A Review- Remote Sensing
0 likes59 views
The document is a review of remote sensing and GIS, highlighting their increasing importance due to growing interest from various stakeholders and advancements in technology that have made these fields more accessible. It outlines the history of remote sensing, dividing it into six phases from its early developments to recent technological advancements, emphasizing the integration of remote sensing with GIS for effective data analysis. The conclusion stresses that remote sensing provides vast data which, when combined with GIS capabilities, becomes invaluable for understanding and managing geographical information.
![Balaji Waghmare. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 6, (Part -2) June 2017, pp.52-54
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0706025254 52 | P a g e
A Review- Remote Sensing
Balaji Waghmare*, Madan Suryawanshi**
*Department of Geography, Dr. Babasaheb Marathwada University, Aurangabad [MS], India.
**Department of Geography, Dr. Babasaheb Marathwada University, Aurangabad [MS], India.
ABSTRACT
Now-a-days the field of Remote Sensing and GIS has become exciting and glamorous with rapidly expanding
opportunities. Many organizations spend large amounts of money on these fields. Here the question arises why
these fields are so important in recent years. Two main reasons are there behind this. 1) Now-a-days scientists,
researchers, students, and even common people are showing great interest for better understanding of our
environment. By environment we mean the geographic space of their study area and the events that take place
there. In other words, we have come to realize that geographic space along with the data describing it, is part of
our everyday world; almost every decision we take is influenced or dictated by some fact of geography. 2)
Advancement in sophisticated space technology (which can provide large volume of spatial data), along with
declining costs of computer hardware and software (which can handle these data) has made Remote Sensing and
G.I.S. affordable to not only complex environmental / spatial situation but also affordable to an increasingly
wider audience.
I. INTRODUCTION
Literally Remote Sensing means obtaining
information about an object, area or phenomenon
without coming in direct contact with it. If we go by
this meaning of Remote Sensing, then a number of
things would be coming under Remote Sensor, e.g.
Seismographs, fathometer etc. Without coming in
direct contact with the focus of earthquake,
seismograph can measure the intensity of earthquake.
Likewise without coming in contact with the ocean
floor, fathometer can measure its depth. However,
modern Remote Sensing means acquiring
information about earth’s land and water surfaces by
using reflected or emitted electromagnetic energy.
From the following definitions, we can have a better
understanding about Remote Sensing: According to
White (1977), Remote Sensing includes all methods
of obtaining pictures or other forms of
electromagnetic records of Earth’s surface from a
distance, and the treatment and processing of the
picture data… Remote Sensing then in the widest
sense is concerned with detecting and recording
electromagnetic radiation from the target areas in the
field of view of the sensor instrument. This radiation
may have originated directly from separate
components of the target area, it may be solar energy
reflected from them; or it may be reflections of
energy transmitted to the target area from the sensor
itself.
II. HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING
The knowledge about the history of Remote
Sensing is necessary for better understanding of the
subject and its scope, and also for future
development, particularly for the welfare of human
society. The development of remote sensing over
time can be broadly divided into following six
phases.
Phase I (Up till 1920): Initial Phase
Man always inquisitive about the things
across a forest or a mountain, which he cannot see
directly. So, since time immemorial man has always
tried to reach greater heights, such as tree tops,
mountains etc. to observe phenomena of his interest
on the earth surface, viz. to decide habitat places,
farming and other day-to-day activities. This
inquisitiveness to get a bird’s eye view prompted man
to take photographs of earth from elevated platforms.
So, the initial photographs of earth were captured
from elevated platforms on the surface of the earth.
However, the actual beginning of Remote Sensing
can be traced back in 1958, when free balloons were
used for photography by the French Gaspard Felix
Tournachon (known as Nadar) to photograph the
village of Petil Becetre near Paris. In 1860, a part of
Boston and Massachusetts were photographed from a
captive balloon at 1200 feet height in USA. In 1909,
the first aerial photograph was taken from an aero
plane, piloted by Wilbur Write over Centocelli, Italy.
World War I provided a boost in the use of aerial
photography. During that time, aerial photographs
were used for two purposes – spying and mapping [1-
5].
Phase II (1920-1945): Development of Platforms and
Sensors
Improvement in aero planes, cameras, films
etc. resulted in the development of aerial photography
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h0706025254-170616054215/85/A-Review-Remote-Sensing-1-320.jpg)
![Balaji Waghmare. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 6, (Part -2) June 2017, pp.52-54
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0706025254 53 | P a g e
during this period. The proper planning of flight for
photographic purpose was also started. Topographical
mapping was the main thrust of the aerial
photography. However, a number of scientists like
geologists, botanists, soil scientists, geographers
began interpreting the photographs to get information
of their interest, especially for development of natural
resources. During this period photographic coverage
were increased both on the large and medium scale.
World War II gave a real boost to photointerpretation
technique, which was widely used for military
intelligence purposes. The mapping of strategic
location, military targets and assessments of damages
could be done accurately [6-8].
Phase III (1945-50): Development of Teaching and
Training
After World War II, much emphasis on
teaching and training of this technique was given due
to previous experience of its wide use in different
spheres. Many courses on Remote Sensing were
started in reputed universities of United States and
Western European countries. A commission on the
utilization of aerial photographs was set up by
International Geographical Union (IGU) in 1949.
The members of the commission emphasized the
need of knowledge of those parts of world which
were not earlier photographed and also attention was
given to cover more area by aerial photographs and
techniques essential for interpretation [8-10].
Phase IV (1950-60): Development of Instruments for
Interpretation
In this phase, the techniques of photo
interpretation became much more an applied
technique. A number of instruments was developed
and introduced for interpretation during this period,
which may be termed as a landmark in the progress
of these techniques. It opened a new horizon for
accurate and fast analysis and also for monitoring the
changes. Hence a considerable advanced
interpretation was made in many disciplines such as
Geography, Geology, Geophysics, Agriculture and
Archaeology.
Phase V (1960-1985): Significant Phase
This phase is very significant in the history
of Remote Sensing as artificial satellites were
launched in the space for acquiring information of
earth surface. Though two American satellites, i.e.
Explorer I and II were launched in 1958 and 1959
respectively under Explorer and DiscoverProgramme,
they were not important from Remote Sensing point
of view. On 1st
April, 1960, one satellite of eight
members of TIROS (Television and Infrared
Observation Satellites) family was launched as a
research and development project. As TIROS’s name
suggested, the satellite carried two types of sensing
devices – firstly, television, camera etc. which took
picture of the visible spectrum; and secondly, infrared
detectors which measured the non visible part of
spectrum and provided information of local and
regional temperature of earth’s surface. The supply
of remotely sensed data of earth surface was greatly
increased with the launching of ERTS-I (Earth
Resources Technology Satellite) on 23rd
July, 1972.
It was placed in a sunsynchronous polar orbit about
600 miles above the earth surface. It makes 14
revolutions in a day around the earth and its sensors
were covering a series 160 kms. wide strip. Then it
was followed by ERTS-2 in 1975. With the launch
of this satellite, the name of these satellites has been
changed from ERTS-1, 2 to LANDSAT-1, 2
respectively. Four other satellites in these series were
launched one after another in this phase, with
improved cameras and sensors. Beside this, many
other satellites were launched in the space by
European and Asian Countries during this period [10-
14].
Phase VI (1985 onwards): Recent Development
Phase
In this period, Remote Sensing technique
has been improved in two ways. Firstly, there have
been developments of sensors which can use infrared
and microwave spectrum other than visible spectrum
to get information about earth’s surface. Secondly,
there have been very important advances with respect
to the platforms in which sensors are mounted.
Besides, satellites have been launched for specific
purposes and with specific capability. The ground
resolution is continuously increasing till today.
Hence, interpretation and mapping is becoming very
easy, accurate and purposive. The European Radar
satellite (ERS-I) launched in 1991 opened the avenue
for systematic global observation in the microwave
region. The French Satellite ‘SPOT’ is producing the
imagery to provide the three dimensional view under
stereoscope. The satellite – IKONOS, launched on
24th
September, 1999 has 1 m. resolution in
panchromatic and 4 m. resolution in multi-spectral
cameras. USA, France and India have planned a
series of satellites, with improved capability, so that
the users are assured continuity of data [13][14].
III. CONCLUSIONS
Remote sensing and GIS are integral to each
other. The development of Remote Sensing is of no
use without the development of GIS and vice versa.
Remote Sensing has the capability of providing large
amount of data of the whole earth and also very
frequently. GIS has the capabilities of analyzing a
large amount of data within no time. These
voluminous data would have become useless without
the development of GIS. Manual handling of one
time remote sensing data would take years together,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h0706025254-170616054215/85/A-Review-Remote-Sensing-2-320.jpg)
![Balaji Waghmare. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 6, (Part -2) June 2017, pp.52-54
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0706025254 54 | P a g e
by the time a number of multi date data would have
piled for analysis. Likewise capability of GIS would
have no use without the development of Remote
Sensing technology, which provides voluminous
data.
REFERENCES
[1] Allen, T. R., & Kupfer, J. A., 2000.
Application of spherical statistics to change
vector analysis of landsat data: Southern
appalachian spruce - Fir forests. RS. Env,
74(3), 482-493.
[2] Anderson, G. L., Everitt, J. H., & Escobar,
D. E., 1996. Mapping leafy spurge
(Euphorbia esula) infestations using aerial
photography and geographic information
systems. Geocarto International, 11(1), pp.
81-89.
[3] Anderson, G. L., Everitt, J. H., Richardson,
A. J., & Escobar, D. E., 1993. Using satellite
data to map false broomweed (Ericamera
austrotexana) infestations on south Texas
rangelands. Weed Technology, 7, pp. 865-
871.
[4] Barrett, E. C., 1980. Satellite monitoring of
conditions conducive to the upsurge of
insect pests. in: Satellite remote sensing.
Applications to rural disasters. Proc. Joint
ESA/FAO/WMO training course, Rome.
[5] Giacomo Capizzi, Grazia Lo Sciuto, Marcin
Wozniak, Robertas Damasevicius: A
Clustering Based System for Automated Oil
Spill Detection by Satellite Remote Sensing,
ICAISC (2) 2016: 613-623
[6] Schowengerdt, Robert A. (2007). Remote
sensing: models and methods for image
processing (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 2.
ISBN 978-0-12-369407-2.
[7] Schott, John Robert (2007). Remote sensing:
the image chain approach (2nd ed.). Oxford
University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-
517817-3.
[8] Guo, Huadong; Huang, Qingni; Li, Xinwu;
Sun, Zhongchang; Zhang, Ying (2013).
"Spatiotemporal analysis of urban
environment based on the vegetation–
impervious surface–soil model" (Full text
article available). Journal of Applied
Remote Sensing. 8: 084597. Bibcode:
2014JARS....8.4597G.
doi:10.1117/1.JRS.8.084597.
[9] Liu, Jian Guo & Mason, Philippa J. (2009).
Essential Image Processing for GIS and
Remote Sensing. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 4.
ISBN 978-0-470-51032-2. "Saving the
monkeys". SPIE Professional. Retrieved 1
Jan 2016.
[10] Howard, A., et al., (Aug 19, 2015). "Remote
sensing and habitat mapping for bearded
capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus):
landscapes for the use of stone tools".
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. 9 (1).
doi:10.1117/1.JRS.9.096020.
[11] http://hurricanes.nasa.gov/earth-
sun/technology/remote_sensing.html
[12] Mills, J.P.; et al. (1997). "Photogrammetry
from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal
Monitoring". The Photogrammetric Record.
15 (89): 715–724. doi:10.1111/0031-
868X.00080.
[13] Twiss, S.D.; et al. (2001). "Topographic
spatial characterisation of grey seal
Halichoerus grypus breeding habitat at a
sub-seal size spatial grain". Ecography. 24
(3): 257–266. doi:10.1111/j.1600
0587.2001.tb00198.x.
[14] Stewart, J.E.; et al. (2014). "Finescale
ecological niche modeling provides
evidence that lactating gray seals
(Halichoerus grypus) prefer access to fresh
water in order to drink". Marine Mammal
Science. 30 (4): 1456–1472.
doi:10.1111/mms.12126.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h0706025254-170616054215/85/A-Review-Remote-Sensing-3-320.jpg)
A Review- Remote Sensing
- 1. Balaji Waghmare. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 6, (Part -2) June 2017, pp.52-54 www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0706025254 52 | P a g e A Review- Remote Sensing Balaji Waghmare*, Madan Suryawanshi** *Department of Geography, Dr. Babasaheb Marathwada University, Aurangabad [MS], India. **Department of Geography, Dr. Babasaheb Marathwada University, Aurangabad [MS], India. ABSTRACT Now-a-days the field of Remote Sensing and GIS has become exciting and glamorous with rapidly expanding opportunities. Many organizations spend large amounts of money on these fields. Here the question arises why these fields are so important in recent years. Two main reasons are there behind this. 1) Now-a-days scientists, researchers, students, and even common people are showing great interest for better understanding of our environment. By environment we mean the geographic space of their study area and the events that take place there. In other words, we have come to realize that geographic space along with the data describing it, is part of our everyday world; almost every decision we take is influenced or dictated by some fact of geography. 2) Advancement in sophisticated space technology (which can provide large volume of spatial data), along with declining costs of computer hardware and software (which can handle these data) has made Remote Sensing and G.I.S. affordable to not only complex environmental / spatial situation but also affordable to an increasingly wider audience. I. INTRODUCTION Literally Remote Sensing means obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon without coming in direct contact with it. If we go by this meaning of Remote Sensing, then a number of things would be coming under Remote Sensor, e.g. Seismographs, fathometer etc. Without coming in direct contact with the focus of earthquake, seismograph can measure the intensity of earthquake. Likewise without coming in contact with the ocean floor, fathometer can measure its depth. However, modern Remote Sensing means acquiring information about earth’s land and water surfaces by using reflected or emitted electromagnetic energy. From the following definitions, we can have a better understanding about Remote Sensing: According to White (1977), Remote Sensing includes all methods of obtaining pictures or other forms of electromagnetic records of Earth’s surface from a distance, and the treatment and processing of the picture data… Remote Sensing then in the widest sense is concerned with detecting and recording electromagnetic radiation from the target areas in the field of view of the sensor instrument. This radiation may have originated directly from separate components of the target area, it may be solar energy reflected from them; or it may be reflections of energy transmitted to the target area from the sensor itself. II. HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING The knowledge about the history of Remote Sensing is necessary for better understanding of the subject and its scope, and also for future development, particularly for the welfare of human society. The development of remote sensing over time can be broadly divided into following six phases. Phase I (Up till 1920): Initial Phase Man always inquisitive about the things across a forest or a mountain, which he cannot see directly. So, since time immemorial man has always tried to reach greater heights, such as tree tops, mountains etc. to observe phenomena of his interest on the earth surface, viz. to decide habitat places, farming and other day-to-day activities. This inquisitiveness to get a bird’s eye view prompted man to take photographs of earth from elevated platforms. So, the initial photographs of earth were captured from elevated platforms on the surface of the earth. However, the actual beginning of Remote Sensing can be traced back in 1958, when free balloons were used for photography by the French Gaspard Felix Tournachon (known as Nadar) to photograph the village of Petil Becetre near Paris. In 1860, a part of Boston and Massachusetts were photographed from a captive balloon at 1200 feet height in USA. In 1909, the first aerial photograph was taken from an aero plane, piloted by Wilbur Write over Centocelli, Italy. World War I provided a boost in the use of aerial photography. During that time, aerial photographs were used for two purposes – spying and mapping [1- 5]. Phase II (1920-1945): Development of Platforms and Sensors Improvement in aero planes, cameras, films etc. resulted in the development of aerial photography RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
- 2. Balaji Waghmare. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 6, (Part -2) June 2017, pp.52-54 www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0706025254 53 | P a g e during this period. The proper planning of flight for photographic purpose was also started. Topographical mapping was the main thrust of the aerial photography. However, a number of scientists like geologists, botanists, soil scientists, geographers began interpreting the photographs to get information of their interest, especially for development of natural resources. During this period photographic coverage were increased both on the large and medium scale. World War II gave a real boost to photointerpretation technique, which was widely used for military intelligence purposes. The mapping of strategic location, military targets and assessments of damages could be done accurately [6-8]. Phase III (1945-50): Development of Teaching and Training After World War II, much emphasis on teaching and training of this technique was given due to previous experience of its wide use in different spheres. Many courses on Remote Sensing were started in reputed universities of United States and Western European countries. A commission on the utilization of aerial photographs was set up by International Geographical Union (IGU) in 1949. The members of the commission emphasized the need of knowledge of those parts of world which were not earlier photographed and also attention was given to cover more area by aerial photographs and techniques essential for interpretation [8-10]. Phase IV (1950-60): Development of Instruments for Interpretation In this phase, the techniques of photo interpretation became much more an applied technique. A number of instruments was developed and introduced for interpretation during this period, which may be termed as a landmark in the progress of these techniques. It opened a new horizon for accurate and fast analysis and also for monitoring the changes. Hence a considerable advanced interpretation was made in many disciplines such as Geography, Geology, Geophysics, Agriculture and Archaeology. Phase V (1960-1985): Significant Phase This phase is very significant in the history of Remote Sensing as artificial satellites were launched in the space for acquiring information of earth surface. Though two American satellites, i.e. Explorer I and II were launched in 1958 and 1959 respectively under Explorer and DiscoverProgramme, they were not important from Remote Sensing point of view. On 1st April, 1960, one satellite of eight members of TIROS (Television and Infrared Observation Satellites) family was launched as a research and development project. As TIROS’s name suggested, the satellite carried two types of sensing devices – firstly, television, camera etc. which took picture of the visible spectrum; and secondly, infrared detectors which measured the non visible part of spectrum and provided information of local and regional temperature of earth’s surface. The supply of remotely sensed data of earth surface was greatly increased with the launching of ERTS-I (Earth Resources Technology Satellite) on 23rd July, 1972. It was placed in a sunsynchronous polar orbit about 600 miles above the earth surface. It makes 14 revolutions in a day around the earth and its sensors were covering a series 160 kms. wide strip. Then it was followed by ERTS-2 in 1975. With the launch of this satellite, the name of these satellites has been changed from ERTS-1, 2 to LANDSAT-1, 2 respectively. Four other satellites in these series were launched one after another in this phase, with improved cameras and sensors. Beside this, many other satellites were launched in the space by European and Asian Countries during this period [10- 14]. Phase VI (1985 onwards): Recent Development Phase In this period, Remote Sensing technique has been improved in two ways. Firstly, there have been developments of sensors which can use infrared and microwave spectrum other than visible spectrum to get information about earth’s surface. Secondly, there have been very important advances with respect to the platforms in which sensors are mounted. Besides, satellites have been launched for specific purposes and with specific capability. The ground resolution is continuously increasing till today. Hence, interpretation and mapping is becoming very easy, accurate and purposive. The European Radar satellite (ERS-I) launched in 1991 opened the avenue for systematic global observation in the microwave region. The French Satellite ‘SPOT’ is producing the imagery to provide the three dimensional view under stereoscope. The satellite – IKONOS, launched on 24th September, 1999 has 1 m. resolution in panchromatic and 4 m. resolution in multi-spectral cameras. USA, France and India have planned a series of satellites, with improved capability, so that the users are assured continuity of data [13][14]. III. CONCLUSIONS Remote sensing and GIS are integral to each other. The development of Remote Sensing is of no use without the development of GIS and vice versa. Remote Sensing has the capability of providing large amount of data of the whole earth and also very frequently. GIS has the capabilities of analyzing a large amount of data within no time. These voluminous data would have become useless without the development of GIS. Manual handling of one time remote sensing data would take years together,
- 3. Balaji Waghmare. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 6, (Part -2) June 2017, pp.52-54 www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0706025254 54 | P a g e by the time a number of multi date data would have piled for analysis. Likewise capability of GIS would have no use without the development of Remote Sensing technology, which provides voluminous data. REFERENCES [1] Allen, T. R., & Kupfer, J. A., 2000. Application of spherical statistics to change vector analysis of landsat data: Southern appalachian spruce - Fir forests. RS. Env, 74(3), 482-493. [2] Anderson, G. L., Everitt, J. H., & Escobar, D. E., 1996. Mapping leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) infestations using aerial photography and geographic information systems. Geocarto International, 11(1), pp. 81-89. [3] Anderson, G. L., Everitt, J. H., Richardson, A. J., & Escobar, D. E., 1993. Using satellite data to map false broomweed (Ericamera austrotexana) infestations on south Texas rangelands. Weed Technology, 7, pp. 865- 871. [4] Barrett, E. C., 1980. Satellite monitoring of conditions conducive to the upsurge of insect pests. in: Satellite remote sensing. Applications to rural disasters. Proc. Joint ESA/FAO/WMO training course, Rome. [5] Giacomo Capizzi, Grazia Lo Sciuto, Marcin Wozniak, Robertas Damasevicius: A Clustering Based System for Automated Oil Spill Detection by Satellite Remote Sensing, ICAISC (2) 2016: 613-623 [6] Schowengerdt, Robert A. (2007). Remote sensing: models and methods for image processing (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-12-369407-2. [7] Schott, John Robert (2007). Remote sensing: the image chain approach (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19- 517817-3. [8] Guo, Huadong; Huang, Qingni; Li, Xinwu; Sun, Zhongchang; Zhang, Ying (2013). "Spatiotemporal analysis of urban environment based on the vegetation– impervious surface–soil model" (Full text article available). Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. 8: 084597. Bibcode: 2014JARS....8.4597G. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.8.084597. [9] Liu, Jian Guo & Mason, Philippa J. (2009). Essential Image Processing for GIS and Remote Sensing. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-470-51032-2. "Saving the monkeys". SPIE Professional. Retrieved 1 Jan 2016. [10] Howard, A., et al., (Aug 19, 2015). "Remote sensing and habitat mapping for bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus): landscapes for the use of stone tools". Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. 9 (1). doi:10.1117/1.JRS.9.096020. [11] http://hurricanes.nasa.gov/earth- sun/technology/remote_sensing.html [12] Mills, J.P.; et al. (1997). "Photogrammetry from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring". The Photogrammetric Record. 15 (89): 715–724. doi:10.1111/0031- 868X.00080. [13] Twiss, S.D.; et al. (2001). "Topographic spatial characterisation of grey seal Halichoerus grypus breeding habitat at a sub-seal size spatial grain". Ecography. 24 (3): 257–266. doi:10.1111/j.1600 0587.2001.tb00198.x. [14] Stewart, J.E.; et al. (2014). "Finescale ecological niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) prefer access to fresh water in order to drink". Marine Mammal Science. 30 (4): 1456–1472. doi:10.1111/mms.12126.