Assembly programming
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The document discusses assembly language programming. It begins by explaining that assembly language is a low-level programming language useful for embedded systems and device drivers due to its close correspondence to machine code and ability to optimize for speed and size. The document then provides details on memory organization, addressing modes, interrupts, and an example program to test the program status word register in assembly language.
Assembly programming
- 1. Chapter 2 Assembly Programming I The assembly language is a low-level programming language that is particularly useful for Embedded Systems and Hardware Device Drivers. The Embedded Systems have fewer resources than PCs and mainframes. Assembly programming can be useful for optimizing code for speed or size in small embedded systems, the statements correspond directly to clock cycles and enables easier hardware-specific task. The control of Machine Code is better than a high level language, but the programmer must know the architecture for an exact microcontroller before he can write effective code. It’s necessary to consider that development time is longer.
- 2. Assembly Programming………………….…………….…….………. 1 Memory Organization…..…………..………………….……………. 1 Data Memory (RAM).………………………….……………….……. 1 Program Memory (Flash/EE)……………….……………………...…. 3 Extended Data Memory (XRAM)………………………………………. 4 Data Memory (Flash/EE).……………..………………………..……. 4 Addressing Modes.……………..………………………..…………. 6 Interrupts.……………..……………...……………………..…… 6 Triggering an Interrupt by Software.……….……..…………….……. 8 Stack pointers and Interrupts.…………….……..…………….……. 8 Reset Interrupt.……….……..……………………………….…….9 Checklist for Interrupt Programs.……….……………………..………9 Example Program.………..…..……………………………….…….9
- 3. Reset Value of Stack Pointer (07H) Memory Organization Data Memory (RAM) Memory Function 7FH 30H General Purpose (Direct or Indirect Addressing) 2FH . 20H 7FH Bit Addressable Area 00H 1FH . 18H Register Bank 3 PSW x x x 1 1 x x x 17H . 10H Register Bank 2 PSW x x x 1 0 x x x 0FH . 08H Register Bank 1 PSW x x x 0 1 x x x 07H . 00H Register Bank 0 PSW x x x 0 0 x x x Assembly Programming The MicroConverter® series of Analog Devices contains four different memory blocks: ✓ Data Memory (RAM): 256 x 8 ✓ Extended Data Memory (XRAM): 2K x 8 ✓ Program Memory (Flash/EE): 62K x 8 ✓ Data Memory (Flash/EE): 4K x 8 256 bytes 2k bytes 4k bytes 62k bytes RAM Flash/EE (Data) XRAM Flash/EE (Program) 1 The general-purpose RAM is divided into two separate memories, the upper and the lower 128 bytes of RAM. The lower 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed through direct or indirect addressing. The upper 128 bytes of RAM can only be accessed through indirect addressing because it shares the same address space as the SFR space, which can only be accessed through direct addressing. Lower 128 bytes: The lowest 32 bytes are grouped into four banks of eight registers addressed as R0 through R7. The next 16 bytes (128 bits), form a block of bit addressable memory space (00H – 7FH). The last block (30H-7FH) is for general purpose. After Reset, the SP register contains value 07H. As we push data onto the stack, the SP is incremented.
- 4. It’s a good programming technic change the SP value to higher memory space (e.g. 70H), avoiding the lost of the Register Bank 1. The Register Bank is selected using PSW (Program Status Word) CY (PSW.7) Carry Flag. This flag is set whenever there is a carry out from the D7 bit. Affected after an 8-bit addition or subtraction. AC (PSW.6) Auxiliary Carry Flag. Set when there is a carry from D3 to D4 during an addition or subtraction operation. F0 (PSW.5) General Purpose Flag. RS1 (PSW.4) Register Bank Selector Bit 1. RS0 (PSW.3) Register Bank Selector Bit 0. OV (PSW.2) Overflow Flag. This flag is set whenever the result of a signed number operation is too large. F1 (PSW.1) General Purpose Flag. P (PSW.0) Parity Flag. If the A register contains an odd number of 1s, then P = 1. Therefore, P = 0 if A has an even number of 1s. CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV F1 P Assembly Programming Assembly Programming 2
- 5. Program Memory (Flash/EE) Program Memory is used for permanent saving program (Machine Code). Flash/EE memory combines the flexible in-circuit reprogrammable features of EEPROM with the space efficient/ density features of EPROM which is based on a single transistor cell architecture. Depending on the settings made in compiler, program memory may also used to store a constant variables. After Reset, the Microconverter begins execution from address 0000H. The following program test PSW Register. The resulting Machine Code in program memory is shown below Assembly Programming Assembly Programming The above program tests the Data Memory (RAM), using indirect, direct and bit addressing , the value of the memory locations are shown below 3
- 6. The internal XRAM (2K x 8) can be used as an extension of RAM (only 256 x 8). By default, this memory is not active. The XRAM can be enable using CFG832 register (MOV CFG832, #01H). The transfer with XRAM Memory is implemented using MOVX instructions. An example of use of this memory is shows below The 4 kBytes of Flash/EE data memory are configured as 1024 pages, each of 4 bytes. A group of four data registers (EDATA1–4) is used to hold the four bytes of data at each page. The page is addressed via the two registers, EADRH and EADRL as is shows in the table The ECON register is an 8-bit control register that may be written with one of nine Flash/EE memory access commands to trigger various read, write, erase, and verify functions. Extended Data Memory (XRAM) Data Memory (Flash/EE) Page Address (EADRH/L) EDATA 1 EDATA 2 EDATA 3 EDATA 4 3FFH Byte 1 ( 0FFCH) Byte 2 ( 0FFDH) Byte 3 ( 0FFEH) Byte 4 ( 0FFFH) .. .. .. .. .. 001H Byte 1 ( 0004H) Byte 2 ( 0005H) Byte 3 ( 0006H) Byte 4 ( 0007H) 000H Byte 1 ( 0000H) Byte 2 ( 0001H) Byte 3 ( 0002H) Byte 4 ( 0003H) Assembly Programming Assembly Programming 4
- 7. The core cannot respond to interrupt requests until the Flash/EE operation is complete, some operations like ERASE command, can delay until 2 msec. Assembly Programming Assembly Programming 5
- 8. The Vector Address represents the address of the interrupt service routine. The Interrupt Bit represents the bits that are “set” when the equivalent interrupt is requested. We can cause an interrupt with an instruction that “set” the interrupt flag. The Priority Level control the order in which multiple interrupts will be serviced. In case of multiple interrupts, the following rules apply: ✓ While a low priority interrupt handler is running, if a high priority interrupt arrives, the handler will be interrupted, and the high priority handler will run (interrupt inside interrupt). ✓ If a high priority interrupt is running, it cannot be interrupted by any other. ✓ A low-priority interrupt handler will be invoked only if no other interrupt is already executing. ✓ If two interrupts occur at the same time, the interrupt with higher priority will execute first. If both interrupts are of the same priority, the interrupt which is higher in polling sequence will be executed first. Addressing Modes Addressing Mode Assembler Instruction Example Description Immediate MOV A, #data MOV A, #30H Transfers an 8-bit data immediately Direct MOV A, direct MOV A, 30H 30H is the address where the operand is stored Register Direct MOV A, Rn MOV A, R5 Registers can take value from R0,R1…to R7 Register Indirect MOV A, @Ri MOV A, @R0 R0, R1 has the address where the operand is stored Indexed MOVC A, @A+DPTR MOVC A, @A+DPTR The source operand is @A+DPTR Interrupts Int. Number Interrupt Name Vector Address Interrupt Bit Priority Level 0 External Hardware (INT0) 03H IE0 3 1 Timer/Counter 0 overflow 0BH TF0 5 2 External Hardware (INT1) 13H IE1 6 3 Timer/Counter 1 overflow 1BH TF1 7 4 UART 23H RI/TI 9 5 Timer/Counter 2 overflow 2BH TF2/EXF2 10 6 End of ADC Conversion 33H ADCI 4 7 SPI/I2C 3BH ISPI/I2CI 8 8 Power Supply Monitor 43H PSMCON.5 1 9 Time Interval Counter 53H TIMECON.2 11 10 Watchdog timer 5BH WDS 2 Addressing mode is a way to address an operand. It can be a direct address of memory, register, numerical data etc. Assembly Programming Assembly Programming A single microcontroller can serve several devices. There are two ways to do that: Interrupt or Polling. In the Interrupt method, whenever any device needs its service, the device notifies the microcontroller by sending it an interrupt signal. Upon receiving an interrupt signal, the microcontroller interrupts whatever it is doing and serves the device. The program associated with the interrupt is called the Service Interrupt Routine (ISR). In Polling, the microcontroller continuously monitors the status of a given device; when the status condition is met, it performs the service. After that, it moves on to monitor the next device until each one is serviced. The advantage of interrupts is that the microcontroller can serve many devices (not all at the same time, of course); each device can get the attention of the microcontroller based on the priority assigned to it. The most important reason that the interrupt method is preferable is that the polling method wastes much of the microcontroller’s time by polling devices that do not need service. The following table shows the typical interrupts in Microconverters based on 8052 core 6
- 9. The following program shows how an External Interrupt 0 is attended Assembly Programming Assembly Programming There are three interrupt-related Special Function Registers. IE (Interrupt Enable): EA (IE.7). Enable all interrupt sources (1 = enable; 0 = disable) EADC (IE.6). ADC Interrupt (1 = enable; 0 = disable) ET2 (IE.5). Timer 2 interrupt (1 = enable; 0 = disable) ES (IE.4). UART serial port interrupt (1 = enable; 0 = disable) ET1 (IE.3). Timer 1 interrupt (1 = enable; 0 = disable) EX1 (IE.2). External Interrupt 1 (1 = enable; 0 = disable) ET0 (IE.1). Timer 0 interrupt (1 = enable; 0 = disable) EX0 (IE.0). External Interrupt 0 (1 = enable; 0 = disable) IP (Interrupt Priority): RESERVED (IP.7). Reserved for future use PADC (IP.6). ADC interrupt priority (1 = high; 0 = low) PT2 (IP.5). Timer 2 interrupt priority (1 = high; 0 = low) PS (IP.4). UART serial port interrupt priority (1 = high; 0 = low) PT1 (IP.3). Timer 1 interrupt priority (1 = high; 0 = low) PX1 (IP.2). External Interrupt 1 priority (1 = high; 0 = low) PT0 (IP.1). Timer 0 interrupt priority (1 = high; 0 = low) PX0 (IP.0). External Interrupt 0 (1 = enable; 0 = disable) IEIP2 (SECONDARY INTERRUPT ENABLE REGISTER, No Bit Addressable) RESERVED. Reserved for future use PTI. Priority for time interval interrupt PPSM. Priority for power supply monitor interrupt PSI. Priority for SPI/I2C interrupt RESERVED. This bit must contain 0 ETI. Enable interval counter interrupt (1 = enable; 0 = disable) EPSMI. Enable power supply monitor interrupt (1 = enable; 0 = disable) ESI. Enable SPI or I2C serial port interrupt (1 = enable; 0 = disable) 7
- 10. The program is stored in memory as shows bellow The interrupt program of the above section is executed by falling edge on P3.2. The same occur when you set IE0 (SETB IE0). Set the equivalent interrupt bit is equivalent to generate an interrupt by software. A stack operates in a last-in/first-out sense. When a new data item is entered onto the top of a stack (push), the stack pointer increments to the next physical memory address, and the new item is copied to that address. When a data item is pulled (pop) from the top of a stack, the item is copied from the address of the SP, and the SP decrements to the next available item at the top of the stack. The most general types of stack-specific instructions are: PUSH (put data onto the stack), POP (“remove” data from the stack), CALL (jump to a subroutine), RETURN (return from a subroutine) and INTERRUP. Triggering an Interrupt by Software Stack Pointer and Interrupts Assembly Programming Assembly Programming After RESET, the Program Counter (PC) has the value 0000H, where the Microconveter take the Operation Code (OC) of the first instruction to be executed (JMP). Address ROM Instruction Machine code PC 0000H JMP 000AH 02H (OC) 0000H 0001H 00H 0000H 0002H 0AH 000AH . . . . 000AH SETB IT0 D2H (OC) 000AH 000BH 88H 000CH 000CH SETB EX0 D2H (OC) 000CH 000DH A8H 000EH 000EH SETB EA D2H (OC) 000EH 000FH AFH 0010H 0010H SETB P2.5 D2H (OC) 0010H 0011H A5H 0012H 0012H MOV PCON,#22H 75H (OC) 0012H 0013H 87H 0015H 0014H 22H 0015H 0015H NOP 00H 0015H 0016H NOP 00H 0016H 1 1 The PC takes the value of the address where the OC of the next instruction is stored. 2 2 3 The program Stop the Execution, waiting for an External Interrupt 0. The PC has the value of the address where the OC of the next instruction is stored (0015H). 3 4 4 Address RAM Value 07H (SP) 08H (SP+1) 15 (PC, LS Byte) 09H (SP+2) 00 (PC, MS Byte) The external interrupt 0 is activated with the falling edge on P3.2. IE0 of TCON goes high. The Stack Pointer (SP) is increased, and the PC is stored on Stack (Least significant byte first). 5 5 Address ROM Instruction Machine code PC 0003H CLR P2.5 C2H (OC) 0003H 0004H A5H 0005H 0005H RETI 32 (OC) 0005H The PC is initialized with the 0003H address ( INT0 Interrupt address of the ISR from the interrupt vector table of). It starts to execute the interrupt service. subroutine 6 6 7 The interrupt routine is executed until RETI instruction, which clear IE0 of TCON, indicating that the servicing of the interrupt is over. Get pop PC (0015H) from Stack, decreasing SP 2 times and tacking its original value (07H) 7 8 8 The Microconverter continues the execution of the program that was interrupted 8
- 11. ✓ Vector Address: Address of the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). Place ISR, which is terminated by RETI instruction. ✓ Unconditional jump to anywhere in program memory: There are only 8 bytes between ISR Addresses. ✓ Redefine the value of the Stack: You must ensure that there is sufficient RAM capacity in the STACK to handle all interrupts, PUSH instructions to save registers and CALL to subroutines. Redefine the Stack avoid the loss of Register Bank 1. ✓ Protect your registers: An interrupt must leave the processor in the same state as it was in when the interrupt initiated. In general, your interrupt routine must protect the following registers: • PSW • DPTR (DPH/DPL) • PSW • ACC • B • Registers R0-R7 ✓ Pop the same number of values off the stack as you pushed onto it, take care of the order (last in/first out). ✓ Prioritize interrupts properly. ✓ Keep ISR short, use flags. ✓ The interrupts must be enable by software. Enable the global interrupt control bit. ✓ External interrupts: Level or Edge triggered. Reset Interrupt Checklist for Interrupt Programs Example program Assembly Programming Assembly ProgrammingRESET is the highest priority interrupt. A high level on RESET pin for 24 master clock cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. As result PC = 0000H, where must be defined the OC of the first instruction to be executed. RESET can be executed by software, using following program 9 1 1 Vector Address (INT0) 2 2 Stack redefinition 3 3 Interrupt priority 4 4 New address for ISR 5 5External interrupt: Falling edge 66 Interrupt enable
- 12. Assembly Programming Assembly Programming 10 4 7 Used registers are saved 7 8 8 Used registers are restored: Inverse order (last in/first out)