Abstract and bibliography by Robin P. Mathew
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The document provides information on writing abstracts for research papers and projects. It discusses what an abstract is, what it should include, and how to structure it. The key points covered include that an abstract should be a brief summary, include an introduction, methods, results and conclusions section, and avoid jargon or unnecessary details. It also discusses formatting aspects like title, authors, and length. Overall, the document offers guidance on writing abstracts and highlighting the most essential information from a research paper in a concise way.
Abstract and bibliography by Robin P. Mathew
- 1. Writing a Research Abstract AIM : To understand the concept of abstract writing as one of the skills of scientific communication •Any reader would first prefer to go through the abstract and then decide on its course of study whether to do or not
- 2. What is an abstract? An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline It is often used to help the reader quickly understand the paper's purpose. An abstract acts as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application.
- 3. What does a good abstract do? Sparks interest in your project Provides a concise description of your research project States in a clear and simple way the main points of your project Stands alone Targets your specific audience!
- 4. Components of an Abstract Title Authors/affiliations Objective/background Methods Results Conclusions In some cases keywords are written
- 5. Title Describe your most important result/the major thing you found or did Keep it relatively short Avoid all abbreviations and technical jargon
- 6. Authors Your name should go first if you are presenting Your mentor should generally be an author (usually last author) Additional people who have worked the project may be authors – be sure to talk to your mentor!
- 7. Objective Motivation – why do we care about the problem? What practical, artistical or scientific gap is your project filling? Why were you drawn to this project? You will generally need a little background/intro to explain the objective The objective should catch people’s attention – very important! HYPOTHESIS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- 8. Methods Procedure or approach to the project. How did you go about finding your results? What steps were taken to carry out the project? Don’t go into too much detail!
- 9. Results A description of your data and observations – enough detail to make it clear Still try to avoid jargon As a result of your procedure, what was found or created? Typically does not include actual data (p- values, survey statistics, gene sequences…) NEVER predict your results!!!
- 10. Conclusions What are the larger implications of your work? What is the bigger picture? Work on incorporating these implications into your very last sentence “These results suggest that HMPV is unique among the family members, with the fusion protein driving attachment and low-pH induced fusion, likely following endocytic entry of the virus”
- 11. Things to Avoid Avoid unnecessary phrases including “It is suggested that…” or “It is known that…” These can be omitted without changing the message If possible, do not use acronyms or abbreviations Avoid rephrasing or restating the title Avoid jargon that will not be understood by all readers
- 12. Helpful Hints Look at examples of abstracts in your field If your abstract is based on a report or paper: 1. reread your report or paper and summarize the main points or idea 2. Don’t add any information that is not in your report or paper Get your mentor’s approval!!!!
- 13. KEYPOINTS Introduction: 2-3 sentences Brief description of materials and methods: 1-2 sentences Summary of significant result: 1-3 sentence Statement of significance of result/conclusion: 1-2 sentences No reference/bibliography/table/figures etc. No information from outside No abbreviation (unless it is properly introduced) Single paragraph Simple sentences – short, concise, past perfect tense, passive voice (since work is done)
- 14. AIM: TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE WORKS DONE BY THE RESEARCHERS THAT ARE CITED IN A RESEARCH PAPER Bibliography Relating to books Denoting something Synonymous to bookmark or tagging
- 15. Bibliograpghy •An alphabetical list of all source material to which reference has been made while preparing a report or a text •Works listed in bibliography may not be cited in the text •Some different ways of referencing a book, journal articles and other documents are as under:
- 17. Name-Year Documentation •Citations in the name-year format are referred to in the body of the paper using the in- text style. •The in-text style for citations includes the author’s name and the year of publication within parentheses and the citations are listed alphabetically by the author’s surname in the end references page.
- 18. Citation-Sequence system •In the citation-sequence system, superscripted numbers are inserted at the point of reference, sequentially numbered in the order in which they first appear, like this1. • It is possible to cite more than one reference within one sentence by using a superscript sequence of numbers2,3. The citations are then listed numerically in the end references page.
- 19. Citation-name sequence system •In the citation-name system, superscripted numbers are inserted at the point of reference as in the citation sequence system. •However, the citations are numbered alphabetically (not by order of appearance) by the author's last name in the cited works for the paper.
- 20. EXAMPLEs:
- 21. Name-year system Also known as Harvard system/Author-date system Citation of source – surname of author/last name followed by year Example, (XYZ,2014) Authors name listed in Reference section in alphabetical order Most widely used as it is simple to use Most journals in Life Science and Agriculture follow this system Greatest advantage – convenient to both the author and reader Time saving (since no need to crosscheck) Disadvantage – requirement of more space in the main body of text
- 22. Citation-Sequence system Also known as Vancover style Reference cited in this system is numbered according to order of appearance in text No. is set as superscript 1 or parentheses (1) If reference cited indicates more than one source – No. arranged in series (1,4,7) If in sequence (1-3)/if not (1,3) When Citations finalized – reference sources listed at the end in order of position BOOK – Author, Year ARTICLE – Author, Journal name, Year Reader friendly
Editor's Notes
- #6: You must explain why your work is important in the first few sentences. You want this to stand out.
- #7: You must explain why your work is important in the first few sentences. You want this to stand out.
- #8: You must explain why your work is important in the first few sentences. You want this to stand out.
- #9: Keep them very simple. Methods do not have to be overly complex. The overall idea of how you went about your project. One or two sentences, if possible.
- #10: Don’t write what you HOPE will occur, because it may not turn out this way.