Advances in web accessibility
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The document discusses advancements in web accessibility, including the release of WCAG 2.1 and related updates from W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). It outlines new guidelines, success criteria, and recommended practices to enhance accessibility for diverse user needs. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of inclusivity in digital environments and the ongoing efforts to involve individuals with disabilities in research and usability testing.
![Guideline 2.5 – Pointer Accessible [new]
SC 2.5.1 – Pointer Gestures (A)
• All functionality can be operated with a single untimed pointer
gesture
• Do not require a path-based gesture, unless a multipoint or path-
based gesture is essential
SC 2.5.2 – Pointer Cancellation (AA)
• Requires authors to use up-event triggering (which is standard) on
interactive components (with exceptions)
• Helps users with dexterity disabilities who miss the target](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/advancesinwebaccessibility-180509020521/85/Advances-in-web-accessibility-20-320.jpg)
![Guideline 2.5 – Pointer Accessible [new] (2)
SC 2.5.3 – Label in Name (A)
• Where an active control has a visible label, the accessible name for
the control includes the text string used for its visible label
• Important for voice input users in particular
SC 2.5.4 – Motion Actuation (A)
• Functionality that can be operated by device motion or user
motion can also be operated by user interface components
• Responding to the motion can be disabled to prevent accidental
actuation](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/advancesinwebaccessibility-180509020521/85/Advances-in-web-accessibility-21-320.jpg)
![Guideline 2.5 – Pointer Accessible [new] (3)
SC 2.5.5 – Target size (AAA)
• The size of the target is at least 44 by 44 CSS pixels for pointer
inputs except when, for example
• The target is available through an equivalent link or control on the same
page that is at least 44 by 44 CSS pixels
• The target is in a sentence or block of text
SC 2.5.6 – Concurrent Input Mechanisms (AAA)
• Web content does not restrict use of input modalities available on
a platform (with exceptions)
• Allow for a combination of mechanisms such as a keyboard or keyboard-
like interfaces and pointer devices like a mouse, stylus or touchscreen](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/advancesinwebaccessibility-180509020521/85/Advances-in-web-accessibility-22-320.jpg)
Advances in web accessibility
- 1. intopia.digital creating an inclusive digital world Andrew Arch @amja @IntopiaDigital Advances in Web Accessibility WCAG 2.1 and more
- 2. WAI updates during 2017-18
- 3. Topics W3C and Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) updates WCAG 2.1 release Silver guidelines Other advances observed
- 4. Lots of new recommendations ARIA Working Group has finalised recs for: • WAI ARIA 1.1 • completes the HTML + ARIA accessibility model • WAI ARIA Authoring Practices 1.1 also published • Core Accessible API Mappings 1.1 • describes how user agents should expose semantics of web content languages to accessibility APIs • Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA Module 1.0 • defines a set of WAI-ARIA roles specific to AT users navigate EPUB • Digital Publishing Accessibility API Mappings • defines a WAI-ARIA module specific to the digital publishing industry
- 5. Working Drafts for review • Accessibility Conformance Testing (ACT) Rules Format • specifies requirements for writing accessibility test rules • Personalization Semantics 1.0 • tailoring aspects of the user experience to meet the needs and preferences of the user • WAI ARIA Graphics Module + Accessibility API • defines core roles specific to web graphics that allow an author to express the logical structure of the graphic to assistive technologies
- 6. Updated resources • Planning and Managing Web Accessibility • Web Accessibility First Aid: Approaches for Interim Repairs • Developing Organizational Policies on Web Accessibility • Planning and Managing Web Accessibility • Easy Checks - A First Review of Web Accessibility • Added a new check on Moving, Flashing, or Blinking Content • Tutorials on Web Accessibility • Updated Menus, Page Structure, Forms, Images, Tables, and Carousels • Web Accessibility Laws and Policies Listing • Updated and restructured • Video Introduction to Web Accessibility and W3C Standards
- 7. New WAI website real soon - https://www.w3.org/WAI/beta/ Updated resources – WAI website
- 8. WCAG 2.1 update What can we expect in the new release?
- 9. WCAG 1.0 released 5 May 1999 History
- 11. History (3) • WCAG 1.0 released 5 May 1999 • WCAG 2.0 released 11 December 2008 • Task forces established to address WCAG gaps: • Mobile & Cognitive task forces established late 2013 • Low Vision task force established August 2015 • WCAG 2.1 announced October 2016 • WAI Silver (AG) task force established November 2016
- 12. WCAG 2.1 additions • Principles – still 4 (POUR) • Guidelines – 1 new • Input Modalities (2.5) • Success Criteria – 17 new • 5 @ Level A • 7 @ Level AA • 5 @ Level AAA
- 13. Guideline 1.3 – Adaptable SC 1.3.4 – Orientation (AA) • Content is not locked to a specific display orientation, and functionality of the content is operable in all display orientations, except where display orientation is essential for use of the content
- 14. Guideline 1.3 – Adaptable (2) SC 1.3.5 – Identify Input Purpose (AA) • Help people better recognize and understand the intention of form inputs by attaching additional information (metadata) to the identified form inputs SC 1.3.6 – Identify Purpose (AAA) • Enable the purpose of User Interface Components, icons, and regions can be programmatically determined • To support personalization and support user preferences and user needs
- 15. Guideline 1.4 – Distinguishable SC 1.4.10 – Reflow (AA) • Increases zoom requirements to 400% without horizontal scroll SC 1.4.11 – Non-text Contrast (AA) • The visual presentation of ‘user interface components’ and ‘graphical objects’ that are essential for understanding the content or functionality have a contrast ratio of at least 3.0:1 against the adjacent colours
- 16. Guideline 1.4 – Distinguishable (2) SC 1.4.12 – Text Spacing(AA) • Requires websites not to interfere with user style sheets or similar for line height, paragraph spacing, letter spacing, and word spacing SC 1.4.13 – Content on Hover or Focus (AA) • Content triggered by hover or focus (and often obscures he trigger) can be • Dismissed without moving focus • Remains visible if the pointer is moved over it • Persist until dismissed or the hover or focus is moved away
- 17. Guideline 2.1 – Keyboard Accessible SC 2.1.4 – Character Key Shortcuts (A) • If a keyboard shortcut is implemented in content using only letter (including upper- and lower-case letters), punctuation, number, or symbol characters, then at least one of the following is true: • They can be turned off • They can be remapped • They are only active on focus • Intended to prevent or minimise conflicts with assistive technology keyboard actions
- 18. Guideline 2.2 – Enough Time SC 2.2.6 – Timeouts (AAA) • Where data can be lost due to user inactivity, users are warned at the start about the length of inactivity that generates the timeout • Essentially adding what most banks and many other transactional sites already do
- 19. Guideline 2.3 – Seizures and Physical Reactions SC 2.3.3 – Animation from Interactions • Motion animation triggered by interaction can be disabled, unless the animation is essential to the functionality or the information being conveyed • Refers primarily to the parallax movement (3D effect) that occurs on some pages with vertical scrolling and causes motion sickness in some people
- 20. Guideline 2.5 – Pointer Accessible [new] SC 2.5.1 – Pointer Gestures (A) • All functionality can be operated with a single untimed pointer gesture • Do not require a path-based gesture, unless a multipoint or path- based gesture is essential SC 2.5.2 – Pointer Cancellation (AA) • Requires authors to use up-event triggering (which is standard) on interactive components (with exceptions) • Helps users with dexterity disabilities who miss the target
- 21. Guideline 2.5 – Pointer Accessible [new] (2) SC 2.5.3 – Label in Name (A) • Where an active control has a visible label, the accessible name for the control includes the text string used for its visible label • Important for voice input users in particular SC 2.5.4 – Motion Actuation (A) • Functionality that can be operated by device motion or user motion can also be operated by user interface components • Responding to the motion can be disabled to prevent accidental actuation
- 22. Guideline 2.5 – Pointer Accessible [new] (3) SC 2.5.5 – Target size (AAA) • The size of the target is at least 44 by 44 CSS pixels for pointer inputs except when, for example • The target is available through an equivalent link or control on the same page that is at least 44 by 44 CSS pixels • The target is in a sentence or block of text SC 2.5.6 – Concurrent Input Mechanisms (AAA) • Web content does not restrict use of input modalities available on a platform (with exceptions) • Allow for a combination of mechanisms such as a keyboard or keyboard- like interfaces and pointer devices like a mouse, stylus or touchscreen
- 23. Guideline 4.1 - Compatible SC 4.1.3 – Status Messages (AA) • Status messages can be programmatically determined through role or properties such that they can be presented to the user by assistive technologies without receiving focus
- 24. Next steps for WCAG
- 25. Next steps • W3C members to vote on Proposed Draft • WAI to provide additional guidance on the new requirements • Understanding WCAG 2.1 • Techniques for new criteria • How to meet WCAG 2.1 quick reference • Australia and other countries to adopt the new version
- 27. www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/quickref How to meet WCAG 2.0 (quick ref)
- 28. Source: What comes after WCAG 2.1 • Based on evidence and data • Broadly communicate our efforts • Clear project milestones • Inclusive communication paths • Inclusive of more perspectives • Involve more stakeholders • Easier to maintain and update • Clearer update path Process and Structure • Easier to use • Easier to reference • Easier to understand • Expanded scope • Inclusive of more disabilities • Inclusive of more perspectives • Inclusive of more technologies • Useful for more people Content Accessibility Guidelines post WCAG – aka Silver
- 29. Other changes benefiting accessibility
- 30. ICT Procurement Standard Accessibility requirements suitable for public procurement of ICT products and services – AS EN 301 549: 2016 • Adopted from EU standard • Australian Standard Dec 2016 • Commonwealth Government • NSW Government • SA Government NB. PDF version is free to download
- 31. Accessibility is becoming mainstream Accessibility is being talked about in mainstream discussion: • Design • User experience and user research • Content design and authoring • Development – WAI ARIA everywhere • Business strategy and benefits from accessibility
- 32. Organisations are increasingly looking to include people with disability in user research and usability testing • Definitely in DTA and other parts of government • Also across Intopia’s clients and others Intopia Connect is being established to facilitate this growth • Contact us at connect@intopia.digital to participate • Intopia pays participants – this is not a volunteer role! Usability research
- 33. intopia.digital creating an inclusive digital world Contact me: andrew@intopia.digital @amja Contact W3C/WAI wai@w3.org https://www.w3.org/WAI/ Questions
Editor's Notes
- #2: Third time I’ve spoken at Round Table conf Manager of web a11y consulting and training and VA A11y and Inclusivity lead at DTA Now at Intopia Also been doing this web and digital a11y stuff for nigh on 20 years Allows me to reflect on changes and where we’re going
- #5: APIs are the rules for exposing WAI-ARIA attributes and semantics to assistive technologies
- #6: We’ll talk later abut WCAG 2.1
- #10: After careful deliberation and consultation, the Working Group has now decided not to put the new guidance in extensions, and instead to work on an updated version of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. This dot-release, WCAG 2.1, will build on WCAG 2.0 to provide guidance urgently needed for today’s technologies
- #11: After careful deliberation and consultation, the Working Group has now decided not to put the new guidance in extensions, and instead to work on an updated version of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. This dot-release, WCAG 2.1, will build on WCAG 2.0 to provide guidance urgently needed for today’s technologies
- #12: After careful deliberation and consultation, the Working Group has now decided not to put the new guidance in extensions, and instead to work on an updated version of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. This dot-release, WCAG 2.1, will build on WCAG 2.0 to provide guidance urgently needed for today’s technologies
- #13: POUR – Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust
- #15: These two are about longer term personalisation of web pages
- #16: 1.4.10 Basically requires Responsive design – it’s more technical than 400% zoom, but sort of equates to that 1.4.11 contrast - User Interface ComponentsVisual information used to indicate states and boundaries of user interface components, except for inactive components or where the appearance of the component is determined by the user agent and not modified by the author; Graphical ObjectsParts of graphics required to understand the content, except when a particular presentation of graphics is essential to the information being conveyed.
- #19: Adding what most banks and many other transactional sites already do
- #23: 2.5.6 - Users may employ a variety of input mechanisms when interacting with web content. These may be a combination of mechanisms such as a keyboard or keyboard-like interfaces and pointer devices like a mouse, stylus or touchscreen. - exceptions: where the restriction is essential, required to ensure the security of the content, or required to respect user settings.
- #24: Most sighted users can observe text peripherally added to the viewport. When appropriate roles or properties are assigned to status messages, the new content is spoken by screen readers in such a way as to assist blind and low vision users
- #26: Working draft – iteratively improved Last call working draft – final draft Candidate recommendation – needs proof of implementation Proposed recommendation - submitted to the W3C Membership for endorsement W3C recommendation (web standard)
- #29: BUT maybe a WCAG 2.2 before Silver gets out as many possible SC’s not in 2.1 from the low vision or cognitive TFs
- #34: Delighted to talk to anyone in the break about our usability work in particular