The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)

The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 9||Pages|| 01-06||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 1
Characterization of fluted pumpkin (telfiariaoccidentalis hook f)
seeds oil emulsion
V. E. Okpashi, O.U. Njoku , V. N. Ogugua and E. A. Ugian
Department of Biochemistry University of Nigeria Nsukka
----------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
Oil-in-water emulsions were produced from the oil extracts as well as with olive oil. Some of the properties
characterized were droplets size concentration and distribution which ranged from 28µm to 142µm. Visible
layer boundaries of emulsion rose from 0.00mm to 3mm. Emulsion stability of samples were 38.46% (olive oil),
35.71% (n-hexane oil) and 34.97% (petroleum ether oil). Emulsion capacity of olive oil was 35.7%, while that
of n-hexane and petroleum ether oil were 32.1% and30.4% respectively. Emulsion stability indices for olive oil,
n-hexane and petroleum ether extracts oil were 0.65±0.02, 0.71±0.18, and 0.69±0.12 respectively. Microbial
contamination was 2.67x104
cells/ml for olive oil emulsion, 2.67x105
cells/ml from-hexane and petroleum ether
oil emulsion. These results indicate potential and good emulsion stability. It is suggested that fluted pumpkin
seed oil may be used in emulsion production due to its great stability.
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Date of Submission: 31 July ,2013 Date of Acceptance:10,September 2013
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I. INTRODUCTION
Emulsion consists of two or more completely or partially immiscible liquids, such as fat or oil and
water, where one liquid is dispersed in the other in the form of droplets (Dickinson, 1992). At the interface of
each droplet, the molecules of the two liquids are in direct contact with each other, which is thermodynamically
highly unfavorable. Although the entropy of the system increases as the emulsion is homogenized (increased
entropy of mixing), this effect is not sufficient to balance the unfavorable enthalpy increase that arises because
of the contact between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules (Hiemenz and Rajagalopan, 1997). The system
has the tendency to separate and attain a configuration in which the contact area between the two phases, and
subsequently the free energy of the system, is minimal. Surfactant molecules that adsorb at liquid-liquid
interfaces can decrease the enthalpy contribution to the overall free energy increase and thus reduce the
tendency of the emulsion to destabilize (Weiss, 1999). However, surfactant molecules can reduce the tendency
of an emulsion to destabilize; they are not able to completely prevent it from a thermodynamic perspective, and
emulsion destabilization is inevitable. Fortunately, emulsion breakdown does not occur instantaneously. A
finite time is required for droplets to collide, merge, coalesce or grow, and eventually phase separate. If this
process occurs over a long period of time that exceeds the intended life-time of the product, the emulsion is
considered to be kinetically stable (Robins, 2000).
In the broadest sense, stability of emulsions is defined as maintenance of an initial state that was
attained after homogenization of the two (or more) liquids (Sjoblom, 1996). The initial state of the emulsion
can be defined by a set of internal parameters ( Peña, 2004). The primary parameters used to describe the state
of an emulsion are droplet size distribution and concentration, since the bulk properties of emulsions such as
colour, texture, and taste are primarily a function of these two colloidal parameters (McClements, 1999). In
selected cases it may be necessary to include additional parameters such as pH and microbial load to further
define the initial state of the emulsion.The lifetime of emulsions is a function of various extrinsic parameters.
During production, transport, and storage, emulsions are subject to a variety of fluctuating external stresses that
can alter the initial state of the system and eventually cause the emulsion to become unstable. The goal of any
emulsion stability test should be to closely model stress conditions encountered in an actual application setting.
Most emulsion stability tests focus on the measurement of droplet size as a function of storage time at a specific
temperature. Emulsions may be subject to a variety of chemical, physical, and microbiological stresses in
addition to temperature (Miller, 1988). All these stresses can have profound effects on the macroscopic and
colloidal properties of the emulsions (Sjoblom, 1996) and (Jing, et al (2006). It should be noted that
measurements of bulk properties such as rheology and color as a function of time can be used to determine the
stability of emulsions as well (Serra and Casamitjana, 1998); However, interpreting bulk emulsion properties to
obtain information about changes on the colloidal level is much more difficult than measuring colloidal
properties to predict changes on the macroscopic level.

Characterization of fluted pumpkin-----
II. METHODOLOGYS
Plants materials
Fluted Pumpkin seeds: The fluted pumpkin (Telfairiaoccidentalis Hook F) seed used for this research
were purchase from Nsukka area of Enugu State, Nigeria, and identified by Mr O. U.Ozioko of Bioresource
Development and Conservation Programme (BDCP) Resource Centre, Nsukka.
Chemicals
All chemicals used were of analytical grade and were products of British Drug House (BDH) Chemical
limited, Poole England.
Statistical analysis
All investigations were carried out in triplicate and data obtained were presented as mean ± standard
deviation using descriptive statistics. Student T – test was used to compare mean variance. Significance was
accepted at p<0.05 level using SPSS v16.
III. RESULT
Characterization of emulsions
The results of the characterization of emulsions are shown in table 1.Emulsion stability index; emulsion
capacity and emulsion stability do not differ significantly with olive oil emulsion.
Table 1 Characterization of emulsions
oil samples ESI EC (%) ES (%)
olive oil 0.65±0.02 35.7 38.46
Fluted pumpkin oil n-hexane extracts 0.71±0.18 32.1 35.71
Fluted pumpkin oil, pet ether extracts 0.69±0.12 30.4 34.97
Result of droplet size of fluted pumpkin seed oil emulsions stabilized by 20% (w/v) tween 80
Table 2 show the result of emulsion droplet sizes. The droplet size of all the emulsions ranges
from 28 μm to 100μm.
Table 2 Droplets size of fluted pumpkin seed oil emulsions stabilized by 20% (w/v) tween 80
Droplets size of fluted pumpkin
seed oil emulsions (n-hexane
extract (μm)
Droplets size of fluted pumpkin seed
oil emulsions (petroleum ether
extract (μm)
Droplets size of olive oil
emulsions (μm) (standaed
reference oil).
48 38 28
49 47
60 77 53
71 88 59
89 97 71
102 100 82
142 137 100
Time dependent height increase of the visible creaming layer boundary of olive oil emulsion.
Figure 1 shows the height increase of the visible layer boundary of olive oil emulsions at 3mm and a delay time
of 199 minutes.
Figure 1 Time dependent height increase of the visible creaming layer boundary of olive oil emulsion.

Time dependent height increase of the visible creaming layer boundary of oil extracted
with petroleum ether
Figure 2 shows that the creaming layer boundary of emulsion produced from fluted pumpkin seed oil extracted
with petroleum ether had a delay time of 250 munites and height increase of 4mm.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Heightofvisiblelayerboundaries(mm)
Time (mins)
Figure 2 Time dependent height increase of the visible creaming layer boundary
of oil extracted with petroleum ether.
Time dependent height increase of the visible creaming layer boundary of oil extracted with n-hexane
The Figure 3 shows the creaming layer boundary of emulsion produced from fluted pumpkin seed oil
extracted with n-hexane. The result showed that the emulsion had taken a short time to sediment or cream that is
two hundred minutes to cream to three millimeters height.
Figure 3 Time dependent height increase of the visible creaming layer boundary
of oil extracted with n-hexane.
Time dependent height increase of the visible creaming layers of olive oil, oil extracted with n-hexane and
petroleum ether emulsions.
1

Figure 4 shows creaming layer boundary of emulsion produced from fluted pumpkin seed oil extracted with
petroleum ether, n-hexane and olive oil emulsion. The result showed that the emulsion had taken both short and
long time to sediment or cream. The average delay time is 200 minutes with a height increase of 4mm.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Heightofvisiblelayerboundaries
(mm)
Time (mins)
Height of visible layer boundaries
of oil Exnhx and oil Expet ether
Figure 4 Time dependent height increase of the visible creaming layers of olive oil,
oil extracted with n-hexane and petroleum ether.
Density of olive oil emulsion at 1 bar atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.
Figure 5 shows the density of olive oil emulsion at 1 bar atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature. The
figure showed that the density of emulsion decreases as the temperature is increased. Increased temperature at
60o
C to 70o
C destabilized the emulsion completely.
0.929
0.93
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934
0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0 20 40 60 80 100
EmulsionDensity(kg/m3)
Temperature (oc)
olive oil
Figure 5 Density of Olive Oil emulsion at 1 bar atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.
Density of fluted pumpkin seed oil emulsion extracted with petroleum ether at 1 bar atmospheric
pressure as a function of temperature
Figure 6 shows the density of fluted pumpkin seed oil emulsion extracted with petroleum ether at 1
bar atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature. The figure showed that the density of emulsion decreases
as the temperature is increased. At high temperature 60o
C to 80o
C, the emulsion is destabilized.
Figure 6 Density of fluted pumpkin seed oil emulsion extracted with petroleum ether at 1 bar
atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.

Density of fluted pumpkin seed oil emulsion extracted with n-hexane at 1 bar atmospheric pressure as a
function of temperature
Figure 7 shows the density of fluted pumpkin seed oil emulsion extracted with n-hexane at 1 bar atmospheric
pressure as a function of temperature.
The figure showed that the density of emulsion decreases as the temperature is increased.
Figure 7 Density of fluted pumpkin seed oil emulsion extracted with n-hexane at 1 bar atmospheric
pressure as a function of temperature.
Density of olive oil, oil extracted with n-hexane and petroleum ether emulsions at 1 bar atmospheric
pressure as a function of temperature Figure 8 Shows the density of fluted pumpkin seed oil emulsion
extracted petroleum ether, n-hexane and olive oil at 1 bar atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.
The figure showed that the density of emulsion decreases as the temperature is increased and showed
differences in emulsion density. Also n-haxane extract and petroleum ether extract had almost the same values
and which completely merged to form a single line graph.
0.925
0.93
0.935
0.94
0.945
0.95
0.955
0 20 40 60 80 100
Emulsiondensity(kg/m3)
Temperature oc
oil Exnhx and pet-ether
olive oil
Figure 8 Density of olive oil, oil extracted with n-hexane and petroleum ether emulsions
at 1 bar atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.
Microbiological analysis:The type of organism identified as a contaminant in emulsion was E-coli.
IV. DISCUSSION
Droplet size measurement of emulsions as a function of storage time. The result illustrates that both the
emulsion produced from oil extracted with n-hexane, petroleum ether and olive oil, increases at the upper level
and decreases at the bottom as the emulsion ages. The spatial distributions of both emulsions droplets size
change profoundly as the emulsion destabilizes. Another interesting result showed that stability test of droplet
size increased proportionally on different emulsions. This can best explain the frequency of droplet collision
(Robins, 2000). Since the droplet size of the emulsions increases, the probability for droplet-droplet collision
resulting in coalescence also increases. This property demonstrates that storage stability test is extremely useful
as they allow emulsion manufacturer to accurately follow even small changes in emulsion properties. Droplet
size determination as a function of storage time can be used to determine the kinetics of the instability process
and to determine the shelf life of the product by setting out to reduce droplet size to 0.1um to 100um. So, this
result indicates that comparatively, the emulsion properties are quite stable and can have an extended shelf life
thus promoting emulsion stability.

Result of time-dependent height increase of the visible layer (creaming or sedimentation test) is
showed. This property is usually used to study the instability mechanism in emulsions. This study evaluated the
effect of polyethylene glycol sorbitanmonooleate (tween 80) on the stability of fluted pumpkin seed oils
extracted with n-hexane, petroleum ether and olive oil. All were oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by 20% (w/v)
polyethylene glycol sorbitanmonooleate (tween 80) at 35o
C. Result showed that the height visible boundary
layer increases as the emulsion ages, indicating that a compact cream layer was formed in the bottom of the
container suggesting minimal coagulation of droplet and the delay in sedimentation indicate the onset of
flocculation of the emulsion. These results are typical of emulsions that become depletion flocculated at low
surfactant concentrations and stabilized at high surfactant concentrations. Depletion flocculation is the result of
non-homogeneous distribution of surfactant molecule throughout the colloidal system (Chanamai and
McClements, 2001).
The bulk properties of the emulsions. The initial state of the emulsion can be defined by a set of
internal parameters. Some of the bulk parameters used to describe the state of an emulsion is droplet size and
concentration. Since the bulk properties of emulsions such as color, texture and taste are primarily the function
of these two colloidal parameters (McClements, 1999) and (Serra, and Casamitjana, (1998). parameters such as
pH and microbial load can further define the initial state of the emulsions. This result also showed that
emulsions produced from olive oil had the least microbial load or contamination of 6.67x104
cell/ml when
compared to fluted pumpkin seed oil, this suggest that olive oil is refined while oil extracted from fluted
pumpkin seeds is crude. Oil extracted with petroleum ether and hexane had the same microbial contamination of
2.67x105
cells/ml. This result indicate that the shelf life of olive oil emulsions is least affected by bacterial
growth. And its half life can be extended. Compared to the emulsions produced from oils extracted with n-
hexane and petroleum ether. However, the major organism that grows prominent in the emulsion was identified
as E-coli. The implication of the presence of this organism in emulsion is that it promotes rancidity and
facilitates destabilization of emulsion (Rousseau, 2000). The effect of temperature on emulsion density. This
illustrate that the density of emulsion does not destabilize spontaneously at different temperature. Instead, the
emulsions disintegrate gradually with response to variable temperature, to produce a curve, Israelachvili, (1992).
The above figure also indicates that at 70o
C to 80o
C, the emulsions densities decreases rapidly. Suggesting that
at that temperature change, the emulsion losses its integrity.
The results of apparent emulsion densities difference between the olive oil emulsions and fluted
pumpkin seed oils emulsions extracted with n-hexane and petroleum ether respectively, showed that emulsions
produced from fluted pumpkin seed oil was denser than emulsions produced from olive oil. Thus, a slight
separation of the two curves lies parallel to each other. This result described the relationship between the density
of the continuous phase, the emulsion density, and the volume which is the measure of the oil droplet
concentration. An essential part of this measurement was the precise determination of density, as small
temperature fluctuations can result in large errors in calculating densities of emulsion. Though temperature
affects the stability of emulsions, we do not feel it was the only factor.
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