be credited for inventing the idea that a dictionary should flow from A to Z. • In 1616 English Expositor (1616) by John Bullokar and English Dictionary by Elisha Coles. • In 1656, Glossographia by Thomas Blount was published, containing more than 10,000 words along with their etymologies, or histories. 6
- 7. Cont… • A few years later, a rival dictionary, The New World of English Words: Or, a General Dictionary, was written by Edward Phillips. Phillips boldly plagiarized Blount's work. • In 1755, Samuel Johnson in two volumes. It was entitled Dictionary of the English Language. • The Oxford English Dictionary: John Simpson; Edmund Weiner - Oxford University Press. 7
- 8. Webster Noah’s Dictionary • Noah Webster (1758–1843), wrote, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, in 1806. He popularized features which would become a hallmark of American English spelling (center rather than centre, honor rather than honour, program rather than programme, etc.) and included technical terms from the arts and sciences rather than confining his dictionary to literary words. Webster was a proponent of English spelling reform for reasons both philological and nationalistic. 8
- 9. Corpus and Lexicography • Brigham young University corpora • https://www.english-corpora.org/ • Corona virus corpus • https://www.english-corpora.org/corona/ • Sketchengine tool, Voyant, antconc etc • Frequency, examples, emergence of new words, arrangement • SQL for databases 9
- 10. Urdu Dictionaries • FARHANG E AASFEA • Nassem ul Lughat • Ilmi Lughat • Oxford English Urdu Dictionary By Shan ul Haq Haqqi • MUQTADRA E QOMI ZUBAN URDU 10
- 11. Verb Adverb Combination • An important characteristic of the modern vocabulary is the large number of expressions like :set out, gather up ,put off, bring in, made up, of a common verb, often of one syllable, combine with and adverb. • Collocations • Verb+adverb • He drove carefully. They set out a journey. • Adverb+verb • He was badly damaged in the accident. 11
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